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Technologies Impact on Skillsets - Lillie Andrews

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Technologies Impact on Skillsets - Lillie Andrews

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Student Number - 23056872

Review - 250 Words (CRAAP Test)

Harvard Reference - Pa S., Shrestha U., Khatiwada S., Won Yoon S., and Kwon K. (2019) "The rise of Technology and Impact on Skills"

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14480220.2019.1629727

Article Review -

Title: The Rise of Technology and Impact on Skills

Published: 7th September, 2019

Author/s: Pa S., Shrestha U., Khatiwada S., Won Yoon S., and Kwon K.

The continuous changes to technology have heavily influenced the way we work over time due to new developments and the demand for more streamlined processes across industries. The rise of its popularity during the fourth industrial revolution has meant that many organisations have been forced to adapt. This article discusses how technology has evolved over time, and how this in turn affects the demand for work.

Technology becoming the new norm across most working environments has had major effects on the supply and demand for work has been impacted.

The article discusses how the types of jobs and work required are changing due to automation, which is leading to many individuals fearing the displacement of jobs in the coming years. This is due to the evolution of technology in the workplace beginning to replace the need for certain tasks and activities to be carried out, which evidently reduces the need for employment in certain areas. Studies show that around 375 million employees will be forced to transition to new roles within alternate occupational categories, which will require employees to continuously learn new skills.

This article is relevant to the research question as it views the ways in which technology has evolved, and what that means for people within roles affected by the automation of tasks. The need for new skills highlights the importance of a 'learning society', which is heavily mentioned throughout the article.

A learning society enforces the need for people within employment to continuously meet the changing need for skills, and the encouragement towards the ability to learn by offering widened education. It is important for organisations to implement learning opportunities across stakeholders to ensure that the workforce is fit for the ever-changing needs.

There are many benefits to this article. To begin with, the article uses a range of qualitative secondary research and examples to provide information for the arguments made. An example of the use of this is the comparison of two different sources, each suggesting different predictions for the risk for employment. This allows the reader to gain a wider understanding and allows the article to be unbiased in its statements. Another benefit of this article is its continuous consideration of the current state of the workforce, and how it needs to evolve to meet changing requirements. This is where the proposal for a new 'learning society' is suggested. This highlights the importance of further adaptation to learning and development strategies in working environments. Finally, the article is fairly backed up, being cited by up to 59 trusted references, from educated and knowledgeable backgrounds, which lends the article reliability.

However, in juxtaposition to this, the article was posted in 2019, which means it is lacking in currency since the details within the article may be outdated and might have changed further since it was published, although I believe that the information provided is still fairly relevant to the evolution of technology in the workplace.

With the purpose of this article being to educate on the ever-changing needs of the workforces due to technology, the article informs us of this with in-depth details that are supported by examples and research, creating a trustworthy, factual and relevant article for the research question.

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CIPD | Workplace technology: the employee experience

Harvard Reference for Article:

CIPD (2020) Workplace Technology: the employee experience. Available at https://www.cipd.org/uk/knowledge/reports/workplace-technology-employee/ (Accessed: 20 October 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:

Technology is a key instigator of change, including that of our working lives. In a modern society, there is a growing focus on working life, and specifically the employee experience. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the adaptability of organisations, and the use of technology in an ever-changing world.

The CIPD have highlighted that although automation is becoming more recognised across the workforce, the majority of UK employees do not believe that part or all of their job role could be taken over by automation. However, it is evident that automation is on the rise, and it may be seen as concerning that only around a quarter of individuals have received training to prepare for change. It could be argued that there is potentially a facade present in the workforce, with worry and fear present over the potential impact of technology. It is advised that people professionals act as advocates of change and promote employee voice to attempt to mitigate any people-related impacts.

Although published in 2020, this article provides current statistics and findings of the impact of technology on the previous COVID-19 pandemic, providing future suggestions that are relevant today. With COVID-19 being such a pivotal player in workplace change, this source provides real insight into the employee opinion and suggested solutions from a professional body.

Investigating the impact of technology on employee experience, the article provides the clearest and most relevant information out of a range of sources, presenting specific findings and statistics of the impact of technology on the UK workforce, providing insight and recommendation to those who are interested in the professional body. The findings relate to the research question, providing arguably the most valued opinion of all in the workplace, that of the employee.

Written by the Head of Research at the professional body which has set the benchmark for over 100 years, alongside an Independent Research Consultant, the article contains reliable research from an independent panel of around 2,000 UK employees prior to the pandemic, and contrasts to a further research panel developed after COVID-19 to review the changes to the world of work. With no grammatical errors and the provision of evidence-based practical advice, the CIPD look at the topic from both the lens of an employee and employer, limiting potential bias between both parties. However, being the professional body for championing better working lives, it needs to be considered that there may be some potential bias in the wording and presentation of data, with the aim of being able to show areas for improvement and suggestion for workplaces in the UK. Upon looking at the research fundings, it provides confidence that the evidence is comparative across other sources, and is taken first-hand. As a credible and prominent professional body, it is clear that from thorough review, the findings are free from bias and opinion.

With the purpose of providing clarity of results and suggestion for improvement the article provides evidence-based factual findings and utilises years of people profession research to propose future recommendations.

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Taken together with the broader theme of increasing digitisation and technical advancement, organisations and people professionals need to understand how workplace technology is impacting their workforce if they are to drive and support the best outcomes for their people and business.

The Workplace technology: the employee experience report builds on several studies by the CIPD, which collectively consider the rise of new technologies and the effects they have on work and the workforce. On this page you'll find key insights from the report, recommendations for people teams and related content to help you better understand how technology can be leveraged to improve productivity, employee experience and job quality.

While the findings are based on UK data, the broader trends and implications should be of interest wherever you are based.
Download the report below

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CIPD | Workplace technology: the employee experience

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Our research looks at technology adoption and use at work, in addition to the people profession's role in supporting organisations and their workforce.

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Teachers' use of technology and the impact of Covid-19

Harvard Reference for Article:

Winter, E., Costello, A., O'Brien, M., Grainne,H. (2021) 'Teachers’ use of technology and the impact of Covid-19', Irish Educational Studies, 40(2), pp. 235-236. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2021.1916559 (Accessed: 30 October 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted many areas, including posing a considerable impact on the education sector and the work carried out by teaching professionals. With the forced lockdown of schools and the transition to online learning, this sector is able to shine a light onto fast-paced technological change within the workplace.

It highlighted that if schools, staff and students do not have the required equipment or technological skills, learning and working is not feasible, meaning employment must ultimately come to an end. It is shown that influence of the use of technology is dependant on other factors such as experience of other teaching staff, availability of equipment and training. It is clear that technology use has increased, and proper engagement from parents, schools themselves and staff in terms of equipment, support and delivery is key to its success in the workplace.

Published in 2021, the journal provides up to date, current research findings from a range of credible educational based research sources such as primary research of schools in Ireland, carried out during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Presented as academic research, the source relates to the sub topic as it highlights that without technology, education and associated employment around the globe would have been unable to take place, or would have been considerably limited. It also provides insight from multiple levels of the education system from nursery to secondary, showing that technology can support change at all ages, abilities and levels within a sector. It could be argued the the source focuses strongly on education as opposed to changes to employment, however, through the findings it is shown the level at which technology was prominent to employment in the pandemic as it enabled teaching professionals to carry out their day-to-day work.

Compiled by qualified academic researchers, the source provides a large sense of authority, being published as part of the book 'Irish Educational Studies', which suggests it has undergone a peer-review process. Although not UK based research, other findings show that this source provides a consensus to UK based material, which is still relevant to the research question.

With the primary research and findings being presented by academics to educate the impacts of technology to teaching in COVID-19, the source provides an account of the experience felt by the teaching sector in Ireland based on first hand evidence, and is also backed by primary research and academic findings. Written in an unbiased tone with no grammatical errors, the source is relatively free from bias, except that it is difficult to understand the views of its evidence base and their political views at the time undertaken.

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Teachers  use of technology and the impact of Covid-19

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'I had to lay off almost 100 staff members because of AI'

Harvard Reference for Article:

Smith, A. (2023) 'I had to lay off almost 100 staff members because of AI'. Interview by Richard Morgan for ITV News, 1 November, available at https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2023-11-01/i-had-to-lay-off-almost-100-staff-members-because-of-ai (Accessed: 2 November 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:

Artificial Intelligence does not only pose a risk to society and employment around the world, but also here in Wales. The interview carried out by ITV News of a Welsh business owner shows a first-hand perspective of how AI can impact SME's and their workforces, and the devastating result it can have, including 100 people loosing their employment.

The interview mentions the swift impact AI can have, with 70 to 80% of the businesses content being taken away in an extremely short period of time. The source references follow up comments from the Welsh Government, including that we need to accept that jobs may change, and that AI should replace the jobs that people do not want. For the 100 employees that now face unemployment, this may highlight a difference in opinion in a challenging labour market. The article shows the negative impacts of artificial intelligence, but is also able to provide contrast in presenting the positive impacts from AI advanced businesses.

Published extremely recently in the past week, the interview published by ITV News contains the words of a Welsh business owner with first-hand experience. By being so current, the interview provides great insight into the issues faced by Artificial Intelligence in today's working world.

The interview, being shown via television and online news formats, presents information to the public and provides strong relation to the research question. The findings are relevant, presenting opinion from those working in the private sector, government officials and those business owners affected by AI in both positive and negative ways, providing contrast. The source also clearly presents opinions from a large data set of the UK public, highlighting that the majority of the UK workforce are nervous of AI.

ITV News as a broadcaster is seen to be relatively bias free, with a slight right-center bias based on some language used according to various research panels. However, many online sources show that ITV News are now seen as one of the most unbiased and trusted news sources in the UK. The article provides balance between parties, providing viewpoints from those positively and negatively affected. The article does not use any biased language, presenting the comments of those interviewed as direct speech, enhancing the sources credibility. However, it is not possible to fully evaluate the bias of the interviewee, or the research subjects in the study. In relation to other sources, this article is able to provide the most recent and transparent findings that are most useful to the research question.

The information discussed is reinforced not only by personal experience but also by primary research evidence of a large data set. With the intention to inform the public, the article contains a large amount of personal experience, and some opinion from those interviewed, so this will need to be considered when using the information provided by the source. However, it is largely bias free, and is the most recent and relevant source that provides this viewpoint in relation to the group research question.

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Play Brightcove video
A Welsh business owner claims Artificial Intelligence (AI) put an end to his firm after new software launched which he says led to a downturn in demand for content writers.

AI is on the rise, with the new technology being named the most notable word of 2023 by the dictionary publisher Collins.

Adam Smith, founder of The Content Machine had to lay off almost 100 staff members earlier this year.

A business owner said his work was brought to an abrupt end because of AI. Credit: ITV Wales

He says his business "lost 70-80% of its content" and his workforce sadly paid the price.

He told ITV Wales: "It all happened so quickly as well. We were on a massive wave of success in this business as the business was only four years old.

"We were doing several million in terms of revenue at that point. We thought we were on to something really big here."
What is artificial intelligence?
Now, Mr Smith has started another business that is in sync with AI.

AI is the intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to the natural intelligence displayed by both animals and humans.

Examples of AI include face recognition software and digital voice assistants, such as Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa.

The Secretary of State for Wales, David TC Davies, says AI should be able to "increase productivity" and get rid of some of the "jobs that people don't want".

He said: "We will have thousands of researchers going out collecting information from across every source on the internet across the web, bringing it together and collating it in a way that can be useful.
"Let's accept that jobs may change, but that always happens with any new technology"
"But it comes with risks as well and that's why the Bletchley Park conference is so important because that will be looking at some of the risks and how we can be secure against them."

