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The Writers of The Lost Generation Antoine M. Music - www.youtube.com/user/hullomynameisalex

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The members of the Lost Generation, dissatisfied with direction America was heading, saw the cities of Europe as centers of progress. A place where individuals could enjoy greater personal freedom and thriving culture. The Lost Generation changed society by its mass influence over an American literature audience in the 20's. The literature during this time period was so influential that the books are still read today in American schools all over the country. American literature in the 1920's forced all readers to sense what the Writers of the Lost Generation felt. The writings of these authors included themes of Decadence, Gender Roles, and Idealist past. In their novels restories on such topics added to their importance. Because of the high following they gained, their influence spanned the entire world. Ernest Hemingway writes about friendship, stoicism, and natural grace under pressure are offered as the values that matter in an otherwise amoral and often senseless world in his novel, The Sun Also Rises.This was an attempt at gaining the attention of his audience and figuatively telling them what he feels is the problem their society.

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During the 1920's, post WWi, literary art forms such as, art and literature were called the Lost Generation. In literature, the "Lost Generation" refers to a group of writers and poets of both men and women of this period. The term the Lost Generation was introduced by Gertrude Stein, a modernist American writer. Instead of facing the horrors of warfare, many worked to create an idealised but unattainable image of the past. A refined, attractive  image with no bearing in reality. All involved in this Generation were American, but several members emigrated to Europe. The most famous members were Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and T. S. Eliot. These people were the most famous because their literary arts read of the way authors during this time felt. Their writings had themes of cynicism, a theme that the writer would create a world without a solid family foundation or any moral values that "should" be found in the home. The Lost Generation writers revealed the cheap nature of the shallow, foolish lives of the young people and the wealthy in the aftermath of the war. They used the high following they gained to spread their beliefs all around the world.

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This primary source is important to the Lost Generation because Gertrude Stein was the one who created the term "lost generation". This term would stick with the authors of this time for the rest of decades. The quote is explaining that members of the lost generation are never going to succeed in life. She basically said that all the troops and people involved in the war were lost in life. They'll never recover or go anywhere in their lives.

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Values: a person's principles or standards of behavior; one's judgment of what is important in life.
Cohort: a group of people banded together or treated as a group.
Scott Fitzgerald: American novelist and short story writer, whose works illustrate the Jazz Age. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century
Gertrude Stein: Founded term " The Lost Generation"
Ernest Hemingway: Nobel Prize winner Ernest Hemingway is seen as one of the great American 20th century novelists, and is known for works like A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea.

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American writers, in the 20's, left the United States to live in Europe. These expatriates, people who left their native country to live elsewhere, often settled in Paris. American writer Gertrude Stein called them the "Lost Generation." They moved frantically from one European city to another, trying to find meaning in life. Life empty of meaning is the theme of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925).  This source has the theme of someone trying really hard to find something that is chasing behind them. The optimism the writes had is show when the author writes, "Gatsby believed in the green light, the ... future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no matter - tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther".

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In this source the author, Scoot Fitzgerald is explaining why he wrote the book and whom the book is for. He that it is an authors duty to write for the people of their generation and of generations to come. Fitzgerald says that he book is a sum of the experiences he has had in his life and that the book only took him three minutes to conceive because of the struggles, we can assume he had. In saying, "An author ought to write for .... the critics of the next", Fitzgerald is implying implying that he knows what he is saying will be remembered because of the generation of writers. I think his title "The Author's Apology" is an act of sarcasim and rebellion.

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This article relates to issues of today because because writers today feel trapped and they feel that are new president elect can free them of this entrapment. The website uses examples of how, in the past, writers had more freedom.

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In a packed college lecture hall at the Cambridge Literary Festival on 22 November, Zadie Smith joined me on stage to talk about her fifth novel. Swing Time is the story of an unnamed narrator and her childhood friend - "two brown girls" - which begins at a church hall dance class and never quite lets them go, throughout their divergent lives. Despite being a little jet-lagged from her flight from New York - where she lives with her husband, the poet and novelist Nick Laird, and their two children - Smith spoke with the cool, lucid intelligence familiar from her essays and criticism as well as her fiction. "You're so quiet compared to American audiences," she said to the crowd. "American audiences say thing like, 'Uh huh! Yeah!' just randomly in the middle of things." Met with reverential silence, she was free to navigate fluidly between racial identity, female friendship, Barack Obama's legacy and her love of Mad Men.

