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Italy was one whole nation in the Roman Empire but broke up until Napoleon establishes The Kingdom of Italy. After Napoleon loses the Battle of Waterloo, Italy breaks up again. Then the revolutions of 1848 broke out. But Naples and Austria came down hard on their revolutions. Puppet states and Piedmont won against Austria with British and French help. Next, Piedmont sends 1000 troops to Sicily to take Naples, and thats what they did. So Naples and Sicily joined Italy. Prussia and Italy declare war on Austria, but Italy loses. France gives Italy recently claimed Rome and Venice.

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Haiti is described as the poorest country in the western hemisphere. During Haiti's height, it was considered the richest country in the America's. However, the reason why it was so rich was because of the profit it made on slaves. The demeanor of the "Masters" made the masters seem more than human, while the slaves were treated less than that of a human. Words that rose when talking about revolutions were, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," and these words were new to the world. The slaves in Haiti started learning about France's new 'Declaration of the Rights of Man.' which was based on equality. The Haitian revolutions were the only place where slaves created a nation.

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22nd August 1791: Start of the Haitian Revolution in the French colony of Saint-Domingue

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The German Empire During the Revolutions

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The German Empire During the Revolutions

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Germany is located in western and central Europe. Germany is one of the most powerful countries in the world. The Holy Roman Empire became complicated and turned into many different territories in 1789. The last HRE, Francis II, dissolved Germany. Napoleon's reign ended with the Congress of Vienna, forming the German Confederation. During the 19th century, germans started wondering if they should all unite as one German, Sovereign State, or stay conservative. In the mid-1840s, rebellions led to the 1848 revolutions that ended in 1849. In 1866, Prussia and Austria went to war, and Prussia won. This led to the collapse of the German Confederation. In 1871, the German Empire was created, with William I being the first Emporer. Germany lost 13% of its territory after signing the Treaty of Versailles in WW1. In 1938, Nazi Germany annexed the Chez Republic, and Austria, along with starting a territory battle, by declaring WWII. Germany surrendered on the 8th of May, 1945 after Hitler committed suicide. After WWII, Germany was partitioned into 4 occupied zones. Soon after that, the cold war with USA and Russia began, and in 1990 the Berlin Wall fell, signifying the reunification of Germany.

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He was considered the "Iron Chancellor." First he ruled Prussia and then all of Germany. He was a master strategist, and won many wars. Bismarck's family was wealthy. He became Prussia’s king in 1861. And in 1864 Bismarck began a series of wars that would establish Prussian power. In 1885, he re united Germany.

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Table of Contents

1. Otto von Bismarck: Early Years

2. Otto von Bismarck: The Iron Chancellor

3. Otto von Bismarck: Kulturkampf, Welfare State, Empire

4. Otto von Bismarck: Final Years and Legacy

Germany became a modern, unified nation under the leadership of the "Iron Chancellor" Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who between 1862 and 1890 effectively ruled first Prussia and then all of Germany. A master strategist, Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck introduced progressive reforms-including universal male suffrage and the establishment of the first welfare state-in order to achieve his goals. He manipulated European rivalries to make Germany a world power, but in doing so laid the groundwork for both World Wars.

Otto von Bismarck: Early Years

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born April 1, 1815, at his family's estate in the Prussian heartland west of Berlin. His father was a fifth-generation Junker (a Prussian landowning noble), and his mother came from a family of successful academics and government ministers. Throughout his life Bismarck would emphasize his rural Junker roots, underplaying his considerable intellect and cosmopolitan outlook.

Did you know? Although German leader Otto von Bismarck wore a general's uniform in public for much of his later life (and successfully prosecuted three wars as chancellor), his only prior military service was a brief, unwilling stint in a reserve unit.

Bismarck was educated in Berlin and after university took a series of minor diplomatic posts before retiring, at age 24, to run his family's estate at Kneiphof. In 1847 he married and was sent to Berlin as a delegate to the new Prussian parliament, where he emerged as a reactionary voice against the liberal, anti-autocratic Revolutions of 1848.

From 1851 to 1862 Bismarck served a series of ambassadorships-at the German Confederation in Frankfurt, in St. Petersburg and in Paris-that gave him valuable insight into the vulnerabilities of Europe's great powers.

Otto von Bismarck: The Iron Chancellor

William I became Prussia's king in 1861 and a year later appointed Bismarck as his chief minister. Though technically deferring to William, in reality Bismarck was in charge, manipulating the king with his intellect and the occasional tantrum while using royal decrees to circumvent the power of elected officials.

In 1864 Bismarck began the series of wars that would establish Prussian power in Europe. He attacked Denmark to gain the German-speaking territories of Schleswig-Holstein and two years later provoked Emperor Franz-Josef I into starting the Austro-Prussian War (1866), which ended in a swift defeat for the aging Austrian empire. At the time, Bismarck wisely declined to levy a war indemnity against the Austrians.