But he also acknowledges that AI will have an impact on the way we work in the future, saying we need to "accept that jobs may change".

"That always happens with any new technology and it has done over centuries," he said.

Secretary of State for Wales, David TC Davies says using AI comes with benefits and risks. Credit: ITV Wales

"The difference is if we're prepared for it then we can see it coming and we can retrain people in other jobs."

He highlighted some of the sectors already using new technology as a means to future-proof themselves.

The minister said: "We have an interesting cluster going on in South Wales at the moment because we've got a cyber security cluster going on with the Airbus stand in Newport.
Should people be worried about AI taking away jobs?
"With cyber security being taught in Cardiff and universities, people are coming out with very well-paid jobs by the way. Also, we've got the semi-conductor cluster going on in South Wales and AI can fit seamlessly into that."

Amplyfi is an AI-powered market intelligence company working in Wales. Its Chief Executive Paul Teather, says this new technology will make it easier for people to do their jobs.

He said: "Whatever job function you're doing you rely on information, and you have this 'information paradox' where to be better at your job you need access to more information.

"But the more time you spend researching and understanding the less time you spend doing your job.
Could AI help speed up diagnosis in Wales and reduce waiting times?
"We are trying to help people manage that paradox by asking if can we synthesise the information that is easier for you to consume. And makes it more effective in your day-to-day work."

A Welsh health board is already leading the world with its use of AI to help detect and diagnose cancer.

Dr Aslam said: "With the backlogs we have in the NHS it's more important than ever to diagnose more quickly and more accurately." Credit: ITV Wales

The team at Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board is the first in the UK to pilot the use of the application, called the 'Galen platform', in a clinical setting to assist with breast cancer diagnosis.

Dr Muhammad Aslam believes we should call this "assistive intelligence" rather than "artificial intelligence" because a clinician will always be needed to give the final say on diagnoses.

However, this new clinical use could herald the dawn of a new era in cancer diagnostics, given that breast cancer treatment requires quick and accurate testing to get more successful outcomes for patients.
What are the potential risks of AI?
In the prostate cancer tests it yielded 100% reliability.

A conference at Bletchley Park has heard about some of the concerns surrounding AI, especially around privacy and security. But Future Generations Commissioner for Wales, Derek Walker says it also could have a big impact on social mobility.

The commissioner highlighted that "unequal access to AI and other new technologies" could "exacerbate inequalities in our society".

World leaders and huge technology firms are expected at a major summit on AI organised by the Prime Minister. Credit: PA Images

He also believes people are concerned about their jobs due to AI automation.

Mr Walker said: "Unless addressed, the predicted growth in science, technology and 'green jobs' will benefit the already advantaged because of a lack of diversity in relevant education, training and jobs.

"We must use projections about the future of AI to shape decision-making today so that we can limit the downsides and maximise the long-term benefits for the people of Wales for the years ahead."

The commissioner also reflected on the benefits of AI saying it can "improve the lives of the people of Wales" due to the "potential for improvements in healthcare, climate adaptation, transport, education, and many more areas".
What do people think about AI across the world?
"AI and new technologies can be a net positive for the future generations of Wales, but we need to make the right decisions now," he added.

World leaders and huge technology firms are expected at a major summit on artificial intelligence (AI) organised by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.

According to data collected by the UK government, when asked how much do people agree or disagree that powerful AI should be tested by independent experts to ensure it is safe, most respondents in all countries agreed, ranging from 59% in Japan to 76% in the UK and Singapore.

In the survey done in nearly all countries, more than half of the people were worried about the risk of AI being used to carry out cyberattacks, AI being used to help design biological weapons, and humans losing control of AI.

The latest Office for National Statistics reveals one in three people are worried AI could take their jobs away.
Want a quick and expert briefing on the biggest news stories? Listen to our latest podcasts to find out What You Need To know...

of adults in work fear the technology might put their jobs at risk

believe AI could make their jobs easier.

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'I had to lay off almost 100 staff members because of AI' | ITV News

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Adam Smith's business came to a terrible end as he had to lay off almost 100 staff members because of AI. Now, he has started another business that uses AI. | ITV News Wales

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Impact of Technology on Human Resource during Covid-19

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Impact of Technology on Human Resource during Covid-19

Harvard Reference for Article:

Deshpande, A., Kaur, R., Jain, S., Kumar Dokania, N., Singh, R. (2022) 'Impact of Technology on Human Resource during Covid-19', Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communication (ICICC) 2022. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4136844 (Accessed: 30 October 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:
Technology has changed the workplace in many ways, including the Human Resource Management functions across the globe. It has changed the function already in a number of ways, including the ways in which it communicates with its employees, the ways it stores employee data and also the way it evaluates employee performance.

When implemented effectively, it is explained that technology can aid the efficiency of HR processes, making the lives of people professionals easier. Specifically, improvements can be found in recruitment, systems and training, however the source mentions that AI does have the ability to outsmart human brains so can be doubted by some businesses, but should not be overlooked.

Published relatively recently in 2022, the source provides current findings and academic opinion on the impact of technology on a specific business function; a function that can be seen as the enablers of change within organisations. The paper shows that AI can have a positive impact on business tasks that are relatively processed based, as AI is capable of adapting itself to carry out routine activities. Relating to the research question, this highlights that AI can positively affect the world of work and employment, streamlining processes and procedures.

Providing insight into technological changes within the people profession, the source portrays that AI can have a positive influence on many areas of an organisation, including HR, with many areas outlined in the paper. The source uses clear and concise language, elaborating on in-depth impacts and the associated positive and negative impacts. With the source having objectives of providing findings on the impact of COVID-19, technological advancements and AI on Human Resource Management, the source is extremely relevant to the group research question and my specialist area.

Written by multiple professors in collaboration and peer review, the paper presents as a strong and credible source provided by academics who have referenced their research. Although the paper is not UK based, it references that the research highlights that the findings are consistent within HR departments across the world. The paper also outlines contact details of the academics, along with their background information, providing credibility to their work.

The information presented is based on research carried out by the writers, with full references provided within the paper. However, a drawback of the paper is that as the findings are not based on evidence like the other sources, it is only indicative and suggestive, and not potentially factual. Potentially, the source could contain some misinformation, however, this is largely limited as it is based on academic, referenced research. Therefore, the source provides well reasoned, reviewed academic findings that are credible. For further credibility, the information contained should be cross checked to other sources; many of which are in consensus. The language used appears unbiased, and contains no grammatical errors.

With the intention to present academic research, the source provides clear purpose, outlining its objectives, abstract and research methodology, further highlighting its suggestive but academically reasoned nature.

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The Impact of Artificial intelligence and Robotics on the Future Employment Opportunities

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The Impact of AI and Robotics on Future Employment Opportunities - Lillie Andrews

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The Impact of AI and Robotics on Future Employment Opportunities - Lillie Andrews

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Student Number - 23056872

Review - 250 words (CRAAP Review)

Harvard Reference - Shaukat K, Iqbal F, Alam T. M, Aujla G. K, Devnath L, et al. (2020) “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on the Future Employment Opportunities”

https://www.peertechzpublications.org/articles/TCSIT-5-122.php

Article Review -

Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on the Future Employment Opportunities

Published: 15th of September 2020

Author/s: Shaukat K, Iqbal F, Alam T. M, Aujla G. K, Devnath L, Khan G. K., Iqbal R., Shahzadi I., and Rubab A.

Over the years, the rise in the use of technology within workplaces has majorly increased, and in many ways has made the work we do much more efficient and simpler. As a whole, the introduction of technology, such as robots and AI has seen many impacts on the nature of work. The purpose of this article is to understand the how this technology has been implemented in working environments, and how this has and will affect the future of work and employment opportunities.

The author discusses the many advantages to the implementation of robotisation and artificial intelligence in the workplace, such as the streamlining of tasks, allowing for tasks to be completed more efficiently, with fewer steps and less need for human interference. This of course means that the demand for human employees will become less needed. The article offers the reader some research findings, stating that robots of the future will be employed within over 3.5 billion jobs, obviously limiting job opportunities for humans, and states that it is predicted that by the year 2025, there will be no need for care employees as robots will have the ability to perform all duties alone.

Due to the innovation of robots and AI, they now take on many roles within the workplace, for example, factories and offices, some even equipped with life-saving capabilities. Throughout the author's statements, it is clear that the use of robot-human interaction is becoming more popular due to the fact that a robot can be controlled and made to carry out various tasks. Based on research conducted, respondents stated that they fear for the safety of their employment, and feel as though they will be out of their professions by the year 2025. Many individuals are now being forced to spend more time being trained to use these technologies as this is likely where most of the expertise will be required by the time that robots and AI gain the intelligence to conduct most day-to-day tasks and communications, with over 80% of people stating that these skillsets are more important nowadays than other basic skillsets.

The strength of this article includes its clear aim at educating people on the new technology that is over time, becoming the new normal, and how this is likely to impact the nature of work and its future. The article is easy to read and has lots of accessible information, written in a well structured format, including the use of a vast variety of references, which helps in adding credibility to its statement. The article has over 20 citations, with each having a range of expertise in the area and a widened knowledge of the subject, providing an accurate and widened understanding to the topic lending towards an unbiased opinion. Additionally, there is a use of qualitative and quantitative research in this article to gain a more in-depth understanding and allows us to see data to back up the points made, as well as research and survey results from individuals affected by these changes. Lastly, there are many key points discussed relevant to the topic, for example how employment is changing and how technology is reshaping the way we work, the rise of more sociable jobs, and alternative working arrangements as a result of the introduction of AI and robotics.

On the other hand, there are also a few limitations to this article. Firstly, the article is fairly recent, being published in 2020, however, due to the rapid changes to AI and robotics seen each day, the article could likely be outdated quickly and may not cover innovations and affects this topic has today. Finally, there is limited discussion on how organisations have had to adapt to the ever-growing demand for technology-based practices.

The topic of this article is relevant to the research question, as it discusses the advancement of technology within the workplace, and how this is leading to worries of limited job opportunities. It provides the reader with an overview understanding of the impacts caused by technology. Furthermore, the Author's of this article have different strong educational backgrounds with degrees, each from different areas of expertise which give a well-rounded opinion and insight on the impacts of robots and AI in the workplace, which lends to an unbiased opinion.

To sum this article review up, the authors have compiled research methods, examples and statistics on how robotisation and artificial intelligence have evolved over time and changes the nature of the modern workforce.

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Introduction

It is a well-recognized fact that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics have been gaining a gigantic collaboration around the globe for several kinds of purposes. The escalating demand and prominence of the robotic have made life extremely easy. However, simultaneously an overly concerned hostility arises for human beings as the robots are taking over all the jobs in the industrial world. Robots are bringing about productivity while at the same time lessening the employment opportunities. Robots have already taken over all the blue-collar jobs. Now robots have started to enter white-collar jobs as well. As a result, jobs in all areas will be at stake. Robots, artificial friends, can perform low paid hard jobs in unsocial hours, generating a tremendous amount of comfort for the world. There is a high possibility that future generations will see robots as teachers and carers as soon as the robots are successfully learning feelings like compassion and complex response sensing. Robots perform jobs with faster speed as studies suggest that one robot functions similarly to 70 full-time human workers [1]. The rise in robotic adoption results in falling into employment opportunities [2]. However, the next generations can only be able to achieve the fundamental advances of the robots after investing in this field for years[3].

We have done a systematic analysis of various kinds of robots by utilizing the comparison parameters to demonstrate the fundamental objective of the development of the robots. The main objective of our research is to expose the consequences of the robotics on human employment opportunities in all the areas. We have also discussed the future of the human and robot relationship.

