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The patrol is very much similar to modern day police. They would look out for suspicious activity and take out the offenders kinda like how peroxisomes breakdown fatty acids and other harmful substances

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Ships can resemble the Cilia and Flagella in that sailing was the best way to get around prior to trains so ships would have the latest goods and information. The ships carrying the goods and info allowed trade which kept the city rich and prosperous.

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A weaver spins fabrics and then turns the fabrics into a multitude of goods like clothes, rugs, blankets, uniforms, canvas for sails, and flags. Like the centriole a weaver spins fibers and create things

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When the city goes under siege the gates lock shut, and if they're in deep trouble the ports might get blockaded. When you're cut off from the outside world these caches of food need to last a long time.

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The Romans were masters at developing complex plumbing like aqueducts and the first fountains, naturally the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire would have a fancy water system. Sewers were covered by stones and all small channels would lead to one main, big channel. Lysosomes are like the sewers of the cell getting rid of waste.

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Whether in the market or in front of the palace these roads are maintained because of all the traffic going through the area.

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Sometimes areas just weren't important enough to either build or maintains the streets. In theses areas there might be poor workers and peasants along the side of the street like how there are ribosomes on the side of the rough ER, only difference is the workers are poor, and useless.

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Messages are sent via foot, horse, or bird. Here letters and such are sorted and hastily dispatched  to anywhere in the city like ribosomes in the cell

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Sometimes farming food isn't enough and you need to raise or hunt/catch animals. Humans have been milking goats, cows, and collecting eggs for food much like how chloroplasts take the suns energy and use it for themselves.

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One of the biggest challenges when building a city is finding enough food for all the people living within the city. Farming was and still is the most productive way to make enough food to feed the millions of people then and today. Though strictly speaking not within cities, farms are crucial to any citys'  development and they play the same role as mitochondria do in cells, making sure there is enough energy or food to go around.

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There were 5 harbours in Constantinople, the Harbour of Eleutherios, the Harbour of Julian, the harbour near Boukoleon Palace were all on the southern side of the peninsula facing the Sea of Marmara. On the the north shore of the city were the harbours of Neorion and Prosphorion. Many spices, gold, silks, and other goods and riches would be both imported into and exported out through the city via the 5 ports. The Golgi body and harbours are share similar functions, as a center for delivery.

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Roads provides a means of travel. Within a city as large and populous as Constantinople roads are that more important, roads connect people and places all around the city. Workers could make their way towards walls that need repairs or a servant can go down to the market to pickup some supplies for his master. Much like the ER, roads create a travel system

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Without a surplus of food a city can't exist. Farmers make food that a city needs much like how ribosomes make proteins for the cell.

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Guilds are associations controlled by skilled craftsmen and merchants, they organized trade and created workman. The nucleolus and guilds both make workers that benefit the cell and city respectively.

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One the great libraries of the ancient world, as well as the last, the library contained much Greek and Roman literature. When the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 scholars fled the city bringing ancient texts with them, many believe this sparked the renaissance. The scholars fleeing and sharing ancient knowledge and rebuilding western civilization is similar to how the nucleus store old genetic information to rebuild the cell.

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Men would guard the gates and patrol the walls and streets, looking for trouble. If anything suspicious or unwanted try to enter through the gates then they would be stopped and questioned, much like how the membrane selects what can pass through into the cell. The watch can also lock the gates and keep enemies out, like a cell keeping unwanted substances away.

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Cylindrical in shape, the centriole is found in animal cells and a few plant cells and is mainly made up of a protein called tubulin. They help make spindle fibers that separate chromosomes in mitosis.

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The cilia and flagella are found in animal cells but very rarely in plant cells. They move liquid past surface of the cell. They are composed of microtubules.

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The cytoskeleton is in every single cell. It's a network of interlinking filaments and tubules that spread throughout the cytoplasm. It gives and controls the cells shape and helps with cell division. It's made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

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The Chloroplast is found in plant cells only, and is responsible for photosynthesis. They are also in charge of the immune response in plants. Chloroplasts have membrane of atleast 3 layers, the outer most is semipermeable, within there are stacks of sacs called thylakoids, these stacks are called granum. The space within the membrane and is not the granum is the stroma, a fluid that has all the parts of the chloroplasts floating within it.

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Mitochondria is found in all cells. Its main functions are to produce energy for the cell, ATP, and to regulate cellular metabolism. Because of its role as the main source of energy in the cell it is known as the power plant of the cell.

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Found in virtually all cells, peroxisomes main function is to breakdown long fatty acid chains and harmful stuff. They can be derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Vacuoles are found in all plant cells and in some animal cells. They are sacs of water that contain organic or inorganic molecules as well as enzymes. They can isolate harmful materials, contain waste products, or export unwanted substances from the cell. In plant cells the vacuole is one big sac while vesicles are smaller and more numerous than vacuoles in general.

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Lysosomes are found in most animal cells but rarely found in plant cells. They act as waste control, they engulf biomolecules such as lipids and peptides then break them down using enzymes found with in the lysosomes. The membrane of the lysosome is a phospholipid bilayer.

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The Golgi body, or apparatus, collects proteins received through the endoplasmic reticulum then dispatches said proteins for use through out the cell or for secretion via exocytosis. The Golgi body is in both plant and animal cells. The apparatus is made up of cisternae.

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The part of the ER without ribosomes in the walls.

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Essentially the ER where ribosomes are studded into the walls of the ER.

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The endoplasmic reticulum has several functions, one of which is transporting proteins to the Golgi apparatus. It also folds proteins into cisternae which packages proteins and sends them to transport carriers. The ER is found in all cells. The ER is a network of membranes called cisternae, held together by the cytoskeleton.

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Essential to all cells ribosomes make proteins from amino acids and are also so responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are made up of rRNA as well as a number of different proteins that vary between calls. The proteins and rRNA form 2 subunits.

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The nucleolus is the largest structure within the nucleus and is the site of ribosome assembly. There are three main components in the nucleolus, the fibrillar center, the dense fiibillar center, and the granular component. The DFC consists of new rRNA bound for ribosomal proteins.

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Crucial to all cells he cell nucleus contains genetic information and controls cellular growth. The nucleus had its own membrane, the nuclear membrane, which consists of an inner and an outer layer. The outer layer is studded with ribosomes and also has pores. there is also the nuclear lamina within the nucleus that provides mechanical support.

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Found in both plant and animal cells, the cell membrane is selectively permeable controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It also gives shape to the cell and attaches the cell to other cells to form tissues. The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophobic tails facing in and the hydrophillic heads facing out.

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The Theodosian Walls kept Constantinople safe for over 1000 years. The walls were made of strong packed rubble with strong limestone bricks lining the outside, much like how cellulose makes up the cell wall. Just like the cell wall, the Theodosian Walls had 3 layers, the first and largest wall was 18m tall with a 15m wide terrace in front of it, it gave a vantage point for the defenders, with a field of view kilometers long. The second wall was 8m high, this created an overlapping line of sight, the last wall was a moat 18m across and 6m deep. Along the walls there were 13 gates facilitating the entry and exit of goods and people as well as keeping out unwanted guests, similarly to the semi-permeable cell wall.

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Many plant cells have a cell wall. Primarily made up of cellulose, the cell wall gives strength and structure to the cell. A cell wall is semi-permeable, allowing small molecules and proteins to pass through.