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- the Moscow declaration of 1943 recognized that the league of Nations has failed.
- the charter, which was signed by the original 50 member states on June 26, 1945, states that the UN aim to:
1. maintain international peace and security
2. develop friendly relations among nation
3. achieve international cooperation
4. be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations

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Socio-political Landscape After World War

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Socio-political Landscape After World War

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- After a major disaster like a hurricane or earthquake, the first thing most people want to do is rebuild the lives they've lost, from their own houses to their neighborhood schools and stores. While it's most important to return to normalcy, at the same time, the terrible disaster presents an opportunity to rebuild things better and more in line with the values and needs of the community.
Warfare can often be far more destructive to families and communities than natural disasters, and perhaps no conflict disrupted the lives of the Europeans more than World War II (WWII). WWII obliterated entire regions of Europe and brought several countries' governments to their knees. As most Europeans were trying to rebuild their lives, the victorious Allies were using the opportunity to reshape Europe. However, as this lesson will detail, not everyone had the same plans for the political settlement of post-WWII Europe.

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- The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of an era defined by the decline of all great powers except for the Soviet Union and the United States, and the simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA).
- Allies during World War II, the USA and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars.
- Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Eastern Europe fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually an "Iron Curtain".
- Europe was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. Internationally, alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement.
- The Cold War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a "hot" war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a mutually assured destruction standoff.

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- one of the deadliest of human conflicts, World War II influenced the political socioeconomic, and diplomatic ties that can still be felt in modern international relations.
- truly a "world war," almost all continents have in some way participated.

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- Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners: The total number of prisoners taken on the Western Front in April 1945 by the Western Allies was 1,500,000. April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy. In the three to four months up to the end of April, over 800,000 German soldiers surrendered on the Eastern Front.
-  In early April, the first Allied-governed Rheinwiesenlagers were established in western Germany to hold hundreds of thousands of captured or surrendered Axis Forces personnel. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) reclassified all prisoners as Disarmed Enemy Forces, not POWs (prisoners of war).
- The legal fiction circumvented provisions under the Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of former combatants. By October, thousands had died in the camps from starvation, exposure and disease.
- Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany: Under the terms of this peace treaty, the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany, including Berlin.
- As a result, Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991. Under the terms of the Treaty, the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 (articles 4 and 5). In accordance with the Treaty, occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline.

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- The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as a means to control German, Japanese and Italian aggression.
- At the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and the UK, as well as their dependent states, such as British India. Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British  Commonwealth: Austria, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.
- The alliance was formalized by the Declaration by United Nations, from 1 January 1942. However, the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war. The leaders of the "Big Three"—the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—controlled Allied strategy; relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close. The Big Three together with China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful", then were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in a Declaration by United Nations and later as the "Four Policemen" of the United Nations. After the war ended, the Allied nations became the basis of the modern United Nations.

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- Pacific War, major theatre of World War II that covered a large portion of the Pacific Ocean, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, with significant engagements occurring as far south as northern Australia and as far north as the Aleutian Islands.
- The first draft, submitted by the chiefs of the Army and Navy General Staff, was accepted by Imperial General Headquarters early in September 1941.
- Since 1907, when Japanese military planners first defined hypothetical enemies, Russia, the United States, and France fell into this category.
- Until 1941, however, the basic assumption was that Japan would be fighting only a single enemy, not two or three enemies simultaneously. In the event of war with the United States, the plan called for the Japanese Navy to destroy the enemy’s Far Eastern fleet at the outset of hostilities, to occupy Luzon and Guam in cooperation with the Army, and then to intercept and destroy the main enemy fleet when it sailed to Far Eastern waters.
- As late as 1939 the Japanese Navy was still a firm believer in gun power.

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- Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, invasion of Afghanistan in late December 1979 by troops from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union intervened in support of the Afghan communist government in its conflict with anticommunist Muslim guerrillas during the Afghan War (1978–92) and remained in Afghanistan until mid-February 1989.
- In April 1978 Afghanistan’s centrist government, headed by Pres. Mohammad Daud Khan, was overthrown by left-wing military officers led by Nur Mohammad Taraki
- The war in Afghanistan became a quagmire for what by the late 1980s was a disintegrating Soviet Union. (The Soviets suffered some 15,000 dead and many more injured.) Despite having failed to implement a sympathetic regime in Afghanistan, in 1988 the Soviet Union signed an accord with the United States, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and agreed to withdraw its troops. The Soviet withdrawal was completed on Feb. 15, 1989, and Afghanistan returned to nonaligned status.