Advantages of automation and intelligent machines

* Predominantly in the industries of developed countries (countries with high labor costs), automation and the use of production robots cause significant savings concerning the cost of labor and products. A production robot might thus cost cheaper than a worker in China. Another characteristic is that robots do not fall sick, have children or go on strikes and are not entitled to annual leaves.

* An intelligent machine need not rely on external components and can work unfailingly and continuously 24/7, and it can work in danger zones. As an implication, its accuracy is greater than that of a human, and it cannot be side-tracked either by fatigue or by other external circumstances.

* While making crucial decisions, intelligent systems can be governed by unprejudiced standards so that decisions can be made practically, based on facts and data. Productivity expansions have so far always led to an upgrading of living circumstances for everybody. The same applies to intelligent machines.

* The significant advantage for employees is that the burden of labor-intensive may reduce for them; tedious, dull work can be done via self-ruling frameworks. The same is appropriate for typical back-end activities in the service sector: frameworks can be designed to gather information naturally, transfer data from one system to another, and find resolutions for problems. Once an interface between two systems is set up, manual intervention to enter data is not necessary.

* Apart from supporting functions, intelligent machines can be designed with life-saving capabilities as well, for example, robots used in medical diagnostics and inspection robots. These must be designed with high accuracy to avoid any accidents and to have the best results.

Robots and robotics

Robots: A robot is an intensive, influential machine. Automotive control is used to guide a robot. The main objective of the robots is to assist the world in daily routines. The actions that a robot can perform comprises of picking the objects, moving, and destroying them, and modify them as directed [4].

Robot operating system: The robot operating system is a unique, comprehensive and opensource operating system that is developed to control the robots. This system functions the same as the computer operating system. Functions of a robot operating system are:

* Management of the hardware components, processes, and memory.

* Management of the data merging, concurrency, and parallelism.

The extensive use of AI and provision of hidden reasoning algorithms [5].

Robotics: Robotics is a branch of AI [6]. The mechanical construction is the property of the robots, which is used to form or design a particular task. The power and control of machinery are handled by the electrical components present in the robots. What, when, and how a robot performs a task is controlled by the computer program built in the robot.

History of robots and robotics: Telemanipulators are machines that are controlled remotely and have an arm and a gripper. Humans use a control device to give instructions to telemanipulators. The main objective of the telemanipulators is to provide successful collaboration with the radioactive material. Numerical control provides the facility to control the machine accurately. In 1952 for the first time, numeric control was used by MIT. Numerical control caused the development of the APT (Automated, programmed tools). In 1961 the first industrial robot was developed using these techniques. Those robots were used in industrial jobs such as car construction plants. The desire for autonomous transport systems leads to the development of autonomous robots. Since 1975 the humanoid robots are being developed. MIT-AI-Lab has been developing humanoid robots named 'Cog' since 1994. Robots are the best friends of humans in science fiction. However, soon we will see the roles taking the jobs as universal programmable machine slaves [4].

Ai and robotics: Artificial intelligence is a vast field that is also pushing its way in the domain of healthcare [7], business [8] and social sector [9]. The concept of AI and robotics is based on an agent called an 'actor'. An actor is considered a software component, and it has a unique assembly of the hardware structure of the robot. The unique link between actor and physical structure of the robot enables the control of the robot through the actor. The software component uses sensors to read the data. After completing the reading process, the robot decides to take the next action and give directions to its effectors to act physically in the environment [6]. AI-Robotics intersection covers the following concerns:

* Actions that are planned, including the monitoring and the reasons behind the goal.

* Through open environments, we have modelling, understanding, and picking.

* Developing interaction with humans as well as other robots.

* Learning models that are required by the functions.

And combining those functions to develop a flexible and durable architecture [4].

Analysis of different robots: Gradually different types of robots have been invented. In Table I, we have provided a comparative study of various types of robots.

Human-robot interaction: HRI is human communication reliant [10]. In 1941 the author Isaac Asimov three significant laws of robotics: A robot should not attempt to injure a human being. The human gave any order, the robot must obey, except those orders which may create conflict with the first stated law. It is the responsibility of the robot to protect its existence, but that protection should not have a clash with the first two laws. These laws determine the idea of safe interaction. The growth of human-robot interaction can lead to human injury. In the modern world, this issue can be resolved by invalidating the sharing of workspace between human and robot workers at any time [10].

According to a prediction, in 2025, the robots will be hired for around 3.5 million jobs where there will be no good office jobs for people. According to the report of a foundation, in 2025, there will be no need for nursing carers for older people because robots will perform the caring duty. Japan will be able to save a budget of 2.1 trillion yen ($21 billion) that must be spent on insurance payments for elders. In 2030, Japan will be able to save 16 percent, depending on the number of jobs occupied by the robots. The law of human-human interaction also applies to human-robot interaction. The law states that companions with the same traits tend to communicate. Drawbacks of robots as carers include the feeling of isolation due to the lack of human attention, love, empathy, and care. Having no emotional interaction with the carer is odd. The goal of the HRI research is to achieve more effective and natural human-robot interaction to provide necessary guidance for robots [11].

The reason to choose robots for robot-human interaction instead of human-human interaction is that we can decide the level of association with a robot according to the requirement. Robots cannot perform a task unless we direct them to do so. These characteristics prove the robot as the right partner.

If the decoding of intentions behind the instructions from human teachers is possible, then it is straightforward for us to teach a robot that how to 'understand' a natural language, and after that, it can build enough knowledge using that language. This leads us to a stage where we can get a robot that is smart enough as those babies who learn much better practically when they are taught. It is highly required to effectively build human-robot interaction so robots can respond to humans more effectively and acceptably. According to HRI, the main goal is to achieve human satisfaction, comfort and confidence in their surroundings. Everyday human-robot communication, using emotions for the recognition, learning from reactions, and delivering effective responses, accordingly, are the main challenges [10].

Future of the jobs with the existence of robotics

Respondents were asked to share their perspectives and insights on their greatest fears for their profession to 2025. The respondents stated that there would be an increment in unemployment, and people will have to involve in more and more technology learning. World Economic Forum (WEF) provided a new report that has arranged its yearly meeting in Davis' Swiss ski resort, factories and hospitals say that in the next 5 years the robots will take over 5.1 million office jobs. According to a survey conducted by young workers in the western countries, they considered that they could not perform their jobs appropriately by only relying on their education as their qualifications do not prepare them to attain it. The job skills gap between humans and robots is primarily observed in Europe. According to a survey, around 80% of people stated that it is highly needed to learn advanced technical skills, other than the school syllabus, to keep pace with the advancements in robotics[12].

Fourth industrial revolution millions of jobs at risk: According to a report on the future of jobs, in each industry, there will be an exceedingly high impact of robotics, and jobs will be replaced. At the same time, the demand for skilled workers will be on a high peak, which may include specialist sales representatives and data analysts. According to the report, this robotic revolution will put the jobs of the women at higher risk as the prominent roles performed by the women are low growth, sales jobs, or administrative roles [12]. The industrial sector has already been revolutionized by automation and robotization over the last 40 years, which has raised productivity but also caused unemployment. In 1980, the manufacturing jobs reached their peak in the United States, also with low wages in the middle class. At the time, the current counting of industrial robots is 20,000 in the country, and this counting is going to increase day by day. In the United States, in the coming 25 years, 10% of the jobs that are related to driving will be finished because the trend of driverless cars will be on a high peak. According to a computer science professor at Cornell University named Bart Selma, in the next 2 to 3 years, our society will see autonomous robots [13].

At the McKinsey Global Institute, a partner Michael Chui, during a board on 'Is Any Job Truly Safe?' stated that robots provide high-quality work with low error rates. Still, it can diminish the number of labours. More than 700 speakers said that low-wage, low-skill jobs had been done away due to the technology revolution. In some mines of Australia, robot operating trucks are cited; employees are replaced with corporate legal action software, which has the advancements to shift thousands of documents before trials from one place to another; and on Fence Street, the computerization of essential jobs. Goldman Sachs Group, who is the organizer of a financial services analytics company, chief executive of Kensho, Daniel Nadler, stated that all the jobs related to moving data spreadsheets would be automated in the next years. As bound trading is giving less profit to the businesses; hence, there is a considerable strain from the investors to increase the gain. Hence banks are increasingly moving towards automation to increase revenue[14].

Changing landscape of employment: It is essential to understand what will be the scenario where jobs are automated, and machines become smarter. Despite popular belief, mass unemployment will not be a resultant; however, a massive makeover of jobs seems likely [15]. Key trends will be as follows:

Technology reshapes every job: A broad scope of white-collar and knowledge-worker jobs such as HR staff, legal staff, and even salespeople and marketers are defenseless against disturbance by robots and AI [16]. A more prominent chance to upgrade efficiency may lie in re-examining and rethinking work around tackling business issues, providing new services, and achieving new levels of productivity and worker satisfaction and passion [17].

Rise of more social jobs: Research recommends that in excess of 30 percent of lucrative new employments will be social and 'basically human' in nature [15]. In this view, employers should become much more focused on exploring opportunities to create work that exploits particularly human capacities, for example, interest, creative ability, imagination, and social and passionate knowledge.

Alternative work arrangements: Innovation is changing more than the way jobs are done-it is changing the way organizations discover work. Numerous worldwide organizations, as of now, effectively utilize crowdsourcing platforms to source new thoughts, take care of issues, and plan complex frameworks [15].

Lifelong learning and skill development: As rapid technological and marketplace changes contract the valuable life expectancy of skills, specialists should move from gaining particular aptitudes and certifications to seeking after persevering and necessary abilities for long-lasting learning [15].

Literature review

Lewicki, et al. [1] stated that the automation technologies had been speedily replacing all the manual jobs. Robots have already seized most of the blue-collar jobs, and currently, they are also taking over white-collar jobs. Frishberg [18] underlined the escalating demand for cutting-edge robots that can perform hazardous jobs because of the dearth of low-wage agricultural and mining workers. Belanche, et al. [19] provided empirical insight into the expanding demand for organizational robots. The results showed that if a service failure occurs because of a human worker, then the customers set the malfunction responsibility on the worker. Whereas, if a robot provides a botched service, then the organization is most likely to get blamed, not the robot who was performing that job. Vries, et al. [2] assessed the relationship between the rise of robotics adoption and the fall of job vacancies by using the ten (2005-2015) years data from 37 different economies. The findings showed that the rise of the adoption of automation and robotics significantly causes a collapse in employment opportunities. Jackson, et al. [20] evaluated the social impact of robotics in the workplace environment by taking a hypothesis under analysis that increased usage of robotics can reduce prejudice at the workplace. The study suggested that salience of robotics reduces intergroup social and religious prejudices.

Conclusion

Self-ruling robots are confronting an assortment of open situations, and differing qualities of assignments are incapable of depending on the primary leadership abilities of a human designer. There is a need for showing the complexity of thinking capacities required to comprehend their surroundings and present surroundings and to perform deliberately. In the paper, we have alluded to such thinking abilities as pondering capacities, firmly consistent inside a mind-boggling design. We have introduced an outline of the best in class for some of them. With the end goal of this review, we have suggested that it was illuminating to recognize these capacities as for their primary part and computational prerequisites: the objective thinking, arranging, acting, and observing capacities. Be that as it may, let us demand once more: the fringe between them is not fresh. The objective for their execution inside operational engineering needs to consider various prerequisites, specifically a chain of command of shut circles, from the most element inward circle, nearest to the tactile engine flags and summons, to the most 'offine' outer circle.

