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(tRNA)

-serves to carry amino acids

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(both DNA and RNA)

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In DNA

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-structural integrity

-aromatic structure

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Carbohydrates are Carbon based molecules the include water in its structure

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Monomer

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-Polymer: two strands twisted around eachother

-eukaryotes and some prokaryotes

-A-T (2 H-Bonds)

-G-C (3 H-Bonds)

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In RNA

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(2 rings)

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(1 ring)

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(both DNA and RNA)

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(DNA Only)

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(both DNA & RNA)

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(RNA Only)

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-dehydration reaction
-a covalent bond that forms polymers

-formed between the phosphate of one and the sugar

of the next nucleotide

-read the structure from the 5’ & 3’ end of the carbons

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(DNA)

-replication of DNA

-transmission of genetic information

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https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/protein-structure/

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https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/protein-structure/

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Monomer

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Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions. Most enzymes are three dimensional globular proteins that fit snugly around molecules they act on.

Example: Glycosidases

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Protein fibers play structural roles. These fibers include keratin in hair, fibrin in blood clots, and collagen. The last one, collagen, forms the matrix of skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones and is the most abundant protein in a vertebrate body.

Example: Collagen

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- move ATP
-move H₂O
-move oxygen
-move energy stored in forms of carbs

Example: Hemoglobin

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monomer

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hydrophobic

monomer

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-human DNA consists of 23 pairs

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Definition

The centromere appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis). Specifically, it is the region where the cell's spindle fibers attach. Following attachment of the spindle fibers to the centromere, the two identical sister chromatids that make up the replicated chromosome are pulled to opposite sides of the dividing cell, such that the two resulting daughter cells end up with identical DNA.

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A centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that separates it into a short arm (p) and a long arm (q).

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Hydrophilic

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Polymer

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(mRNA)

-serves to carry information

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chromosomes aligned at the equator, the kinetochore microtubule connects sister chromatids to opposite poles.

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Simplest carbohydrate with 6 carbons that link together to form polysaccharides

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Example (one of the most important carbohydrates in the human body)

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Example

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Functional Groups containing a carbon double bonded to and oxygen that resided that the end of a carbon chain

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Functional group containing a carbon double bonded to an oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain

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A structure made by linking two or more monosaccharides together

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Di=2

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Oligo= 3-20

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20+ chains, long chains of saccharide molecules

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Required for polymerizatrion

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Hydroxyl group is trans

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Hydroxyl group is cis

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Bonds is formed by a linkage of monosaccharides, these bonds are very stable and not very reactive

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A molecule made of a linkage between two glucose molecules

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Most abundant polysaccharide found in nature

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Polysaccharides that are not soluble in water

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The synthesis of a larger molecule from a smaller molecule when water is released

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Biochemical processes that are vital for all life on earth

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Plants form of acquiring ATP that also produce glucose

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Form of producing ATP that uses glucose as a reactant

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Pathways that use energy from many sources including glucose to produce nucleic acid and nucleotides

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Starting reactant of many metabolic processes, ATP production,  storage, biosynthesis

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Secretes digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar

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Prokaryotes

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(rRNA)

-serves as part of the ribosome to transcribe DNA

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-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

-produces energy from hydrolysis reactions.

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-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

-Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD).

-used during photosynthesis and respiration

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(DNA & RNA)

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-DNA strand wound against a histone protein core

-histone protein regulate accessible genes

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-fibers coiled around histone protein

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Growth period
-G1, S, G2- phases included

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-Grow and repair damages of cell

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-DNA is copied

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-final repairs before division

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Cell Division

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During mitosis, the sister chromatids are segregated into a pair of identical daughter nuclei (Figure 1). Prophase: During prophase, the sister chromatids are condensed. The centrosome outside of the nucleus will separate. The microtubule will form between the centrosomes (poles) to make the mitotic spindle. Prometaphase: The nuclear envelope breaks down.

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- separate daughter cells into distinct paths

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After eating there is a large intake of glucose causing the blood sugar to go up

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Pancreas secretes insulin

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Insulin tells liver to store excess glucose as glycogen

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Blood sugar decreases back to baseline

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Pancreatic Functioning When Not Eating For Long Periods Of Time

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Pancreatic Functioning When Not Eating For Long Periods Of Time