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- The Holocaust took place in the broader context of World War II. Still reeling from Germany's defeat in World War I, Hitler's government envisioned a vast, new empire of "living space" in eastern Europe. The realization of German dominance in Europe, its leaders calculated, would require war.
- by 1942, Nazi Germany Stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Soviet Union.
- Hitler unveiled his "Final Solution" against unclean races
- Reinhard Heydrich, chief
of the Nazi Security Service, created the Einsatzgruppen, a special task force that aims to capture all European Jews and put the in concentration camps.
- Death camps - were meant to imprison, compel force labor, and eventually kill the Jewish race. dubbed as one of the greatest "crimes against humanity" the Allies Would Eventually impose severe punishment to the perpetrators of the Holocaust.

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- after the French surrendered, the British found themselves the only force against the mighty Nazi Germany.
- Winston Churchill rallied the British people  under the call for "blood sweat and tears" and to "never surrender".
- Hitler then shifted  his strategy by bombing British cities,such as Coventry and London to break British morale.
- On September 1940, the British, through the intercession of Churchill, sought support from the Us and began receiving American assistance under the Lend-Lease Act of 1941.

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- One of Adolf Hitler's first major foreign policy initiatives after coming to power was to sign a nonaggression pact with Poland in January 1934.
- Germans who supported Hitler but resented the fact that Poland had received the former German provinces of West Prussia, Poznan, and Upper Silesia under the treaty of Versailles after World War I
- In September 1938, after signing away the Czech border regions, known as the Sudetenland, to Germany at the Munich conference, British and French leaders pressured France's ally, Czechoslovakia, to yield to Germany's demand for the incorporation of those regions
-On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion
- On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion

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- 1936 Hitler began another plan for expansion.
- 1938 he launched his unification efforts with his homeland, Austria.
- under pressure from Hitler's Anschluss or unionist campaign, Austria was officially annexed by Germany on March 13, 1938, with the support of Austrian Nazis.
- believing that European democracies are weak and would succumb to his demands, Hitler and Mussolini continued expanding in Lithuania, Albania, and the rest of Czechoslovakia in march 1939

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- he decision by Japan to attack the United States remains controversial. Study groups in Japan had predicted ultimate disaster in a war between Japan and the U.S., and the Japanese economy was already straining to keep up with the demands from the war with China. However, the U.S. had placed an oil embargo on Japan and Japan felt that the United States' demands were unacceptable.
- Facing an oil embargo by the United States as well as dwindling domestic reserves, the Japanese government decided to execute a plan developed by the military branch largely led by Osami Nagano and Isoroku Yamamoto to bomb the United States naval base in Hawaii, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies. On September 4, 1941, the Japanese Cabinet met to consider the war plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters

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- In 1937, Japanese forces in large numbers had invaded China. The poorly equipped and badly led Chinese were no match for the modern Japanese army. But even as Japanese forces struck deep into Chinese territory, Japan's military leaders, who by 1940 were in control of its government, were thinking beyond of China to the control of the entire Far East.
- In 1940, the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs stated the trend of his government's desire to create a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere under Japan's guidance to challenge European dominance of the region. This policy became the cornerstone of Japan's rationale for imperial expansion in East Asia.

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http://www.historynet.com/the-rise-of-militaristic-nationalism-november-96-world-war-ii-feature.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/ezasso/rise-of-totalitarian-dictators
http://teacher.sduhsd.net/tpsocialsciences/world_history/totalitarianism_ww2/asia.htm
https://www.britannica.com/event/Soviet-invasion-of-Afghanistan

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Totalitarianism and The Rise of Dictator

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Totalitarianism and The Rise of Dictator

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-Totalitarian leaders are dictators who control all aspects of the government & the lives of the citizens Totalitarian leaders gained support by promising jobs, promoting nationalism, & using propaganda Dictators held on to their power by using censorship, secret police, denying liberties, & eliminating opposing rivals or political parties
- In Italy, Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party Mussolini gained popularity by promising to revive the economy, rebuild the military, & expand Italy to create a new Roman Empire Mussolini named his Fascist Party after the fasces, a Roman symbol of authority & power
- Hitler put Germans to work by building factories, highways, weapons, & increasing the military He created the gov’t protection squad called the SS and a secret police called the Gestapo to eliminate rivals & control all aspects of Germany
- In 1935, Hitler began a series of anti-Semitic laws called the Nuremburg Laws that deprived German Jews of the rights of citizens, forbade mixed Jewish marriages, & required Jews to wear a yellow star In 1938, Hitler ordered Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), a series of attacks on Jewish synagogues & businesses

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- because of the impact caused by postwar economic and political turmoil, it became difficult for governments to remain intact and in power.
- most democracies fell under the impact of the great depression, causing higher unemployment, worsening inflation, and unfair corporate practices against labor.