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The Impact of Artificial intelligence and Robotics on the Future Employment Opportunities

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The widespread human-robot interaction is increasing progressively as robots have made the life of everyone easy-going and comfortable. In this work, we have analysed the behaviour and characteristics of various types of robots.

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Covid-19: Teleworking, Surveillance and 24/7 Work. Some Reflexions on the Expected Growth of Remote Work After the Pandemic

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Covid-19: How it has Influenced Remote-Work, and its Impacts - Lillie Andrews

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Covid-19: How it has Influenced Remote-Work, and its Impacts - Lillie Andrews

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Student Number - 23056872

Review - 250 words (CRAAP Test)

Harvard Reference - Manokha, I. (2020) ‘Covid-19: Teleworking, Surveillance and 24/7 Work. Reflection on the Expected Growth of Remote Work After the Pandemic’

https://brill.com/view/journals/pari/1/2/article-p273_273.xml

Article Review:

Title: Covid-19: Teleworking, Surveillance and 24/7 Work. Reflection on the Expected Growth of Remote Work After the Pandemic

Published: 18th of December 2020

Author/s: Manokha I.

As a result of the recent Covid-19 pandemic, we have been faced with drastic changes within all areas of life, especially when it comes to the way we work. As a result of the unforeseen circumstances due to the global lockdown, many organisations across the world were forced to adapt to the lockdown rules - in order to still operate efficiently and in accordance with the government's implementations. This promptly led to the familiarisation of remote-working. The overall affects of the Lockdown have demonstrated the ways in which an organisation is required to adapt and innovate to remain in business and maintain an efficient and safe working environment.

This article discusses the way that the pandemic has affected various business sectors, and how this will further impact organisations post-pandemic. The topic of Manokha's article has clearly risen in relevance over these past few years, as a result of the pandemic and how the nature of work has drastically changed, and is relevant to the research question, discussing ways in which technology has had an impact on these changes.

The purpose of this article is to help us understand how technology was able to aid in these adaptations, the advantages and disadvantages of this for employees and employers, and what this now means for the post-pandemic working environments.

Manokha informs us about the need for the introduction of remote working across various sectors, followed by the different ways employees are expected to work from home. For example, formal and informal remote working. This is followed by the advantages and disadvantages of these types of working, and how it is likely to affect an employee's well-being. Although it is suggested that overall remote working, especially formal working provides more freedom and personal time to the employee, we are informed of the need for stricter surveillance, typically used for a formal remote-working employee. This is used by the manager in order to monitor the employee's hours and work completed on the clock (Taylorism). This has shown a decrease in efficiency for employees as many employees are suffering from a lack of boundaries between working and personal lives, which is also evident for informal remote working employees, who typically feel pressured to work based on demand at work, regardless of their set and paid working hours, although these employees are monitored less based on activity and more on work completed.

One key strength of this article is the use of varied arguments. Mankhoa often discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each point, leading to reasoned and unbiased conclusions. There are many insights on the ways in which an individual may be affected by the changes within the working environment. Another benefit of this article is the occasional references to theorists, such as Marx and Taylorism throughout, for example, when discussing the surveillance introduced to monitor employee's engagement. This helps provide a better understanding of the topic, and provides context, giving us a better understanding of the effects of this on the operations and employer and employee, and also helps us to understand the importance of providing an employee with personal privacy about well-being. Finally, the estimated expectations for the future of remote work give us an insight into what can be expected going forward.

In juxtaposition to this, the article demonstrates some disadvantages. I noticed that there was a lack of consideration for sectors that do not have easy access to transferring working operations remotely, and the affects of this, as well as a lack of mention for the disadvantages imposed on the organisations having to transition to remote work. Finally, there is limited use of sampling used throughout this article, as it is mostly focused on referenced research, which limits the validity of this article.

Overall, Manokha I.'s Article is fairly reliable, using a wide variety of references from many different sources, with over 30 citations. Although the article was published in 2020, the points throughout remain relevant, highlighting the change from pre-pandemic, to how we are expected to operate post-pandemic. This article features a variety of examples, supported by relevant, current, and trusted references, each listed throughout, ensuring its accuracy. The article is published on an international acedemic publishing site, showing that it is a reliable source of information.

Ivan Manokha is a lecturer at Oxford University, specialising in international political economy. He has been in this position from 2016, to the present. Manokha holds a Ph.D. in International relations from Sussex University, all of which lends authority to this article.

In conclusion, the author has effectively reached the purpose of this article, using a variety of points and examples to educate on the impact that Covid-19 had on business, and how this led to the implementation of remote work as the new norm, strengthening arguments with advantages and disadvantages of its impact on organisations and employees.

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How Social Media Use within the Workplace affects Performance - Lillie Andrews

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How Social Media Use within the Workplace affects Performance - Lillie Andrews

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Student Number - 23056872

Review - 250 words (CRAAP Review)

Harvard Reference - Bodhi R., Luqman A., Hina M., and Papa A. (2022) "Work-Related Social Media use and Employee-Related Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Model"

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ijoem-09-2021-1359/full/html

Article Review -

Title: Work-Related Social Media use and Employee-Related Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Model

Published: 10th of February 2022

Author/s: Bodhi R., Luqman A., Hina M., and Papa A.

With over 4 billion users across social media sites in the world, it is important to look at how this may be affecting our employee efficiency. The use of technology in the workplace has been heavily evident over the years, with most organisations using it for the majority of their operations. Especially since the popularity of remote working has increased, research shows that over 41% of employees across the world use social media for working purposes. The use of social media can have many impacts on the workforce, affecting employee well-being, innovation, and overall productivity. Nowadays, social media is used for many things within the workplace, one of the most popular ways being to promote job opportunities across different platforms. It is a beneficial way to reach a large audience, especially when it comes to targeting the correct target market. Social media also lends a hand in attracting customers, collaboration, and building brand image. However, although it is beneficial in many ways for organisations, it also has many negative impacts on employee productivity. The use of social media causes individuals to be less efficient, lack innovation productivity and have problems with sleeping, which affects an employee's wellbeing.

The article portrays many beneficial points. Firstly, the article is current, being published in 2022. This makes the information within the article more accurate and credible, with it being up to date, meaning the information and sources used are accurate the the current circumstances regarding the topic of how social media affects workforce productivity. The information throughout is accurate, including a range of findings using examples and references from knowledgeable sources. It is also backed up with in-depth explanations of the topic using questions to understand the relations of different factors discussed.

The article is relevant the the research question, discussing how social media affects the workplace, impacting employee performance and well-being, all of which are to be taken into consideration when discussing technology's impact on the changing nature of work. With the number of employees actively using social media in this day and age, the topic is fairly important to consider when understanding how employee efficiency can be impacted, and how this affects businesses.

The article holds strong credibility, with each author having an in-depth knowledge of the impacts of technology within the workplace, and being qualified in related areas. Finally, the article has been published on a well-known, reputable academic publishing site, with over 300 books, journals and case studies, ensuring the articles quality and accuracy.

In conclusion, the article meets its purpose of developing an understanding of how work-related social media use can have its impact on well-being and performance by using various sources to consider different factors and gain a deeper knowledge of its eventual causes.

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Abstract

Purpose

Recently, work-related social media use (WSMU) in organisations and its association with employee outcomes have received considerable research attention. This study examines the association between WSMU, psychological well-being (PW) and innovative work performance (IP). In addition, it explores the mediating role of PW and the moderating role of fear of missing out (FoMO).

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 233 employees working in different organisations was recruited from India to complete the survey. Structural equation modelling was applied to analyse the data.

Findings

The result reveals that WSMU has a positive and direct effect on IP. Moreover, the indirect effect via PW among the association was positive and significant. Furthermore, FoMO moderates the indirect relationship between WSMU and IP.

Originality/value

This research is a pioneering work that has contributed to the scarce literature by exploring the relationship between employees' social media use, PW and IP. This research has important theoretical and management contributions because it examines the impact of WSMU on IP, mediating role of PW and moderating role of FoMO among the association between WSMU and employee outcomes.

Acknowledgements

The contribution of Armando Papa to the article is based on the study funded by the Basic Research Program of the HSE University.

Citation

Bodhi, R., Luqman, A., Hina, M. and Papa, A. (2023), "Work-related social media use and employee-related outcomes: a moderated mediation model", International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. 18 No. 11, pp. 4948-4967. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-09-2021-1359

Publisher
:
Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright

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Work-related social media use and employee-related outcomes: a moderated mediation model

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Work-related social media use and employee-related outcomes: a moderated mediation model - Author: Rahul Bodhi, Adeel Luqman, Maryam Hina, Armando Papa

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The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses

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The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses

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Name: Lily Spencer

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2043925

Harvard Reference: Hannah A. Berkers, Sonja Rispens & Pascale M. Le Blanc (2023) The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34:9, 1852-1875

Review:

Title: The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses

Authors: Hannah A. Berkers, Sonja Rispens and Pascale M. Le Blanc

Robotisation has both positive and negative effects on the work design of order pickers. On the positive side, robotisation reduces physical and cognitive demands for order pickers. However, there are also negative effects. The implementation of robots often leads to a reduction in the amount and variety of tasks handled by order pickers. This simplifies the work and makes it more monotonous. Additionally, the reduction in tasks is rarely compensated with new tasks. Overall, the consequences of robotisation for work design depend on the choices made by organisational stakeholders.

The strengths of this article include its comparative case study approach, which allows for a detailed analysis of different approaches to robotisation and work design in logistic warehouses. The use of interviews with managers and observations of employees provides rich qualitative data for analysis. The study also discusses the impact of robotisation on the quality of work for employees, which is an important aspect to consider.

However, there are also some weaknesses in this article. One weakness is that the study only focuses on a specific context of logistic warehouses, which may limit the ability to generalise the findings to other industries or settings. Additionally, the study does not examine changes over time, so causal inferences cannot be made.

The reliability of this article is evident as it was published in a reputable academic journal, which suggests that it has undergone a rigorous peer-review process. Additionally, the article includes references to other scholarly works, indicating that the authors have engaged with existing research in the field. The recency of the article states it was published online on the 1st of March 2022, making it more up-to-date and relevant. The relevance of the article is to examine the role of robotisation in work design in logistic warehouses. It focuses on the approaches taken by organisational stakeholders to implement robots and the impact of robotisation on the work design of order pickers and order packers. The study involves interviews with managers and observations of employees at work. The findings highlight the different approaches to robotisation and work design among warehouses, as well as the effects on the quality of work for employees.

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The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses

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Robots are increasingly used in a variety of work environments, but surprisingly little attention has been paid to how robots change work. In this comparative case study, we explore how robotizatio…

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Digital technologies shaping the nature and routine intensity of shopfloor work

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Digital technologies shaping the nature and routine intensity of shopfloor work

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Lily Spencer

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/10245294221107489

Harvard Reference: Szalavetz, A. (2023). Digital technologies shaping the nature and routine intensity of shopfloor work. Competition & Change, 27(2), 277-301.

Review:

Title: Digital technologies shaping the nature and routine intensity of shopfloor work

Author: Andrea Szalavetz

Digitalisation has a significant impact on work intensity. According to the article, the implementation of digital technologies has led to an increase in work intensity. This is because the implementation of digital technologies requires a reorganisation of work processes. The study also highlights that digital technology implementation simplifies work and increases routine on the shop floor. However, managers have the ability to direct the impact of digital technology implementation towards enrichment by redesigning work flows to allow employees to perform more varied, higher value, and more interesting work tasks.

The strengths of the article include its use of qualitative techniques to explore the impact of digital technologies on shop-floor work, its integration of labour economics, technology assessment and industrial sociology.

