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Alphabet principle is the idea that the letters and letter combinations represent sounds in the spoken language. It is a fundamental concept for reading and writing.

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Graphophonemic relationship is the connection between the sounds of spoken language (phonemes) and the letters of the alphabet.

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Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds in spoken language.

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Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds in spoken words. Skills of phonemic awareness include isolation, blending, segmenting, addition, and deletion.

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A phoneme is a sound or group of different sounds that are perceived to have the same function in spoken language.

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The onset is the part of a single-syllable word before the vowel. The rime is the part of a word including the vowel and the letters that follows.

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Sound matching is the ability to identify words that share the same beginning or ending sound.

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Sound blending is the ability to combine individual sounds (phonemes) together to form a word.

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Sound segmenting is the ability to break down a spoken word into its individual sounds (phonemes).

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Sound addition is adding an extra sound to a word that isn't part of the correct pronunciation.

Sound substitution is replacing one sound with another in a word.