New Statesman Swing Time is about many things, but it is dance that gives the story its rhythm and arc. What's your own relationship with dance?

Zadie Smith For me, it's a joy. I'm a 41-year-old woman; I don't dance that much any more. My children don't enjoy me dancing in any context, but I love to watch it, and I found out writing this book that I love to think about it.

NS As a child, the narrator is absorbed by classic musicals and through them she discovers a handful of black dancers - the Nicholas Brothers, the young Jeni LeGon - who take on huge significance for her. Did these figures have that kind of impact on you?

ZS No, Jeni LeGon is someone I only found out about writing this book, so I had to construct what it would have been like to know about her aged five or eight; it's like a fake memoir. But I loved that kind of early dance, and I recognise the instinct a lot of black and Asian children of my generation might have: the sense of counting the brown faces wherever we saw them, in a slightly desperate way. I definitely did that, in my everyday life, switching on the BBC and hoping to see Daley Thompson, or whoever - this kind of search for a reflection.

NS There were major black stars in the 1980s: the narrator's friend Tracey idolises Michael Jackson and Prince.

ZS Michael Jackson's a really interesting example, because he's such a traumatising figure for a whole generation of kids! You were offered him as this wonder - this incredible black dancer - who then you had to watch throughout your childhood become un-black. You had to have this magical thinking and believe that he had a mysterious skin disease that does not manifest in that way in any other human on Earth, and that all this surgery also had nothing to do with it. It required a great deal of denial, and I think it did something very odd to a generation of children. He certainly loomed large in my mind as a figure of such penetrating self-hatred and self-disgust. Perhaps I have a suspicion of role models exactly for that reason, that you're offered something - a model of behaviour or thought - but it can only ever be narrow. And then, when it goes traumatically wrong, as it did in poor Michael's case, you're left slightly rudderless.

NS You wrote that the Nicholas Brothers remind you of a line that a mother tells her daughter, that she needs to be twice as good as the other kids. This sentiment crops up in NW and in Swing Time, too.

ZS When I meet black British kids of my generation, that's what all their mothers said to them. But with the Nicholas Brothers, I was also thinking about talent, because the novel is about different relations of power: in friendships, in families, between countries.

One of the things power is based on is the feeling that someone has a natural right to a certain amount of things. If you're born into a situation, what accrues to you because of that? If you're born into an unfortunate situation, what do you deserve in replacement for that? Politics lies along those lines. But talent is interesting because people on both sides of the political divide tend to think of it as a natural bounty not to be interfered with. The Nicholas Brothers are so extraordinarily talented that it's a kind of offence to our most democratic thoughts. Why do these boys dance like that? How is it possible to have those kinds of gifts in the world, and what should you get because of them?

NS Did the Nicholas Brothers get the recognition that their talent deserved?

ZS Well, it was complicated, because they would do these extraordinary routines, but the studio always ensured they weren't integral to the plot, so that when the films went south of the Mason-Dixon line, you could just cut the offending scene. So that was their experience - a very painful one, I think. But they were extraordinary professionals and Astaire spoke so well of them.

When I was a kid, what preoccupied me even more than the movies themselves was the idea of what was going on behind the scenes, between these black actors and the directors, the producers, the other actors. Because even though someone like Fred Astaire was a supporter of these artists, he didn't actually actively help them on set. There's a moment in Easter Parade when a maid comes in with a pug in her arms, and that maid is Jeni LeGon. Astaire knew who she was and how talented a dancer she was and yet he allowed her to appear for 35 seconds in a movie, passing him a dog.

NS In Swing Time, the narrator goes on to work for a pop star who is busily incorporating African imagery and clothing into her routines. What's your take on this idea of cultural appropriation?

ZS Aimee, the pop star, says something that I don't disagree with, which is that art involves an act of love, and of imitation. I would maybe use the word "voyeurism". I think of myself explicitly as a voyeur, somebody who wants to be inside other people's lives. To write On Beauty, I wanted to know: what's it like to be a middle-aged, white male academic? Or in The Autograph Man, what's it like to be a young, Chinese-Jewish guy who collects autographs? I guess sometimes the reader thinks it's not appropriation when I'm writing about an older, black American woman - but I'm not an older, black American woman. It's all voyeurism on my part. But the way it's argued a lot of the time, on both sides, is so vulgar.

