# data[].attributes.body
3a) Success in:
- Kyoto Protocol: More people start to know about Climate Change and its effect

- Copenhagen: Got many countries to come together to discuss about the issue.

3b) Kyoto Protocol:
- Tried to decrease emissions by 5% and they ended up increasing by 58%.

- Did not really help to decrease emissions because developed countries could trade their credits and outsource to other countries.

- USA, the world’s largest culprit of GHG emissions, is not a member of the Protocol.

- China signed the agreement, but however, they had no obligations to meet their emission targets.

Copenhagen:

- No agreement on how to carry out reductions thus, difficult for countries to take action

- Many countries refused to sign the Accord

- Many countries did not keep to the targets. (The targets were guidelines, not conditions)

# data[].attributes.body
Q3 (a) What are the successes and effectiveness of the UNFCCC in improving climate change?

- Raised more awareness on climate change around the world >> Motivate more people to take action and play a part in saving the environment.

- For more information, click here -> http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/smsn/igo/054.pdf

(b) What are some of the efforts taken to aid climate change but were ineffective? Factual and personal opinions are encouraged.

- Various conferences around the world >> Countries are ultimately still concerned over their own benefits >> E.g. Reducing carbon emissions means spending more money on better machines in the manufacturing industry and etc.

# data[].attributes.body
Hurricane sandy caused economic impact of about $65 billion in damages (second most expensive weather disaster in U.S. history behind Hurricane Katrina)

It also caused deaths and injuries, as at least 286 people were killed either directly or indirectly (147 direct deaths). Furthermore, n the USA of the 87 indirect deaths from Sandy, at least 50 were attributable to either falls by the elderly, carbon monoxide poisoning from inadequately ventilated generators and cooking equipment, or hypothermia as a cold snap followed Sandy and extended power outages left people without heating.
It also caused other impacts:

❖Added an extra 20 to 50 cm to the high water mark.

❖Homeowners whose homes were flooded or damaged in the region also continue to struggle with repairs after lengthy delays in disaster relief money disbursements.

> More than 18,000 flights were cancelled

# data[].attributes.body
Economic impact
$65 billion in damages
346000 houses were destroyed in New Jersey and 305000 damaged or destroyed in New York.
Many left homeless
Standard of living decreases
Government have to spend much of its resources or funds to rebuild the country.

Social impact
At least 286 people were killed directly or indirectly
more than 18000 flights were cancelled
Destruction of infrastructure means that people cannot access food and clean water
Starvation

# data[].attributes.body
successful as it creates an awareness and decreases the overall greenhouse gas emissions, slowing down the rate of climate change.

# data[].attributes.body
Kyoto Protocol
Failures:
Tried to decrease emissions by 5% and they ended up increasing by 58%.

Did not really help to decrease emissions because developed countries could trade their credits and outsource to other countries.

USA, the world’s largest culprit of GHG emissions, is not a member of the Protocol.

China signed the agreement, but however, they had no obligations to meet their emission targets.
Copenhagen
Failures:

No agreement on how to carry out reductions thus, difficult for countries to take action

Many countries refused to sign the Accord

Many countries did not keep to the targets. (The targets were guidelines, not conditions)

Paris agreement
Failure: The targets set by nations will not be binding

# data[].attributes.body
3a: UNFCC have conducted conventions and protocols to combat climate change. Some examples would include having the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and having the Paris agreement in 2016.

One of the main achievements of the UNFCC has been to establish a reporting framework which provides information on greenhouse gases emissions and removals using common categorization and definitions. This framework encourages reporting of data from most of the countries that are party to the convention. By having this framework, it will allow the countries to keep a look out of their carbon emissions and also find ways to decrease the carbon emissions in the country.

3b: One example would by the Kyoto Protocol whereby the countries tried to decrease emissions by 5% but ended up increasing by 5%. Furthermore, two of the biggest countries, USA and China were not part or had no obligations to meet the protocols target. It also did not help to decrease emissions because developed countries could trade their credits and outsource to other countries.

Another example would be the Copenhagen Conference. There was no agreement on how to carry out reduction of emissions and thus, it was difficult for countries to take action. Furthermore, many countries refused to sign the accord and the countries did not keep up to the targets, which were only guidelines and not conditions).

Own example:

One strategy that the scientist are trying to reduce carbon emissions are afforestation, would irrigate deserts, such as those in Australia and North Africa, to promote the growth of vegetation  that can absorb carbon dioxide. However, this vegetation would absorb sunlight the deserts currently reflect back into space, thus actually contributing to global warming.