However, the article has some weaknesses. For example, it has a small sample size and a bias towards managerial perspectives, with frontline workers and trade unions being underrepresented. There are also weaknesses in terms of the number of interviews, industries, and shop-floor functions that were included in the article

The purpose of the article is to explore the impact of digital technologies on shop-floor work, focusing on changes in work intensity, standardisation of tasks, and the nature of work practices. The authority of the article is supported by the use of qualitative research methods, including interviews with managers, operators, trade union representatives, and experts, as well as other sources of data. The accuracy of the article is limited by a small sample size, bias towards managerial perspectives, and underrepresentation of frontline workers and trade unions. The article's currency and relevance are emphasised by the acknowledgement of the need for long-term research and broader investigation of technology types and adoption contexts.

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The impact of Technology has had on job growth and the destruction of jobs - Hywel Bees-Jones

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The impact of Technology has had on job growth and the destruction of jobs - Hywel Bees-Jones

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Student number:

30091420

Reference list:

https://pub.towardsai.net/the-rise-of-automation-how-it-is-impacting-the-job-market-e8a6c7d5e6e3

Author: AlishaS

Article Review:

Throughout the change of technology and ways to work, there has been a huge impact of how work forces have used technology to influence the way they operate. This includes factors such as automation instead of man made items. This impacts on employees, as robots in a workplace could be more suited by the company to get tasks completed, as it might show different adaptations to work favouring the businesses desires.

This article has informed us about the growth of technology and how it is becoming more significant to jobs with automation on the rise in businesses work life and day to day jobs. This has shown fear through employees as the hunt for jobs has proven to become harder as automation has become more favourable around the world. This is due to robots having no human error which means they are less likely to carry out mistakes, as well as this machinery clearly does not have to be paid a wage or salary which will benefit a business long term. However, research that has been done about automation in a workforce has shown that machinery will need checks and may need repairs so often to give the business clarification that the machinery they are using is up to standards and reliable. With the rise of automation in recent years across many industries, the most impacted ones are manufacturing and retail creating concern to workers. Many companies also may favour automation as it may increase productivity, efficiency and quality, although it could affect the job industry and economy. This is due to job replacement and the dependence on technology.

With the article published on February 15th 2022, it suggests benefits and disadvantages on automation and findings of what impacts it has on a business day to day. Furthermore it shows conclusions of the impacts it can have on economies. It also shows solutions around technology by specific training to individuals to overcome automation to peoples specifications. This shows relevance to day to day business work and provides insights into experiences of technology taking over a work place.

While researching the article, it shows information about the benefits of automation while also identifying the drawbacks of automation showing clear evidence of how an economy can be affected by an increase in technology such as automation and how people can work around this by training and finding different solutions through their own experience.

An example of Automation in an industry, is manufacturing. This can be due to robotic made products being more liked by the company due to better production and the reduction of wages in a workforce. This also helps a business as robots can be programmed to do certain tasks and almost De-skill a task which then it does not need training which humans will need, which may cost the business money.

The article is written by a published author by the name of AlishaS who is an established writer and reviews many articles about technology, where she has posted on established websites such as Medium. The Medium goes through a process of showing correct information about topics and has employed many writers and journalists to prove correct information and statistics. The article here shows us the reason of the rise of technology and automation in different types of industries showing greater benefits to a company than man made products. Another reason that states technology has improved a company is how it can satisfy customers due to productivity due to better and more efficient process. I agree with the decision for businesses using technology and automation as it also keeps satisfied customers which will make them come back and become loyal customers.

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Machines replacing humans in the workplace have been a constant source of fear since the Industrial Revolution, and it has become a more prominent topic of discussion in recent decades with the rise of automation. Automation has been around for centuries, and its use has increased significantly in recent years across many industries, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and retail.

The implementation of automation can bring many benefits, such as increased productivity, efficiency, and improved quality and safety. However, it also poses challenges and potential negative impacts on the economy and job market. Automation can lead to job displacement, income inequality, and dependency on technology.

It's important to understand the impacts of automation on the job market to make informed decisions about education, training, and career paths. In this article, we will discuss some of the positive and negative impacts of automation on the Job market.

Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks without the involvement of humans. It can refer to a wide range of applications, from simple mechanical devices such as automatic doors and self-checkout machines to complex systems such as robotics and artificial intelligence.
Example of automation:
Automation can be used to improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity in many industries, such as manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. Automation can also be used to perform tasks that are too dangerous or difficult for humans to do, such as exploring deep space or working in hazardous environments. Automation can be implemented in many forms, including software, hardware, and a combination of both.

An example of automation is the use of industrial robots in manufacturing. These robots are programmed to perform specific tasks such as welding, painting, and assembly. They can work alongside human workers or replace them completely. The use of industrial robots in manufacturing can lead to increased productivity, efficiency, and improved quality and safety.

Another example is the use of chatbots in customer service. Chatbots are computer programs that can simulate human conversations and provide automated responses to customer queries. Artificial Intelligence and machine learning are primarily used here. The most commonly used programming language here is python programming.

This technology can improve customer service by providing quick and accurate responses to customer inquiries, reducing the need for human customer service representatives.

1. High initial cost: Automation can require a high initial cost, as it often requires investments in new technology, equipment, and software. The cost can vary widely depending on the type and complexity of the automation system, as well as the industry and size of the organization implementing it. Automation systems that involve the use of sophisticated equipment, such as robots or advanced sensors, can be particularly expensive to purchase and maintain. Additionally, the cost of integrating automation systems with existing infrastructure and training employees to use them can also be high.

2. Automation complexity: Automation complexity refers to the degree of difficulty in designing, implementing, and maintaining automation systems. Automation complexity can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the type of automation system, the industry in which it is being implemented, the size and complexity of the organization, and the level of integration with existing systems and processes. Automation systems that involve the use of sophisticated equipment, such as robots or advanced sensors, can be particularly complex to design, program, and maintain.

3. Interoperability: Interoperability during automation refers to the ability of different automation systems and devices to work together seamlessly and effectively. It means that the systems and devices can share information, communicate and operate with each other, and use the same protocols, standards, and interfaces. However, it can be difficult to achieve due to differences in technology, protocols, and standards used by different systems and devices. This can lead to inefficiency and increased costs when trying to connect and integrate different systems.

4. Limited flexibility: Automation systems can be limited in terms of flexibility. They are often designed to perform specific tasks and may not be able to adapt to changing conditions or new requirements. This can be a limitation for organizations that operate in dynamic or rapidly changing environments, as it can be difficult to respond quickly to new situations or market conditions. For example, an automated manufacturing line that is set up to produce a specific product may not be able to adapt to produce a different product easily. A machine learning model that is trained on a specific dataset may not be able to make accurate predictions on new or unseen data.

5. Cybersecurity risks: Automation systems can be vulnerable to cyber attacks, which can lead to data breaches, loss of productivity, and other negative consequences. Some of the specific cybersecurity risks that can arise during automation are Unauthorized access, Malware, Network attacks, Industrial control systems (ICS) vulnerabilities, Insider threats, and Lack of security updates and patch management.

These are just a few examples of how automation is being used in different industries, and the application of automation is growing day by day with the advancement of technology.

The job market refers to the supply and demand for jobs in a specific economy or region. It is a measure of the availability and competition for jobs and is influenced by a variety of factors such as economic conditions, industry trends, demographics, education and skills, technology, government policies, and globalization.

The job market can be divided into two main categories: the labor market and the goods market. The labor market refers to the supply and demand for workers, while the goods market refers to the supply and demand for goods and services.

The two are interconnected as the demand for goods and services drives the demand for workers, and the availability of jobs influences consumer spending.

A strong job market is characterized by low unemployment, high job creation, and a high number of job openings. On the other hand, a weak job market is characterized by high unemployment, low job creation, and a low number of job openings.

The job market can also be analyzed by sectors, such as the public sector, private sector, and non-profit sector. The job market can also be analyzed by skill level, such as low, medium, and high-skilled jobs.

1. Increased productivity: Automation can increase efficiency and productivity in many industries, allowing companies to produce more goods and services with fewer employees. This can lead to cost savings for companies, which can be passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices.

2. New job opportunities: Automation can also create new job opportunities in fields such as technology, programming, and robotics. As machines and software become more advanced, there is a growing need for skilled workers to design, program, and maintain them.

3. Improved working conditions: Automation can also improve working conditions by reducing the need for manual labor, which can be physically demanding and dangerous. This can lead to a reduction in workplace injuries and an improvement in overall worker well-being.

4. Better product quality and safety: Automation can lead to an increase in product quality and safety. By removing the human element, automation can reduce the number of mistakes and errors made during the production process.

5. Better decision-making: Automation can provide more accurate and faster data analysis, which can help managers and employees make better decisions. This can lead to improved efficiency, productivity, and overall performance of the company.

6. Improved customer service: Automation can also lead to better customer service by providing more accurate and faster responses to customer queries, which can help to improve customer satisfaction.

7. Getting upskilled: In the field of data science, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) will prove to be invaluable in the future. In these fields, although automation has the potential to streamline specific data processing tasks, the demand for skilled AI engineers, ML engineers, and data scientists remains high due to the complex nature of their work. This work involves tasks such as data analysis, machine learning, and decision-making based on insights derived from data.

1. Job Losses: Automation can lead to job losses in certain sectors, such as manufacturing and assembly line work, as machines and software can perform many tasks more efficiently and accurately than humans. This can lead to unemployment and underemployment, particularly for workers with lower levels of education and skills.

2. Income inequality: Automation can also lead to increased income inequality as the jobs that are replaced by machines tend to be lower-paying and lower-skilled, while the jobs created by automation tend to be higher-paying and require specialized skills.

3. Reduced bargaining power for workers: Automation can also lead to reduced bargaining power for workers, as companies may be able to reduce labor costs by replacing workers with machines. This can result in lower wages and fewer benefits for workers.

4. Disruption of communities: Automation can lead to the displacement of workers and the closure of businesses, which can have a negative impact on entire communities. This can lead to increased poverty and social unrest in areas that rely heavily on industries that are being automated.

5. Reduction in human touch: Automation can also lead to a reduction in the human touch, as machines and software are not able to replicate the personal and emotional interactions that humans can provide. This can lead to a decrease in customer satisfaction, particularly in industries that rely heavily on human interactions, such as healthcare, customer service, and retail.

6. Job displacement: Automation can also lead to job displacement, as employees may need to acquire new skills or retrain to work in a different field as their current job becomes automated. This can be a significant financial burden for employees and may be difficult for older workers or those with limited education and skills.

7. Dependence on technology: The increasing use of automation can lead to over-reliance on technology, which can be problematic if the technology fails or breaks down.

The job market is dynamic and constantly changing, and it is important for individuals and organizations to stay informed about the current state of the job market in order to make informed decisions about education, training, and career paths.

It is difficult to predict exactly how automation will affect jobs in the future, as it will depend on a variety of factors, including technological advancements, government policies, and the overall state of the economy. However, automation will likely continue to have a significant impact on employment in the future.

Some experts predict that automation will lead to significant job losses in certain industries, such as manufacturing and transportation, as machines and software are able to perform many tasks more efficiently and accurately than humans. However, it is also likely that automation will create new job opportunities in fields such as technology, programming, and robotics.

Overall, jobs that involve repetitive tasks or can be easily replaced by machines are more at risk of being automated, while jobs that require human skills such as creativity, problem-solving, and social interaction are less likely to be automated.

It is also likely that there will be a shift towards more part-time, freelance, and contract work, as companies will increasingly rely on a flexible workforce to adapt to changing market conditions.