Also, I feel that the identity facts of your life are so profoundly contingent - where your parents happened to be on the day you were born - that I can only take identity seriously as an act of commitment and love. I don't think it runs through your blood. It is a compulsion. You have chosen to become, for example, British, even if you were born British and your great-grandfather was British. Being British is a kind of engagement; you have to commit to the idea of a culture.

NS In terms of identity, the narrator defines herself by the light other people cast on her. She's almost a negative space.

ZS I felt that I wanted an "I" who was like a void, partly from my own sensibility - I recognise myself as a person of some passivity - but also in response to the performance of a certain kind of persona, particularly among young people. My students have a very firm sense of their "I", or say they do, and they take that "I" on to the various social platforms and into their lives. It's a type of presentation. But the kind of person that I was thinking about is asking, "What did I do here, there and then? What does it mean?" She's working out, "Who am I?" but it comes from action, not from a series of staged performances. I knew it would be a slightly unnerving experience, because we've got so used to opening a book or reading a blog or watching Instagram and being presented with this full technicolour person with all these qualities. I felt that maybe in my novel, I could try something else.

NS When asked about the target audience for their book, writers usually say that they don't write for an audience, or they write for themselves. But you have said that S wing Time was written explicitly for black girls.

ZS That's how I felt when I was writing it. I did have somebody I was trying to speak to, and that might be no different to writing the kind of book - as writers often say - that you might have hoped to read when you were young. I was aware of an explicit imagined reader. I can't deny that was in my mind. These are not normal times, and I think even writers as domestic or comic as I generally am find themselves in a more political place than they would in peaceful times. Being in America the past few years, I felt I had a lot of things that I had to get on paper, to get off my chest.

NS One of the most interesting aspects of the book is the relationship between the two girls. Do you think there's something particularly fraught and complex about female friendships?

ZS I feel that perhaps in the past - because so much was written by men, because the women were with the children - relations between women have been depicted with very simple concepts like envy, or the idea of the bitch fight. And now that women are writing so much more frequently and the men in their lives are helping with the children, I think you're getting for the first time in a very long time a different depiction of intimate female relations.

One of the things that strike me is that the much-vaunted envy between women is also a kind of radical imagination, in that women are always in each other's business; they can imagine each other's lives with great intensity. When I was writing this book, I was with my daughter at a children's party, parting from another girl who wanted to know every little thing about where we were going next. I compared that with my son, who, if he's saying goodbye to a friend, is just like, "See ya!" and doesn't even remember they exist until the next morning.

That ability of girls to project their imagination into somebody else's life can have toxic elements, but also seems to me an extraordinary fictional instinct, and might explain the domination of women in the novel historically, when so many other art forms were practically blocked for them. The novel, to me, is a woman's art. I don't say men don't have enormous achievements in it, of course, but it has a strong female element, exactly because of that projection, which can be called empathy, I suppose, but is also a deep curiosity and voyeurism.

NS We tend to associate male relationships with power struggles, but aren't female friendships equally involved in exchanges of power and power games?

ZS Right. I think it can be sometimes invisible to men, because the form of the power game can be so inverted. There is a very funny Amy Schumer sketch of four women meeting in a park in New York and competitively downgrading themselves: "You look nice!" "No, I look like something pulled out of the trash." On it goes until they explode. All women will recognise that, and it's a compulsive English habit. I do it all the time. Someone says to me, "You look nice." I say, "Oh, Topshop, 15 quid." That habit maybe doesn't look like power from the outside, but all women know exactly what they're doing when they're doing these things.

NS In your fiction, mother-daughter relationships seem equally fraught.

ZS Even though I know a lot of women have difficult relationships with their mothers, what's amusing, and kind of moving, too, is the amnesia. When they have children, women cannot imagine the idea that maybe this lovely two-year-old will one day do anything to avoid calling you between Sunday and Sunday - they can't conceive of it, even as they're doing it to their own mothers. I guess I never had that illusion about motherhood. I always thought, "This is going to be terrible," so anything that's good is a kind of bonus. I was very surprised when my kids started saying the normal things that kids say, that they love you.

