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Research method: The experimental conditions and the procedures that Moray created were highly controlled in a laboratory, therefore showing high internal validity. However, due to the nature of the study and the sample, responses may have been a result of demand characteristics. Furthermore, listening to sounds through headphones and being asked to block out or shadow the noises is extremely artificial and not true to real life; therefore, the study lacks ecological validity.

Reliability: The procedures of the study, including instructions given to participants, are highly standardised which allows the study to be easily replicated and to check for the reliability of the findings.

Sampling bias: As with many psychology studies, University students took part (as well as research workers). This sample is easily accessible, so saves time and money on obtaining participants. However, the sample is not representative of everyone, as students and research workers are likely to have higher cognitive abilities and may perform better on attention tasks. Therefore the study lacks population validity.

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1. From the study by Moray into dichotic listening explain what a shadowing task is (2)
2. Outline one control from the study by Moray into dichotic listening (2)
3.Outline two conclusions that can be drawn from the study by Moray into dichotic listening (4

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Moray observes that an 'identification paradox' exists.
-When the participant directs attention to the message in one ear, rejecting the message in the other ear, almost all verbal content of the rejected message is blocked.
-This rejection is apparent even when the message is repeated many times there is no trace of a short list of simple words presented many times being remembered.
-It is very difficult to made neautral material important enough to penetrate the block.

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Messages were constructed which had digits interspersed with the words towards the end of the passage (experimental). Similar messages had no digits (control). Participants heard either two experimental messages or oe experimental and one control.
An independent measures design was used. Participants always shadowed an experimental message but one group was told beforehand that they would be asked questions about the content. The other was told that they should remember all the numbers they could.

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Participants shadowed 10 short passages of light fiction, each being a different condition, having instructions either at the start or within the passage- in two conditions they were warned about this.
In three of the six conditions with instructions during the passage, their name was used. All participants experienced all of the 10 conditions.
IV- whether the instructions in the message were proceeded by the participants name or not.
DV- the frequency with which the instruction was heard.

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Participants heard a short list of simple words repeated 35 times in the unattended ear whilst they shadowed a prose message in the attended ear. The word list was faded in after shadowing began and faded out as the attended mesage ended.
A repeated measures design was used, there was three conditions: the shadowed message, the rejected message and a control. Then a recognition test was given with words from the shadowed message, rejected message and a control set of words.

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All the participants were undergraduates or research workers both females and males.
Study 1: There was numbers recorded
Study 2: 12 participants
Study 3: Two groups of 14 participants.

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To test Cherry's dichotic listening findings in relation to:
-The amount of information recognised in the rejected message
-The effect of hearjng one's name in the unattended message
-The effect of instructionsto identify a specific target in the rejected message