Bismarck was less circumspect in his conduct of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). Seeing the opportunity to unify Germany's loose confederations against an outside enemy, Bismarck stirred political tensions between France and Prussia, famously editing a telegram from William I to make both countries feel insulted by the other. The French declared war, but the Prussians and their German allies won handily. Prussia levied an indemnity, annexed the French border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and crowned William emperor of a unified Germany (the Second Reich) in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles-a tremendous insult to the French.

Otto von Bismarck: Kulturkampf, Welfare State, Empire

With Germany unified, William I and Bismarck turned to entrenching their domestic power. For much of the 1870s Bismarck pursued a Kulturkampf (cultural struggle) against Catholics, who made up 36 percent of Germany's population, by placing parochial schools under state control and expelling the Jesuits. In 1878 Bismarck relented, allying with the Catholics against the growing socialist threat.

In the 1880s Bismarck set aside his conservative impulses to counter the socialists by creating Europe's first modern welfare state, establishing national healthcare (1883), accident insurance (1884) and old age pensions (1889). Bismarck also hosted the 1885 Berlin Conference that ended the "Scramble for Africa," dividing the continent between the European powers and establishing German colonies in Cameroon, Togoland and East and Southwest Africa.

Otto von Bismarck: Final Years and Legacy

William I died in 1888 and was succeeded by his son Frederick III and then his grandson William II, both of whom Bismarck found difficult to control. In 1890 the new king forced Bismarck out. William II was left in control of a flourishing unified state but was ill-equipped to maintain Bismarck's carefully manipulated balance of international rivalries. Respected and honored by the time of his death eight years later, Bismarck quickly became a quasi-mythic figure invoked by political leaders calling for strong German leadership-or for war.

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Otto von Bismarck - Biography, World Wars & Facts

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Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)-also known as the "Iron Chancellor"-was Chancellor of the newly-united German Empire from 1862 to 1890. During his tenure he modernized the nation and helped set the stage for World War I.

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The revolutions started in 1791, and were led by Toussaint Louverture, who was a former slave. He found generals in two other formerly enslaved men, Dessalines and Henri Christophe. He made peace with revolutionary France following its abolishment of slavery. Toussaint became a governor and conquered the Spanish portion of the island, freeing the enslaved peoples there. He was a very successful general, and important in the Haitian Revolution.

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Two months after his defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte's colonial forces, Jean-Jacques Dessalines proclaims the independence of Saint-Domingue, renaming it Haiti after its original Arawak name.

In 1791, a revolt erupted on the French colony, and Toussaint Louverture, a formerly enslaved man, took control of the rebels. Gifted with natural military genius, Toussaint organized an effective guerrilla war against the island's colonial population. He found able generals in two other formerly enslaved men, Dessalines and Henri Christophe, and in 1795 he made peace with revolutionary France following its abolishment of slavery. Toussaint became governor-general of the colony and in 1801 conquered the Spanish portion of island, freeing the enslaved peoples there.

In January 1802, an invasion force ordered by Napoleon landed on Saint-Domingue, and after several months of furious fighting, Toussaint agreed to a cease-fire. He retired to his plantation but in 1803 was arrested and taken to a dungeon in the French Alps, where he was tortured and died in April.

Soon after Toussaint's arrest, Napoleon announced his intention to reintroduce slavery on Haiti, and Dessalines led a new revolt against French rule. With the aid of the British, the rebels scored a major victory against the French force there, and on November 9, 1803, colonial authorities surrendered. In 1804, General Dessalines assumed dictatorial power, and Haiti became the second independent nation in the Americas. Later that year, Dessalines proclaimed himself Emperor Jacques I. He was killed putting down a revolt two years later.

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Haitian independence proclaimed | January 1, 1804 | HISTORY

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Two months after his defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte's colonial forces, Jean-Jacques Dessalines proclaims the independence of Saint-Domingue, renaming it Haiti after its original Arawak name. In 1791, a revolt erupted on the French colony, and Toussaint Louverture, a formerly enslaved man, took control of the rebels.

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He was a military leader who led revolutions that united Italy in the mid-1800s. His revolutionary ideas many people throughout the world. His father was a fisherman and also piloted trading vessels along the Mediterranean coast. Garibaldi was certified as a sea captain by the age of 25. While Garibaldi was in South America he stayed in touch with  Mazzini. As revolutions broke out in Europe in 1848, Garibaldi returned from South America. He wanted to go to Sicily but had to go to Rome instead for Rebellions. The eventual unification of Italy took more than a decade. Garibaldi made several attempts to seize Rome in the 1860s, but was captured three times. As a result of the Franco-Prussian War, Rome was in control of Italy, and it was united. Garibaldi was later given a pension by the Italian government for all of his contributions.

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Biography of Giuseppe Garibaldi, Revolutionary Hero Who United Italy

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Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi became an international celebrity even before he succeeded in uniting Italy. Learn about his life.