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As a subcontinent, the oceans served as a natural barrier to conquest, as well as the Himalayas. There was also fertile soil due to their rivers and river valleys, allowing them to plant crops for personal consumption as well as trade, such as cotton, spices, and tea.

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Located in India. Key cities included Agra, Lahore, and Delhi

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1556-1605

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Overseas trade flourished; commerce was mostly carried out by Arab traders, since Indian traders did not care for travel on the Indian Ocean. Traded textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious stones, traded for gold and silver. Internal trade was carried on by merchant castes

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-Promoted interaction between Hinduism and Islam. Mughal India's most famous emperor, Akbar, acted deliberately to accommodate the Hindu majority (80% vs 20% Muslim). Specifically, Mughals were Muslims that had conflicts with the Hindu-majority in the country. Many people and scholars opposed this cultural synthesis.
-The Mughals also built the Taj Mahal, the burial site of Shah Jahan's wife.

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Brutal conquests in the sixteenth century resulted in a rare period of relative political unity. Some important leaders included Babar, Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.

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Akbar organized the nobility and his army by means of the Mansabdari system. Every officer was assigned a rank valued in terms of a certain number of mounted soldiers. The ranks were divided into two: zat and sawar. The mansab was not hereditary. Mansabdars were paid in cash or in the form of assignments of areas of land out of which they had the entitlement to collect the land revenue and taxes through an authority appointed by the emperor. This framework was for both military organization and civil administration.