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- On November 14, 1930, as he was boarding a train in Tokyo, Hamaguchi was shot in the stomach by a young member of the Aikokusha (Patriotic Association). It took the prime minister nine months to die. His assailant subsequently was pardoned and remained politically active even after World War II.
- In October 1931, Hashimoto’s Cherry Society masterminded another coup, which fell apart when the general chosen to head the new government refused to cooperate. Despite the fact that the arrested ringleaders escaped punishment on the grounds of alleged “sincere motives,” the plot’s failure indicated that there still was a chance to check Japan’s march toward totalitarianism and war.
- Ketsumeidan’s first victim, banker and former finance minister Junnosuk Inoue, was fatally shot by a 22-year-old youth in February 1932. Twenty-five days later, Takua Dan, a member of a samurai family and manager of the vast Matsui business conglomerate, was murdered as he arrived at his office by a 21-year-old Blood Brotherhood member.

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-unlike the First world war whose beginnings were caused by an interviewing of complex events, World War II started out because of conflicting ideologies that set nations pitting against each other.
- Europe and the great depression agitated much of the masses leading them to seek out new and stronger leadership.

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-The unresolved conflicts, growing bitterness, and economic unrest that resulted after the end of World War I .
- Lasting 6 years and 1 day , world war II spanned across five continents and combats occurred in land, sea, and air.
-trillion - truly a " world war"

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- couple with the desire to reorganize and establish peace between nations, the victors met at the Paris peace conference in 1919 to settle the terms for world peace.
- the men who facilitated the Paris peace Conference, known as the "Big Four" were President Woodrow Wilson of the US, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy.
- he proposed fourteen points which focused on five major tenets enduring peace:
1. open covenants of peace
2. freedom of navigation, Fair Trade, and the Fair Treatment of Colonial Peoples
3. disarmament
4. the right to self-Determination
5. the Establishment of the League of Nations
- the most important of these is the treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919.

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in the place of old European empires, sprang new states, most of which were democracies.
- in the place of the German Reich under Wilhelm II was the German social democracy known as the Weimar Republic.
- the preparation agreement worth 33 billion dollars between France and Germany was implemented in installments of 2.5 billion dollars which started in 1921.
- the government in order to pay war debt and the restless labor force, started printing paper money without any mental backing.
- levied taxes were increased, eventually causing a massive rise in general prices, called inflation.
- to battle these economic problems, Germany introduced reforms and implement economic nationalism.

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on January 25,1919, the Paris Peace Conference created the inter-nation peace keeping organization called the league of Nations.
- by January 10 of the following year the league was established with 42 member state.the league aims, as stated in its covenant, to:
1. prevent wars by reducing the military;
2. promote collective security; and
3. settle international disputes through diplomacy.
- the league proved to be weak.

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- central powers were advancing as Germany regains strength in the western Front.
- the Germans saw the opportunity to attack Paris to finally break the stalemate.
- July 18, 1918 German forces were defeated at the second battle of Marne.
-the empire finally collapsed with the declaration of independence of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.
- by September, Bulgaria accepted defeat and surrendered to the allies, much like the ottomans.
- November 9, Wilhelm II abdicated the throne and a German Republic, led by social democrats.

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Nationalism - shared belief of loyalty to the ethnicity and culture of a nation-state
The Black Hand - a terrorist organization who wanted an independent Bosnia.
Schlieffen Plan - to send 75% of its troops to France, which would entail marching into Belgium, a neutral territory.
The Allied Powers - composed of triple Entente(France, Russia, and Britain)
The Central Powers - composed of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy)

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-land and aerial warfare became a critical turning point in the end of world war I. For the first time in the history of warfare, airplanes took flight on the battlefront.
- 1915 airplanes were used to attack ground targets, which at that time of trench warfare, seemed impossible
- tanks and poisonous gasses also became critical weapons in the resolution of the great war.

