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second stage

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CHANGE IN ETHNIC COMPOSITION
The blending of western and local cultures was a product of imperialism especially because of the intermarriage of the foreigners and natives. These marriages also produced mestizos. They became part of the population and over time their number grew bigger.

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CHANGE IN GEOGRAPHY
In the hope to protect their colonies, western nations set permanent boundaries to clarify their territorial claims. Until now, there are Asian nations who have conflict caused by these boundaries set during the time of imperialism.

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DIFFICULT LIFE
Westerners took advantage of the natural resources of the colonies. They used these to finance the development of their native countries. They also took advantage of the labor force of the colonies like the polo y servicio in the Philippines. This caused poverty and it destroyed local culture of the colonies.

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Effects of the Second Stage of Imperilaism

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Effects of the Second Stage of Imperilaism

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The second stage of imperialism in Asia affected the continent in terms of change in geography, destruction of lives, and change in ethnic composition.

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Opium

Opium War

Extraterritoriality

Cash Crops

Treaty of Nanking

Sphere of Influence

Polo y Servicio

Industrial Revolution

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A. Motives of the Westerners
B. Imperialism in East Asia
C. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
D. Effects of the Second Stage of Imperialism

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1. Enumerate the motives of the westerners in the second stage of imperialism.
2. Discuss imperialism in East Asia.
3. Describe imperialism in Southeast Asia.
4. Identify the effects of the second stage of imperialism.

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KOREA
Unlike the other two, Korea did not have any interactions with the Europeans, they just stood firm being a 'Hermit Kingdom' or had a 'closed door policy'. The monarch of Korea during that time, King Gojong, followed the advice of his father, that opening of for trade and entrance of Christian missionaries would lead to the invasion of Europeans that will destroy the Korean culture. So they ordered death to Europeans who entered the land, killing the 9 French missionaries, and killing the 10 000 Koreans who converted to Christianity. Korea only interacted with China and Japan. Instead of being conquered by Europeans, they feel into the hands of Japan.

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JAPAN
Warships from America, headed by Commodore Matthew Perry, docked at Tokyo asking if they would do an 'open door policy'. Since the Japanese knew they were on the losing end, they became practical and signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with United States. According to this, Japan would open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to the Americans. Eventually, Japan agreed to the Americans and gave them extraterritoriality. The Japanese used foreign connections to study about the ways of European and Americans and implement these to improve Japan rather than declining the presence of the colonizers like what the Chinese did.

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CHINA
The Europeans were profiting a lot from the Asians and they wanted them to buy more from their products. The English found a way to make trade with the Chinese favorable to them. They exported opium to China. Opium was from India and can be used for many things, but too much can endanger a life of a person causing addiction making it into an illegal drug. The British refused to follow their orders and secretly continued it. The government found out and confiscated the opium to be thrown into the ocean causing the Opium War between the Chinese and the British. In the treaty of Nanking, to officially end the war, Britain made China agree on the following: Pay all the opium destroyed before the war, Give the island of Hong Kong to Britain as an exclusive trading territory and open up five ports with extraterritoriality for English merchants. After the Opium War, it was followed by another due to China preventing a ship full of opium. The war resulted to the defeat of China due to the modern warships and weapons along with the French. China was forced to sign the agreements of the Treaty of Tianjin which is: China opening up 11 more ports, making opium legal to sell, allowing foreign nations to have representatives in the government of China and to protect Christian missionaries and grant extraterritoriality in the areas inhabited by foreigners. These events succeeded by more agreements between China and other European nations who followed the strategies of Britain in acquiring sphere of influence. The Chinese did an 'open door policy' opening to all foreigners who want to trade with them.

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In the middle of 18th century, western invaders lost many of their colonies. England lost most of her territories, but were able to lead the second stage of imperialism

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ADVENTURISM
Westerners feel accomplished being able to travel to faraway places. There were Europeans and Americans who considered themselves responsible for spreading the modern ideas on politics to other nations. They believed that they had to educate uncivilized people like the Asians. This gave justification to colonization.

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution started in England. They needed sources of raw materials and labor force to be able to continue the production of goods.
Western countries led in terms of military, transportation, communication, and machinery. These made western nations yearn to control weak nations.

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EXPANSION OF EMPIRES
The desire to own and control lands motivated the westerners. They believed that colonies are additional fame, territory, and power.

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Foreign incursion in Asia did not stop with the first stage of imperialism. Westerners all the more wanted to acquire Asian colonies by the middle of the 18th century to the 19th century.

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THAILAND: The Independent Nation
Both European nations tried to invade Siam but its King Mongkut prevented it.Mongkut and hs son Chulongkorn convinced the English and french
Britain and France agreed not to invade Siam and instead make it the buffer zone between their colonies
It refers to the time that western colonization was a thread around this region. While the western and southern border of Thailand faced British colonies, the eastern border faced French colonies. Thailand played as a buffer state, meaning to absorb trouble made by both the British and French colonies, but not to fall into which of them. Thailand remained free until the era of colonization ended.

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PHILIPPINES
The Spaniards moved to invade the islands of Luzon and Visayas. The Filipinos fought hard but the Spaniards had modern weapons that gave them the advantage in the battles. The Spaniards failed to invade Mindanao because: Mindanao was far from the centers of Spanish government, The Muslim considered the Spaniards as mortal enemies, the provinces of Mindanao always fought together, The Muslims and other people. From the Spaniards, the Americans took control of the Philippines when Spain and United States signed the treaty of Paris.

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INDONESIA
Trade flourished between Holland and the islands of Moluccas, Batavia, and Malacca during the first wave of European. Some of the foreigners married the locals. However when Holland experience financial, They started controlling the islands The Dutch made an agreement with the local rulers that they could keep their positions as long as they give the Dutch spices and cash crops

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SINGAPORE
Because of the need of Britain to strengthen its control of the Malacca Strait that was under the control of Holland together with the other islands of Indonesia, Britain conquered Singapore. Singapore is an island facing Malacca Strait and has deep ports that are good for big trade ships. Thomas Stamford Raffles led the transformation of Singapore into a trade center

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MALAYSIA
Malacca is located at the tip of Malaysia and by the Malacca strait. Britain was able to expand to Penang, Singapore and the three became known as the rich Strait Settlements and centers of trade. The sultans were required to consult with the English representatives to Malaysia their every move except in religion and culture

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INDOCHINA
To protect the sphere of influence of France in the south of China they invaded lands at the southernmost part of China.France sent a military force to defeat King Norobum and make it a protectorate of France. In 1867 , France used the news that French missionaries were treated ill in Vetnam to conquer this land. Vietnam was not able to do anything but to pay reparation,allow Christianity to spread, give the French the right to explore the Mekong River, and open three ports for exclusive use of French merchants. The acquisition of Laos, France made its empire called "French Indochina". It was called Indochina because it is near India and China and the dominant culture was a combination of Hindu and Chinese.

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Myanmar or Burma often fight for the ownership of the land in between them. In 1800, Burma invaded provinces of Assa, Arakan, and Manipur in India. India then was under the English East Company who considered Burma's action as an attempt to steal. This led to a battle between Burma and Britain. Burma was defeated by the modern weapons of the English In the treaty of Yandobo in 1826 to conclude the war, Britain forced Burma to pay all for the expenses in the war and territories.

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Centralized Empires were divided into small kingdoms or provinces. Some became wealthy trade centers while others were agricultural communities.

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Protectorate

Mestizo

White Man's Burden

Open Door Policy

Buffer Zone

Treaty of Yandobo

Strait Settlements