Then there are the sweet delusions of what you want and what the child wants. I can't tell you how many times people in New York have said to me things like, "I'm going to go and get a massage, because if I'm happy, the child's happy." You want to believe that you want the same things at the same time, but exactly the opposite is true. The child wants everything, and it's the mother's decision how much she's going to give. I find that battle kind of comic and sweet and interesting, and certainly having children has reanimated it in my fiction.

NS What was your involvement in the recent BBC television adaptation of N W?

ZS When they started, I was pregnant and I just couldn't engage with it at all. So I just said, "Do whatever you like." I saw it only two weeks ago on my laptop - very anxious, with my husband, Nick, late at night - and I was just so happy and amazed at that scriptwriter [Rachel Bennette] and all the things she cut so effectively. I'm not in the habit of being moved by my own material, but the power of it struck me, particularly the section with Felix. You see so many people stabbed, all the time, in movies and on TV, and you never really understand the weight of the life being lost - and the actor playing Felix managed to die.

I'm going to try to adapt Swing Time for TV, probably with Nick, because he's much more of a plot guy. I'm excited. I love telly.
I don't have original taste - I love all the usual suspects. I think Mad Men is stunning.
I felt like it was a dream life that I was in, and when it was gone I felt really depleted, like I couldn't have that dream every night, with all those beautiful men and women in it.

NS You've long been associated with the idea of "multicultural London", but what comes out strongly in your recent work is a sense of division. Do you feel more pessimistic about London as a mixed community?

ZS Particularly in America, I'll be asked, "Are you a supporter of this thing multiculturalism, and now can you admit that it's failed?" What's being said is that the conditions of your childhood were a kind of experiment, and it turns out it hasn't gone well, so we're going to revoke that - it's over now. I find it kind of unnerving, because millions of people around the world are still living with each other in mixed situations, and I also don't accept the premise that a homogeneous society is by its nature more peaceful and more likely to succeed. The Romans, the Greeks, the Northern Irish, England for 400 years . . . There's no reason to believe that. I never felt that a heterogeneous society was perfect. But I think there are promising things in my community, and I don't accept the idea of an experiment shut down, finished: these are people's lives.

But what certainly is the case, I feel, is that you cannot, on the left or on the right, assume that a historical situation will remain in perpetuity. If you value things in that society, you have to restate them, reimagine them, and the kind of housing crisis we have in London now makes various conditions I grew up in impossible. There will always be rich and poor but, as [Thomas] Piketty makes the case, the gap is so extraordinary now. To have allowed it to get to this almost feudal situation, I don't see how it can't create deep cracks within civilised life. The division in London is a financial one. It feels extreme and it has extreme consequences.

NS In 2008, you wrote an essay full of cautious hope that Obama's mode of speaking might be the thing required to pull the country together. How do you feel looking back at that moment now?

ZS On the morning of this election, I heard a young black girl on the subway speaking very loudly about why she'd voted for Trump. One of her reasons - a kind of "Facebook fact" - was that Obama created fewer jobs than Bush, which I believe had been going round the right-wing sites. In some of the big car towns, Obama saved so many jobs - but it's hard to sell the counterfactual idea that there would be 800,000 fewer jobs here had this not happened.

But I think another counterfactual will be in his favour soon, and that is all the ways in which Obama is calm. Recently in New York, we had a small terrorist attack in Chelsea. Try to imagine Donald's response to that. And so I think that over the next four years, all the ways in which Obama has not done many things that would have led us into terrible situations will become very clear, very quickly. It's a painful way to secure your legacy, but that's the way I see it.

NS As a New Yorker, what has your experience been over the past few weeks?

ZS I left the morning after it happened, because I had to go to Europe. When we turned up at my son's daycare, the teachers were crying. My friend told me that the pizza delivery guy came that evening and burst into tears at the door. It was traumatic.

My gut feeling is that the job of American journalists and writers is going to be to somehow defy the normalisation of what's happening. I think there are positive signs. It blows my mind that a man who is meant to be preparing to be leader of the free world watched Saturday Night Live [in which Alec Baldwin played Trump] and tweeted three times about it. So, in one sense, it's a great opportunity for all of us artists, comedians, writers, because he's so easily wound up! It gives the press an opportunity to be a real fourth estate and do something significant. Which could perhaps lead to impeachment. It's promising, from our point of view.