It's important to note that the impact of automation will not be the same for all jobs or all regions, it will depend on the nature of the job, the industry, the location, and the skills of the labor force. Some regions with a high concentration of lower-skilled jobs may be more affected than others.

Also, some businesses and governments may take proactive steps to mitigate the negative effects of automation on employment, such as investing in retraining and education programs for workers.

Automation has made a significant impact on the job market, both positively and negatively. On the one hand, automation has led to increased productivity and efficiency in many industries, allowing companies to produce more goods and services with fewer employees.

This has led to job losses in certain sectors, such as manufacturing and assembly line work. On the other hand, automation has also created new job opportunities in fields such as technology, programming, and robotics. Additionally, it has led to the development of new industries and businesses.

The overall impact of automation on the job market is complex and varies by industry, job type, and location. In general, jobs that involve repetitive tasks or can be easily replaced by machines are more at risk, while jobs that require human skills such as creativity, problem-solving, and social interaction are less likely to be automated.

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The Rise of Automation - How It Is Impacting the Job Market

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Machines replacing humans in the workplace have been a constant source of fear since the Industrial Revolution, and it has become a more prominent topic of discussion in recent decades with the rise...

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A Review of ChatGPT AI's Impact on Several Business Sectors

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A Review of ChatGPT AI's Impact on Several Business Sectors

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Lily Spencer

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7644359

Harvard Reference: A.Shaji George, A.S.Hovan George and A.S.Gabrio Martin (2023) ‘A Review of ChatGPT AI's Impact on Several Business Sectors’, Partners Universal International Innovation Journal (PUIIJ), 01(01), pp. 9–23.

Review:

Title: A Review of ChatGPT AI's Impact on Several Business Sectors

Authors: A.Shaji George, A.S.Hovan George and A.S Gabrio Martin

ChatGPT has a wide range of uses across various industries. For example, education, finance, customer support, or healthcare. It is a valuable tool for businesses, as it can help them understand customer needs, make tailored solutions, and gather real-time data for strategic planning. Overall, ChatGPT is a versatile technology that can revolutionise various aspects of communication and problem-solving.

The strengths of the article include providing a comprehensive overview of ChatGPT and its potential benefits in various sectors. It also discusses the advancements in AI and the use of ChatGPT in improving user experience, reducing expenses, and increasing productivity.

As for weaknesses, the article mentions that ChatGPT has difficulty with tough or strange situations and lacks contextual understanding. It also states that the AI model is mostly trained on data up to 2021, so newer events may still need to be found by ChatGPT. Additionally, the accuracy of AI models in general may be questionable since they are still in development.

The recency of the article is indicated by the publication date, which is January-February 2023. This suggests that the article is relatively recent and therefore up-to-date. As for the reliability and relevance of the article, it is important to note that the document is from the Partners Universal International Innovation Journal (PUIIJ), an international publisher. Therefore, the credibility of the article is evident, as it is a scholarly journal that publishes peer-reviewed journals and research articles. Additionally, the presence of citations and references indicates that the article includes references to support the information provided. These references can enhance the reliability and relevance of the article.

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1. Masters IT Solutions,Chennai -600 057, Tamil Nadu, India

2. Student, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Description

Almost every few decades, there is an innovation that completely changes the world. We mean innovations that play a vital role in raising the standard of living, such as the internet or airplanes. What will be the next definitive moment in history. It's here, and it's called Chat GPT. It was created by the artificial intelligence research firm Open AI. ChatGPT is a natural language processing (NLP) model that combines GPT-2, a transformer-based language model developed by OpenAI, with supervised and reinforcement learning techniques to fine-tune it (an approach to transfer learning) on the GPT-3 group of large language patterns developed by OpenAI. The model enables users to interact naturally with an AI system through text-based conversations. It could be used for customer service applications and to create virtual assistants for voice and text conversations. ChatGPT also provides features such as topic detection, emotion detection, and sentiment analysis capabilities to help users understand their conversation partner better. Additionally, it has the capability to generate multiple conversation threads in order to create more realistic interactions between user and bot. We will also explore some of the challenges facing AI development and how we can overcome them. This article is about the recent developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). AI has advanced significantly over recent years, with a wide range of applications and new technologies being developed. And discuss a few of these advancements and use to improve human lives. In this paper, we discuss how ChatGPT - a Natural Language Generation (NLG) model powered by OpenAI's GPT-3 technology - can enhance e-commerce via chat, as well as other sectors such as education, entertainment, finance, health, news and productivity. We will analyze the current use-cases of ChatGPT in these sectors and explore possible future applications. We will also discuss how this technology can use to create more personalized content for users. Finally, we will look at how ChatGPT can help to make customer service more efficient and effective for businesses.

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A Review of ChatGPT AI's Impact on Several Business Sectors

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Almost every few decades, there is an innovation that completely changes the world. We mean innovations that play a vital role in raising the standard of living, such as the internet or airplanes. What will be the next definitive moment in history. It's here, and it's called Chat GPT.

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How Technology has impacted Teaching strategies during the Covid-19 Pandemic - Hywel Bees-Jones

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How Technology has impacted Teaching strategies during the Covid-19 Pandemic - Hywel Bees-Jones

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Student number:

30091420

Reference list:

https://www.edweek.org/technology/how-tech-driven-teaching-strategies-have-changed-during-the-pandemic/2022/04

Author: Benjamin Herold

Article Review:

Within this article it shows clear cases of the benefits of technology during COVID-19, by making factors such as communication between teachers and students much easier and by publishing tasks to be completed. This article also shows clear solutions to problems through out the Pandemic and the impact of safer technology it had on risks that were highlighted by teachers at the time.

The article shows strengths of the solutions teachers used to help students make a positive outcome of the pandemic and aloud them to grow with a different type of education with different experiences on learning specific topics. Within the 2 year period of the Pandemic, a survey was taken out to provide an insight to how technology had improved teachers and students knowledge. The survey provided stats to show the beneficial impact it had on the education to technology for the teachers and students as it gave them a better understanding towards software programmes, management systems and Supplementing core curriculum with online websites and programmes. With students picking up key abilities by using technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic, this will be beneficial to them in future work experiences. This is due to the rise of technology in the workplace and it being a key factor to a day to day working business. Furthermore, due to the experiences picked up with technology, young students may not have to go specific training courses to meet a required skill level that a company requires from an individual. As of the situation of the Pandemic, it is now shown that most teacher would rather use technology, as one of the articles strengths is shown by using a graph to show the percentage of teachers who would rather and frequently use technology.

Although, the article may show a bias, as some perspectives in the articles come from teachers who may have only enjoyed using technology within their jobs and may have been their role to introduce further education in this type of way.

As we research the article, the purpose is to show the impact of technology in school, and on the teachers and students. It also focuses on the changes of learning and the impact of how different students adapt to different experiences. Through the article, we also clearly see the impacts it has had on future experiences for students, as they will have a better understanding on technology and programmes which could be beneficial in jobs. This is due to the rise of technology and the skill required to use technology new skills are being made through the use of technology.

Although with the rise of technology and due to teachers and students consistently using technology throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic, Teachers have let out opinions of how it can confuse people who are trying to get involved with online based learning as IT skills may not be up to date. This occurs as a problem as work and learning materials might become inaccurate and also cause messiness which could become frustrated and hard to overcome.

With the article being published on April 14th 2022, it gives an overall insight of how COVID-19 really impacted the economy and the different ways to work. The author Benjamin Herold also being a published writer also creates the security to the information shown with the website Education Week having a strong background to having reliable sources and information.

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Two years of intermittent remote and hybrid learning led schools to expand their use of some of the best-known technology tools in K-12, opening the door for instructional changes both small and large.

That's according to a review of more than two dozen surveys administered to a nationally representative sample of teachers, principals, and district leaders by the EdWeek Research Center between March 2020 and January 2022. The biggest growth areas include:

Using software programs to address literacy gaps among elementary school students.

Expanding the use of learning management systems, which even the most tech-phobic teachers now turn to for at least basic classroom management tasks.

Supplementing core curriculum with online math instructional tools.

Interviews with the leaders behind some of the most popular ed-tech tools in each of those categories illuminate the surprising changes in technology usage.

"Go back two years, and we were expecting a bump," Khan Academy founder Sal Khan said in an interview. "But it ended up being as large as our most aggressive assumption."

The trend lines are still shifting, especially as schools solidify their return to full-time, in-person learning. But with more than $190 billion of federal relief funds coursing through the nation's public education system and districts everywhere looking to reverse the extensive "unfinished learning" experienced by millions of students during the COVID-19 pandemic, some products and instructional changes are likely to stick.

Schools turn to software to address literacy gaps in the early grades

As early as summer 2020, educators were already turning to familiar technology tools to help students whose reading instruction was interrupted while the nation's school buildings were shuttered due to COVID-19. Forty-five percent of those surveyed by the EdWeek Research Center at the time said that digital resources they already had in place were "very effective" for teaching English/language arts remotely, and 63 percent of educators involved in early literacy instruction said they were using digital reading programs more frequently.

That interest pulled ed-tech giant Renaissance Learning in two different directions, said Eric Swanson, vice president of product management, placement, and instruction. The company saw steep drops in usage of its popular Accelerated Reader program, which provides teachers with quizzes and personalized recommendations for thousands of books, but historically relied on students having access to print materials in physical libraries. But usage of myON, the company's extensive digital library service, soared.
"Student engagement with myON literally doubled from fall of 2019 to fall of 2020," Swanson said. "It was both new customers coming on board, and students who already had access using it even more."

In response to the divergent trends, Renaissance Learning took several steps. First, the company intensified existing efforts to link Accelerated Reader and myON so that the former's quizzes and recommendations could be used with the latter's digital texts. Similar integrations followed with newly acquired products such as Schoolzilla, which provides data dashboards, and Nearpod, which allows teachers to push out digital resources to students' devices. Renaissance developers also added new features to Accelerated Reader that allowed teachers and administrators to track when quizzes were taken at home versus in school.

Over time, Swanson said, schools began returning to Accelerated Reader, while the amount of time students spent on myON dipped back down.

The landscape shifted again, however, when Congress approved massive allocations to the federal ESSER fund, which provided money for schools as part of massive COVID-19 relief packages. The legislation stipulated learning-loss recovery as a priority for districts receiving the money. As a result, 61 percent of survey respondents told the EdWeek Research Center in April 2021 that they planned to use the federal funds to address ELA learning loss among elementary students. Accelerated Reader was poised to be part of many districts' COVID-19 learning recovery plans.

Now, Swanson said, ed-tech companies are facing a cull. Schools are evaluating which tools in their technology ecosystems are easiest to use, have the clearest evidence of effectiveness, and are most flexible in a variety of settings, from core instruction in traditional classrooms to at-home practice to online tutoring.

"Things are going to regress a little bit as we go back to school and districts review the resources they've bought and eliminate some of the tools that were purchased during the pandemic," he said.

More teachers are using the basic functions of learning management systems

Just two months after COVID-19 shut down the nation's physical schools, 68 percent of survey respondents were telling the EdWeek Research Center that they were now using online learning management systems to collect and return student work. By the summer of 2020, three-fifths of principals and district leaders said they had provided teachers training on how to do such basic tasks.

Among the biggest beneficiaries of that shift was Google, which saw usage of its Classroom LMS offering take off.

"As the pandemic set in, our user base quadrupled from 40 million to 150 million in a few weeks," said Akshat Sharma, the lead product manager for Classroom. "The realization started sinking in that we had an opportunity and a responsibility to solve the needs of millions of teachers."

