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A farmer especially in the southern U.S. who raises crops for the owner of a piece of land and is paid a portion of the money from the sale of the crops.

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The period after the Civil War in which the states formerly part of the Confederacy were brought back into the United States. During Reconstruction, the South was divided into military districts for the supervision of elections to set up new state governments.

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A wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction.

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Known collectively as the Civil War Amendments, were designed to ensure equality for recently emancipated slaves.

The 13th Amendment banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime.

The 14th Amendment defined a citizen as any person born in or naturalized in the U.S., overturning the Dred Scott V. Sanford (1857) Supreme Court ruling stating that Black people were not eligible for citizenship.

The 15th Amendment prohibited governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or past servitude.

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A speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln at the November 19, 1863, dedication of Soldier's National Cemetery, a cemetery for Union soldiers killed at the Battle Of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.

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An executive order issued on January 1, 1863, by President Lincoln freeing slaves in all portions of the United States not then under Union control (that is, within the Confederacy).

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The Confederate States of America; the government formed in 1861 by southern states that proclaimed their secession from the United States. Jefferson Davis was its president. The Confederacy was dissolved after the Civil War.

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The United States; especially the northern states during the Civil War, which remained with the original United States government.

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The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state.

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The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860, and served as the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War.

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16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves.

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A political party that began in 1854 and is today one of the two major political parties in the United States.

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A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states.

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A controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave, sought to be declared a free man on the basis that he had lived for a time in a “free” territory with his master.

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Allowed citizens in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide locally whether to allow slavery. The act was modeled on the Compromise of 1850 but repealed both that compromise and the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

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A package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War.

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A historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.

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A former U.S. political party (1848–56) that opposed the extension of slavery in the Territories not yet admitted to statehood.

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The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

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In the middle half of the nineteenth century, more than one-half of the population of Ireland emigrated to the United States. So did an equal number of Germans. Most of them came because of civil unrest, severe unemployment or almost inconceivable hardships at home.

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A war (1846-1848) between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico of lands now constituting all or most of the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.

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The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

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"As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war—the course and aftermath of which transformed American society." — The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History