"Swing Time" by Zadie Smith is published by Hamish Hamilton

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"Trump is a great opportunity for us writers": Zadie Smith on fighting back

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In a packed college lecture hall at the Cambridge Literary Festival on 22 November, Zadie Smith joined me on stage to talk about her fifth novel. Swing Time is the story of an unnamed narrator and her childhood friend - "two brown girls" - which begins at a church hall dance class and never quite lets them go, throughout their divergent lives.

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The Lost Generation: Literature of the 1920s

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Project for an APUSH class on the literature--from novels, poems, magazines, and cartoon strips--and popular authors, of the 1920s.

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This website is useful because it tells how the lost generation used writing to point out what was good and what was bad in American culture. It shows the tactics the writers used to gain the attention of the public and how the maintained their audience.

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While the phrase "Lost Generation" classifies a generation of youth, it has a special connotation in the literary world. Many Americans who'd experienced Europe during the Great War returned overseas as a way to escape mainstream America. A community of expatriates formed in Paris, and in looking at America from a distance, these writers created a new literary culture that captured the futile spirit of the times.

Ernest Hemingway, who helped popularize the term "Lost Generation" in his novel "The Sun Also Rises," was one of the leaders of this group of expatriates who fled to Paris. Much like he and his contemporaries, Hemingway's protagonists tended to be honest men who lost hope and faith in modern society.

F. Scott Fitzgerald's work also delves into this feeling of futility. His 1920 debut novel "This Side of Paradise" captures a mood of a generation that has fought wars and no longer believes in God or man. Fitzgerald's later works also capture the hedonistic spirit of the Jazz Age with "The Great Gatsby," an exploration of the moralities of the wealthy, being a seminal work of this time.

Poet e. e. cummings served as an ambulance driver in France during the war but was captured and imprisoned by the French, who thought he was a spy. After the war, he embodied the persona of the Lost Generation writer, living in both Greenwich Village and rural Connecticut, with frequent trips to Paris. His poetry pushes the boundaries of form, and by playing with spelling and syntax, he created new techniques and structures for his work.

Among the Lost Generation writers, John Dos Passos stands out as a novelist who really attempted to assimilate European culture. American by birth, Dos Passos spent his formative years in Europe, returning to America for college before spending time in Spain. He eventually volunteered for the war effort, which influenced his work "Three Soldiers," the first major anti-war novel of this period. However, as time passed, Dos Passos became more conservative in his political views and was estranged from his contemporaries, who were very much disillusioned with the current ideology.

These writers all helped give a voice to the Lost Generation. Read on for more information about this age.

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While the phrase "Lost Generation" classifies a generation of youth, it has a special connotation in the literary world. Many Americans who'd experienced Europe during the Great War returned overseas as a way to escape mainstream America.

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This website is useful because it provides the reader with a broader knowledge of the topic. This site includes facts on the accounts of artist, modernist life, and expatriots. This websites includes quotes and sources of the people that are included in their website.

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Immigration History Archives - Boundless Immigration

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Posts about the history of immigration to the United States from the colonial era up to current events.

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This website is a good resource because it provides the reader with decent background knowledge to the top 'the lost generation writers'. The website is useful because it also provides links to important places, dates, and people and allows you to read up on them to gain a better circle of knowledge.

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Lost Generation, a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term is also used more generally to refer to the post-World War I generation.

The generation was "lost" in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a United States that, basking under Pres. Warren G. Harding's "back to normalcy" policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish, Hart Crane, and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the 1920s. They were never a literary school.

Gertrude Stein is credited for the term Lost Generation, though Hemingway made it widely known. According to Hemingway's A Moveable Feast (1964), she had heard it used by a garage owner in France, who dismissively referred to the younger generation as a "génération perdue." In conversation with Hemingway, she turned that label on him and declared, "You are all a lost generation." He used her remark as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926), a novel that captures the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast-living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris.

In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night (1934) and Dos Passos's The Big Money (1936).

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Adam Augustyn.

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Lost Generation | Definition, Writers, Characteristics, Books, & Facts

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Lost Generation, a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term is also used more generally to refer to the post-World War I generation. Learn more about the Lost Generation in this article.