# data[].attributes.body
past: temperatures around the globe risen and expectations that this would shift weather patterns and make some events more extreme in the future

present:  there is still no straightforward answer for this or other storms because of the complexity of these weather events and their relationship to the climate. But scientists have found other ways to probe the role of warming, by asking, for example, how sea level rise has made flooding worse or how warming has influenced entire hurricane seasons.

stand: I feel that climate change is to be blamed for natural disaster as it lead to rising sea level which results in flooding, destruction of lands etc.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the impacts would be economic impact whereby the pollution from Hurricane Sandy caused a strain on natural resources and human capital causing less valuable resources. Furthermore, the polluted water cannot be useful in many non-consumption activities and this will increase the cost of goods. Moreover, the $100 billion in damage also affected the economy of the country whereby the money is used to repair the infrastructure and not used to help increase the standard of living of the people. This will cause the country to be less attractive to investors and also reduce the amount of resources in the country, lowering the competitiveness and economy of the country.

Another impact would be the social impact. There were an estimated of 1,200 people killed. The family members of the deceased might suffer post traumatic disorder due to the loss and this can cause them to fall into depression, affecting their lives. Furthermore, the loss in infrastructure (many people lose their houses) and low level supply of clean water and food affect their lives and make them more vulnerable to diseases too. This can cause the overall standard of living of the country to decrease and affect the lives of the people living there.

# data[].attributes.body
Successes in Kyoyo Protocol:

Helped participating countries take conscious effort to stop climate change

Increase awareness of global warming

Decrease the rate at which GHGs were being emitted.

Successes in copenhagen conference

Brought together a group of important political figures to discuss the measures to address the issue of climate change effectively

Copenhagen Accord was drawn up

Targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions set

# data[].attributes.body
At the time, scientists had few easy answers. There was clear evidence that temperatures around the globe has risen and expectations that this would shift weather patterns and make some events more extreme in the future, but no clear accounting had been done of whether those effects were discernible in the weather happening to us today.

Ten years later, there is still no straightforward answer for this or other storms. Partly this is because the question itself is flawed, belying the complexity of these weather events and their relationship to the climate. But scientists have found other ways to probe the role of warming, by asking, for example, how sea level rise has made flooding worse or how warming has influenced entire hurricane seasons.

Yes, climate change causes natural disaster. Increase in global temperature causes natural disasters such as drought, ice cap melting and rise in sea level, etc. This lead to undesirable consequences that impact the livelihoods of people and extinction of animals. Climate change increases the number of natural disasters occurring around the world.

# data[].attributes.body
Scientist ten years ago did not have much answers. There were clear evidence that temperatures around the globe has risen, which could make events more extreme in the future. However, there was no proper accounting whether those effects affected the natural disasters.

Scientist now are still unable to come up with a straightforward answer for the storms and its link to global warming. However, they have found ways to probe the role of global warming by looking at how sea level rise has made flooding worse or how warming has influenced entire hurricane seasons.

we feel that nature disasters are not affected by climate change but are worsened by climate change instead. For example: Global warming could affect storm formation by decreasing the temperature difference between the poles and the equator. That temperature difference fuels the mid-latitude storms affect the Earth’s most populated regions. Thus, we feel that with the increasing rate of global warming, can affect the increasing number for natural disasters.

# data[].attributes.body
Question 1
Ten years ago:

There was clear evidence that temperatures around the globe had risen and expectations that this would shift weather patterns and make some events more extreme in the future. But no clear accounting had been done on whether those effects were discernible in the weather happening to us today.

Ten years later:

There is still no straightforward answer for this or other storms. Partly this is because the question itself is flawed, belying the complexity of these weather events and their relationship to the climate. But scientists have found other ways to probe the role of warming, by asking, for example, how sea level rise has made flooding worse or how warming has influenced entire hurricane seasons.

I feel that climate change does cause more natural disasters to happen. Research has shown that as the global temperatures rise, natural disasters are more prone to happen. Although climate change isn't the ultimate cause of natural disasters, they still play a major role in the occurrences of theses disasters.

# data[].attributes.body
$ impact
65$ billion in damages and 346,000 houses were destroyed in New Jersey and 305,000 destroyed n New York --> government would need to fork out money to rebuild the infrastructure.

Flights were cancelled

social impact
At least 286 people died --> leading to emotional lost of the survivors