One of the biggest shifts during those early months of all-remote learning, Sharma said, was that Classroom went from a supplementary tool to a central hub. The company also noticed a big surge in first-time users. And huge numbers of people began accessing the platform via mobile phones instead of computers.

In response, Google engineers began working overtime to develop a cleaner integration with the company's videoconferencing platform (Meet) and other commonly used third-party software tools. They also began adding new features to make it easier for administrators to roll out school- or district-wide Classroom implementations. And they developed an "offline" mode so that students struggling to find a reliable WiFi signal on their mobile devices could still access their assignments.

The results?

By the start of the 2021-22 school year, 48 percent of survey respondents told the EdWeek Research Center they started using Google Classroom during the pandemic and planned to continue on, the highest such figure among all the products asked about by name. Just 10 percent of respondents anticipated stopping their use of Classroom.

Sharma said Google will be prepared if those educators continue to use the platform as a central hub, or if they revert back to using it as a supplemental resource.

"To be honest, I don't think we get to decide that," he said. "It's really up to teachers."

Math emerges as a focus of tech-based tutoring and supplemental support

Sal Khan isn't surprised that many districts have turned to the nonprofit Khan Academy as part of their COVID-19 learning recovery plan.

During the first weeks of the pandemic, he said, the nonprofit group saw global usage surge from 30 million to more than 80 million "learning minutes" per day.

"Whether they're inside or outside of the classroom, students can get as much practice and feedback as they need at their level," said the founder of the popular nonprofit, which now counts 137 million users across 190 countries.

The numbers fell back to earth as the country returned to full-time, in-person learning. But it's clear that long-term changes are afoot. Last summer, 66 percent of principals and district administrators told the EdWeek Research Center they anticipated increasing their use of blended learning-a combination of face-to-face and digital instruction in classrooms. Thirty-six percent anticipated more-intensive digital tutoring offerings.

Khan and his organization are adjusting accordingly.

Khan Academy, for example, has expanded its "Districts" offering, aimed at easing systemwide implementations by offering extensive training, better integration with student information systems, and digital dashboards that can be used to track student growth. During the pandemic, Khan also launched an online peer-to-peer tutoring platform called Schoolhouse.world. The Long Beach Unified School District in California is already piloting the platform, Khan said, even paying some of its own high school students to serve as tutors.

The challenge ahead is steep. Researchers with NWEA, makers of a benchmark assessment given to millions of elementary and middle school students each year, have found big drops in math performance compared to pre-pandemic. The resulting gaps are highest in the schools serving the highest percentage of poor students.

But Khan has a plan for that, too. His group has also partnered with NWEA to help ensure that use of Khan Academy is connected to the interim assessments that districts are already using and that student progress is psychometrically valid and tied to districts' overall instructional plans.

"I think in 2022-23, we're going to, hopefully, get back to where we were in 2019, with probably more online independent student work," he said. "This is a long game. We want to be here for generations."

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How Tech-Driven Teaching Strategies Have Changed During the Pandemic

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Expanded use of popular tools like Khan Academy, Google Classroom, and Accelerated Reader point to lasting changes in how teachers work.

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How Technology has changed the Retail Industry - Hywel Bees-Jones

# data[].attributes.subject
How Technology has changed the Retail Industry - Hywel Bees-Jones

# data[].attributes.body
Student Number:

30091420

Reference;

Impact of Technology on the Retail Industry | Ollen Group

Author: Jules Helou

Article Review:

With the rise of more and more ways technology can be used in Retail, we have seen many ways it has already be utilised in a positive way for companies. Factors that have driven technology in retail are things such as self checkout and online shopping, improving efficiency and meeting flexible customer needs. Therefore, this increases ways to satisfy customers and ways for them to shop. Although, certain jobs have had a reduction, Technology has opened a different range of job opportunities increasing confidents for employers by more IT skill based jobs opening up. Although, this may come with training for some individuals who may not have had big IT up bringing's or experience in IT and may lack the confidence that some users may have. As well as, businesses are able to add online assistance to companies and offer a reliable policy for them to follows with information on their websites to unsure customers of valid product and safety for their history with the company. With companies being able to add online assistance through employees working from home or AI assistance built into their programmes offers the support if needed to customers and a company can rely on employees from home with flexible working hours which will satisfy them, however a wage or salary will then still have to be payed. Although, if a company decides to have AI assistance for online shopping websites, it allows them to have 24 hour assistance with no wage or salary needing to be payed, however some questions asked by customers may not be answered accurately or correctly with AI information provided.

However, not all is good with the rise of technology. The economy has taken a missive step back with jobs being available for employees to get hand off. This is because more retail factors are now being held online with customers also preferring to use online shopping with a rise of 55% of recent years with customers using the internet to shop more flexible. With more and more jobs not being available this has seen a massive addition to the workforce with shop floors almost being empty of staff and staff to help customers who prefer to shop in hand. With bigger companies who are known world wide and are Multinational, smaller and local shops have also been effected by this massive change in technology. This is because bigger businesses are adapting quicker or are able to adapt to future change suiting customer needs and satisfying them. As smaller companies and local shops look for solutions the increase of risk and problems overload with them not having the funds to try new things out and keep up with the economy and market. This then provides inconveniences in smaller workplaces not being able to expand in the present and also within the future demands. With Retailers using different ways to utilise technology with online shopping, big outlets have also suffered with the reduction f shops they have. This is due to not many customers actually going to the store and big name companies realising the usefulness of closing down certain stores instead of having them open. This is because this reduces costs for the business not leaving them opened as they will save money for stock, wages and bills. Again, we can see the drawback of job reduction due to online shopping.

Advertising for companies has also had a big upcoming with more and more advantages of online advertising. This can be seen by advertising on certain apps called Instagram, TikTok etc. It is statically proven that more people have taken notice of online adds and have engaged with applications. This is a huge advantage to companies as more people may become lovers of their products as of the new attractive way to engage with them with surveys and free items online. Businesses can then also make more money through online advertisement and shopping due to more customers to target and being able to access their unique products more easily. Profits then can be invested back into the business to overtake rivals or bring out new products to keep customers satisfied and meet their wants and needs.

As this Article written by Jules Helou was published in September 7th, 2022, we are to get a better understanding to the information given to us and it will have reliable information and data as it has also seen the outcome of technology through recent years within retail and different stages of it due to automation and the COVID-19 Pandemic. The website and writer is also a proven source of information with many articles related to the change of work through technology and the writer with experience with many different article websites with proven stats and data within his writing.

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Impact of Technology on the Retail Industry | Ollen Group

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Technology is driving innovation and growth in the retail industry, from big data analytics and smart inventory management to AR/VR, IoT, and AI. The advantages from reduced costs and more efficient supply chain processes to better inventory management

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Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic

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Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Lily Spencer

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-12-2020-0850

Harvard Reference: Adisa, T.A., Ogbonnaya, C. and Adekoya, O.D.(2023), "Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic", Information Technology & People, Vol. 36 No. 5, pp. 1835-1850.

Review:

Title: Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic

Authors: Toyin Ajibade Adisa, Chidiebere Ogbonnaya and Olatunji David Adekoya

Remote working can have both positive and negative impacts on employee engagement. On the positive side, remote working offers flexibility for employees to work from anywhere and at any time, allowing them to have a better work-life balance. It also helps employees save on travel costs and reduces time spent commuting. However, there are limitations and challenges associated with remote working. These include poor communication among teams, more distractions, reduced work motivation, data security problems, and difficulty in monitoring performance. Additionally, working from home during the Covid-19 pandemic has been associated with social isolation, long working hours, and conflicting work-family demands, which can impact employees mental health and well-being.

The strengths of the article include its valuable insights on how remote working during the Covid-19 pandemic inhibits employee engagement. It also provides a rich qualitative analysis of the experiences of the participants.

However, there are also weaknesses to consider. One weakness is the small sample size, which may affect the ability to generalise the findings. Additionally, the use of virtual platforms for conducting interviews may have impacted the research.

In terms of currency, the study includes references from 2011 to 2020, indicating that it covers recent research on the topic. The relevance of the article lies in its focus on remote working during the Covid-19 pandemic, which is a timely and important topic. The authority of the article is supported by the references to various academic journals and authors in the field of organisational psychology and work engagement. The accuracy of the article is ensured through the use of qualitative analysis, to analyse the interview data. The purpose of the article is to provide insights into the impact of remote working on employee engagement and to emphasise the importance of providing resources and support for effective remote work. The recency of the article can be determined as the article was published in 2020, which makes it relatively new and reflects current insights on remote working during the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, the reliability of the article is evident as it includes references to other reputable studies and academic sources, such as the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology and the Journal of Risk Research, which adds to its reliability. Additionally, the relevance of the article directly addresses the topic of employee engagement during the Covid-19 lockdown, making it highly relevant.

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Abstract

Purpose

Through the lens of Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this study explores how remote working inhibits employee engagement. The authors offer a fresh perspective on the most salient work- and nonwork-related risk factors that make remote working particularly challenging in the context of Covid-19.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use data from semi-structured interviews with 32 employees working from home during the Covid-19 lockdown. Based on the interpretivist philosophical approach, the authors offer new insights into how employees can optimize work- and nonwork-related experiences when working remotely.

Findings

The authors show that the sudden transition from in-person to online modes of working during the pandemic brought about work intensification, online presenteeism, employment insecurity and poor adaptation to new ways of working from home. These stress factors are capable of depleting vital social and personal resources, thereby impacting negatively on employee engagement levels.

Practical implications

Employers, leaders and human resource teams should be more thoughtful about the risks and challenges employees face when working from home. They must ensure employees are properly equipped with the relevant resources and support to perform their jobs more effectively.

Originality/value

While previous research has focused on the benefits of remote working, the current study explores how it might be detrimental for employee engagement during a pandemic. The study provides new evidence on the most salient risks and challenges faced by remote workers, and how the unique Covid-19 context has made them more pronounced.

Citation

Adisa, T.A., Ogbonnaya, C. and Adekoya, O.D. (2023), "Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic", Information Technology & People, Vol. 36 No. 5, pp. 1835-1850. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-12-2020-0850

Publisher
:
Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic

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Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic - Author: Toyin Ajibade Adisa, Chidiebere Ogbonnaya, Olatunji David Adekoya

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How has Technology impacted businesses such as the NHS - Hywel Bees-Jones

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How has Technology impacted businesses such as the NHS - Hywel Bees-Jones

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Student Number:

30091420

Reference list:

https://www.health.org.uk/publications/nhs-at-70-what-will-new-technology-mean-for-the-nhs-and-its-patients?psafe_param=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwkY2qBhBDEiwAoQXK5Qcial7ePtfHr

Author: Sophie Castle-Clarke

Article Review:

The advancements of Technology has had a significant effect in many positives way towards Businesses and can benefit ones that utilise the new capacity of new technology, with the never ending factors it can offer. Such as the NHS they have funded new ways to use Technology and have already started many projects to benefit their patients and have shown dozens of positives to patients who need support. This is because of the funding and risk the NHS has put into evolving new technology and the process they believe in which is paying out for them. Technology has also offered many other opportunities to the NHS and has provided staff different working experiences to help them enjoy their jobs and work with confidence. Throughout the advancement of Technology, it has helped NHS in areas such as Genomics and Precision Medicine which is creating better and more accurate decisions being made.