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- president Woodrow Wilson of the united states of America proclaimed neutrality when the war broke out in August 1914.
- in the early years of the Great war, Britain imposed a naval blockade of Germany and Austria, cutting vital supplies in the process.
- U boats were meant to cut supply lines in retaliation against the British.
- May 1915 the Germans torpedoed an american tanker sank the British passenger ship RMS Lusitania.
- the battle of Jutland on may 31, 1916, where victory between the British and Germans was inconclusive.
- December 1916, Germany reinstituted its unrestricted submarine warfare thinking that the British would surrender and that the Americans would remain neutral.
- april 2 1917 Woodrow cancelled all diplomatic ties with Germany and asked the US Congress to declare war, which the legislative body approved.
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- Because of the humiliating defeat, the morale of the Russian military was dampened. worsened by the Tsarist government's inability to provide for its people due to military and economic disasters, a series of strikes led by around 10,000 working-class women in Russia's capital of Petrograd ensued.
- the russian working class demanded for "peace and bread"
- march 12 the Russian Duma, composed of mostly wealthy middleclass, established a provisional government in place of the tsarist regime and demanded by Czar Nicolas II step down.
- march 15, the Czar stepped down and the 300 year old Romanov dynasty came to an end.
- 1915, Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government.
- march 3 1918 Lenin negotiated a peace treaty with Germany, the treaty of Brest-Livtovsk

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- The Eastern Front was more fluid and involved over a thousand miles of land.
- Russians and Germans fought a seesaw battle.
- august 30, 1914 at the battle of Tannenberg, in Eastern Prussia,
- September 15 at the battle of Masurian lakes respectively, the Germans defeated the Russians.
- Italy betrayed the central powers by attacking Austria in May 1915.
- with this humiliating defeat, the Russians were no longer a threat to Germany supremacy.
- On September 191, Bulgaria joined the alliance and attacked Serbia, dealing critical blow that eliminated the nation from the war, the central powers led by the Germans, shifted its resources westward where it was much needed

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- The Schlieffen Plan aimed to surround the French city of Paris, dealing a critical blow to the french army.
- Germany took control of Belgium in a few weeks and continued its march towards the French capital.
- By september 6-10, 1914, french and British troops proved resistant against the german army. The German defeat at the battle of Marne ended the Plan, dealing a critical blow to the hope of quick victory.
- both Allied and Central Powers were evenly matched, using barbed wires, artillery, machine guns, riffles, and land mines. these weapons made traditional combat especially difficult since troops can no longer charge at their enemies.
- between the trench of both camps is a "no man's land"

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- Franz Joseph I, emperor of Austria-Hungary, sought its Germany allies by writing to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany for support.
- Germany responded with a "blank check" saying that it fully supports whatever action its ally would take against Serbia even if Russia becomes involved.
- Czar Nicolas II ordered full mobilization of its army against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia.
- August 1 Germany declared war against the Russian
Czar.
- Germany foreseeing the possibility of a two-front war, carried out Schlieffen Plan against both Russia and France.
- The French and the Russians, declared war on Germany on august 4.
- events that led to the summer of 1914 were initially thought of as a quick skirmish since the horrors of war were seen as costly, both politically and economically.
- The aggression between the two sides the allied powers, composed of the Triple Entente(France,Russia,and Britain), and The Central Powers, composed of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy)

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THE GREAT WAR : 1914 TO 1918                   THE ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND 

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THE GREAT WAR : 1914 TO 1918                   THE ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND 

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- The spark that led to the explosion of the power keg was the event that transpired in the summer of 1914.
- On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia, visited the Bosnian capital city of Sarajevo to open a state museum following the observation of military maneuvers in the city.
- They believed that the annexation of Bosian and Herzegovina by the empire was a form of aggression against them and that the visit of a high - ranking Austro - Hungarian official poses a threat to Serbian independence.
- The Black Hand, threw a bomb at the archduke's car on the morning, later that day, the archduke and his wife were shot by a 19 year old Bosnian Serb Gavrilo

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- analyze the root causes that gave rise to World War I
- describe significant events that transpired during World War I
- assess the effects of World War I
- analyze the efforts of nations to achieve international peace and prosperity
- analyze the causes that gave rise to World War II
- analyze the significant events that transpired during World War II
- assess the effects of World War II
- reflect critically on learning experience and processes
- analyze and evaluate major alternative points of view