With new Technology brining greater advantages to the NHS, it has also boosted confidence of their patients with loads of positive feedback been given to Nurses and Doctors. Another advantage that effects NHS staff is that it can be more efficient as they are able to use the internet on Technology devices to input data and information. This is also good as all data sources will all be in one place and easily found which can make it more enjoyable and easier to use. Although, Data might not be inputted right and therefore data may have some mistakes and errors as it may be too rushed to be put into the system. This then can cause inaccurate data being used and not been used effectively. In the Article it has also been stated that Technology can drive the NHS to also save money, as this is good due to the NHS poor track recording to save money over the past few years. This helps the NHS save money as it will help them keep record of feasibility and assessing different benefits and challenges that may occur to them. The money that then may be saved by the NHS can be funded back into different areas and sections in the industry and make more of an impact into new and more advanced Technology that they can develop.

The article strength show the gratefulness from patient's towards the NHS because of their advancement in technology and they start show appreciation and are supporting the ideas that are being made. More patients are also up to online meetings and appointments with their GPS, which creates flexibility working experiences for Nurses and Doctors which could then motivate them in work.

With the Article having a reliable source of information due to its reliable writers information and data gathered here can be a good source of education help.

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NHS at 70: What will new technology mean for the NHS and its patients?

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This is the fifth of five briefings intended to inform and encourage a national conversation about the past, present, and future of the NHS.

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Article 2- Post-Pandemic impacts on working environments 

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Article 2- Post-Pandemic impacts on working environments 

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Chloe Pepper

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/1/294#

Harvard Reference:

Babapour Chafi, M., Hultberg, A. and Bozic Yams, N. (2022) ‘Post-Pandemic Office Work: Perceived Challenges and Opportunities for a Sustainable Work Environment’, Sustainability 14 (1), 294

Review:

Title: Post-Pandemic Office Work: Perceived Challenges and Opportunities for a Sustainable Work Environment

Authors: Maral Babapour Chafi, Annemarie Hultberg and Nina Bozic Yams

This article discusses the changes made to the ways of working caused by COVID-19 and how businesses had to learn to adapt to the new working styles of remote and hybrid working. The purpose of this article is to discuss the potential needs and challenges faced by businesses to create a sustainable and productive working environment in the future.

The article was published in December 2021 making it relatively up to date. Furthermore, the data analysed in the article is taken from primary research conducted by the authors which suggests that the information may be credible. This is because the results were formed from 53 participants from external sources who share their unbiased opinions on the questions asked. This could be seen as a strength of the article demonstrated by the authenticity of the findings. However, this could also be seen as a weakness because it poses a risk that the results could have been manipulated to support the authors theories.

Moreover, the authors of this article are all experienced in different fields which allows the article to have varied perspectives. This is a strength suggesting that the article may be more reliable and the information provided may be factually correct. Another strength of the article is the knowledge insight into the impacts that remote working had on different individuals and how they felt it affected them and their working styles.  Overall, the article shows how technology has changed the nature of work and how businesses have adjusted to hybrid working conditions for their employees. Therefore, the credibility of the article is justified by the primary research gathered which helped to produce an unbiased perspective. The authors have a variety of qualifications giving confidence that the article is filled with knowledge facts which increases the articles authenticity.

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Article 1- The impact of COVID-19 on shopping habits  

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Article 1- The impact of COVID-19 on shopping habits  

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Chloe Pepper

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296320303647

Harvard Reference: Sheth, J. (2020) ‘Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behaviour: Will the old habits return or die?’ Journal of Business Research 117, 280-283

Review:

Title: Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behaviour: Will the old habits return or die?

Author: Jagdish Sheth

COVID-19 impacted the way we shopped resulting in many people using click and collect or delivery services to get their weekly shopping rather than physically going to shops. Overtime, this became a more convenient way of shopping, saving people time and effort when buying their weekly essentials. The advances in technology have encouraged people to use delivery methods instead of going out to physical shops.

A weakness of the article is that it was published in 2020. The article discusses the current situation of COVID in the time it was written and not looking at the future such as the world we live in now and the adjustments to our shopping habits. Therefore, the article is out of date and the information provided is not completely relevant to our current climate.

Furthermore, the authenticity of the article is demonstrated by the author who has published more than 300 research papers and more than 30 books on various topics. This implies that the author is a knowledgeable and experienced writer. However, because the article was only published by one author, this could create a bias as only one viewpoint is shared which may affect the credibility of the article.

The article was taken from a well-known website which includes over 4,000 journal articles. This is a strength, indicating that it has come from a reliable source so the information in the article could be more authentic.

The purpose of the article is to educate people on the impact that COVID had on consumer behaviour and the different consumption habits that stemmed from COVID. The article gives an in-depth explanation of consumer habits collected from a reliable source suggesting that overall, the article has credibility.

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Chloe Pepper

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-67302048

Harvard Reference:

Musk, E. (2023) ‘AI will put an end to work’ Interview by Rishi Sunak for BBC News, 3 November

Review:

Title: Elon Musk tells Rishi Sunak AI will put an end to work

Authors: Zoe Kleinman and Sean Seddon

This article discusses the powers in the advancements of AI and how it has the capability to potentially makes some jobs redundant. Elon Musk explains the impacts that he predicts AI has on the future of work and how AI is a more efficient way of working going forward. The purpose of this article is to educate people on our ever-changing world and the impacts that advancements in technology could have on the future of jobs and employment.

The weakness of this article is that it may be biased, despite the BBC being one of the least biased broadcasters, some of the information may not be factually correct. The aim may be to cause moral panic to attract public attention to their articles. Furthermore, the article only gives arguments stated by Elon Musk who has invested in the advancements of AI. Therefore, his aim could be to promote AI and to encourage people to invest in it for his own profit, this is another reason why the article may not be reliable.

Additionally, TV cameras were not allowed into the interview instead, Downing Street released their own footage and reporters were not allowed to ask any questions. This suggest that there was a bias towards Elon Musk’ view on AI suggesting that there was not a fair discussion between parties, meaning that a clear bias towards the advantages of AI shown throughout the interview and the negatives were not discussed at all.

However, the Author of this article is an experienced technology editor suggesting that the article may be authentic because of her knowledgeable background in the tech industry. Moreover, the article was published in 2023 making the information up to date and therefore more credible, this is another strength of the article increasing its credibility.

Overall, despite the authenticity of the author, the article is largely biased towards Musk and could therefore be seen as an unreliable source of information.

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By Zoe Kleinman, technology editor, & Sean Seddon

Tech billionaire Elon Musk has predicted that artificial intelligence will eventually mean that no one will have to work.

He was speaking to Prime Minister Rishi Sunak during an unusual "in conversation" event at the end of this week's summit on AI.

The 50-minute interview included a prediction by Mr Musk that the tech will make paid work redundant.

He also warned of humanoid robots that "can chase you anywhere".

The pair talked about how London was a leading hub for the AI industry and how the technology could transform learning.

But the chat took some darker turns too, with Mr Sunak recognising the "anxiety" people have about jobs being replaced, and the pair agreeing on the need for a "referee" to keep an eye on the super-computers of the future.

Tech investor and inventor Mr Musk has put money into AI firms and has employed the technology in his driverless Tesla cars - but he's also on the record about his fears it could threaten society and human existence itself.

"There is a safety concern, especially with humanoid robots - at least a car can't chase you into a building or up a tree," he told the audience.

Mr Sunak - who is keen to see investment in the UK's growing tech industry - replied: "You're not selling this."

It's not every day you see the prime minister of a country interviewing a businessman like this, but Mr Sunak seemed happy to play host to his famous guest.

And if he seemed like he was enjoying it, it should be no surprise - he previously lived in California, home to Silicon Valley, and his love of all things tech is well-documented.

In a hall that size, Mr Musk was difficult to hear and mumbled through his elaborate musings about the future, but refrained from any off-the-cuff remarks that might have caused Downing Street embarrassment.

The event was held in front of invited guests from the tech industry in a lavish hall in central London's Lancaster House.

Unusually for an event involving the prime minister, TV cameras were not allowed inside, with Downing Street instead releasing their own footage.

Some reporters were allowed to observe - but told they could not ask questions.

The pair discussed the potential benefits of AI, with Mr Musk saying: "One of my sons has trouble making friends and an AI friend would be great for him."

There was also agreement on the possibilities AI presents for young people's learning, with Mr Musk saying it could be "the best and most patient tutor".

But there was a stark warning on the potentially ruinous impact it could have on traditional jobs.

"We are seeing the most disruptive force in history here," Mr Musk said, before speculating: "There will come a point where no job is needed - you can have a job if you want one for personal satisfaction but AI will do everything.

"It's both good and bad - one of the challenges in the future will be how do we find meaning in life."

Amid all the philosophising, there was little in the way of new announcements about how the technology will be employed and regulated in the UK - aside from the prime minister's promise that AI could be used to improve the government's own website.

Mr Musk was one of the star guests at this week's summit - but it briefly looked like the event with Mr Sunak might be a little overshadowed.

Hours before it was due to begin, Mr Musk took to his own website X, formerly known as Twitter, to take a swipe at the summit.

As Mr Sunak was on his feet giving his final press conference at Bletchley Park, Mr Musk shared a cartoon parodying an "AI Safety Summit".

It depicted caricatures representing the UK, European Union, China and the US with speech bubbles reading "We declare that AI posses a potentially catastrophic risk to humankind" - while their thought bubbles read "And I cannot wait to develop it first".

But in the end, the pair appeared at ease together, and Mr Sunak in particular looked in his element - perhaps even slightly bowled over by the controversial billionaire, who he called a "brilliant innovator and technologist".

From the cheap seats behind the dignitaries of the tech world, it was hard to put your finger on who was really the powerful one out of this pair.

Was it Mr Sunak as he asked the celeb tech billionaire questions? Or was it Mr Musk, who did much of the talking?

Either way, both men hope to have a say in whatever our AI future has in store for us.

Additional reporting by Tom Gerken and Shiona McCallum

and get BBC News in your inbox.

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Elon Musk tells Rishi Sunak AI will put an end to work

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The prime minister and the tech billionaire sat down together to talk tech, education - and killer robots.

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Article 4- Influence of mobile apps on the future of businesses 

# data[].attributes.subject
Article 4- Influence of mobile apps on the future of businesses 

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Chloe Pepper

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296321004100

Review:

Title: Mobile apps for SME business sustainability during COVID-19 and onwards

Authors: Sandip Rakshit, Nazrul Islam, Sandeep Mondal and Tripti Paul

Harvard Reference: Rakshit, S., Islam, N., Mondal, S. and Paul, T. (2021) ‘Mobile apps for SME business sustainability during COVID-19 and onwards’ Journal of Business Research 135, 28-39

COVID-19 changed the world we live in today making us even more reliant on technology as a source of nearly everything we do. It’s fast changing nature has made businesses become more adaptable in an ever-changing world. This article gives an insight into the impact of COVID-19 and how technology allowed businesses to survive during the pandemic.

A benefit of the article was represented by a survey that was sent to 343 small and medium sized enterprises (SME’s) to evaluate the effects of mobile apps for business applications for SME’s during COVID-19. The results of the survey were shown in the article which included the unbiased opinions of the SME’s. This suggests that the article provided is a credible source of information.

Moreover, the website that the article is featured on is a well-known website for articles and hosts over 4,000 academic journals, this supports the reliability of the article. On the other hand, a weakness of the article is that was published in 2021 which means the information provided could be slightly out of date therefore impacting some of its relevance to today. However, the authors are this article all have a wide variety of experiences and qualifications as well as many other publishing’s. This collaborative approach could make the article more complete and the findings more authentic.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the increasing impact that technology has had on industries caused by COVID-19.  It demonstrates how businesses were able to survive and work efficiently through the pandemic by the creation of mobile apps. Overall, the article provides the reader with in-depth knowledge as well as facts and figures to back up points and includes primary research to give an unbiased perspective, making the article more authentic.