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THE ASSOCIATIVE MACHINE-THINKING FAST AND SLOW

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THE ASSOCIATIVE MACHINE-THINKING FAST AND SLOW

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The priming effect -certain words evoke certain behaviours and actions in us.Repetition causes the brain to adopt to something.

example: tv advert like dettol;now everyone things detol is the best disinfectant and it's a go to.

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Summary of Part 2: Heuristics and Biases (Thinking, Fast and Slow – Daniel Kahneman)

In Part 2, Kahneman explores how people make judgments under uncertainty, relying on mental shortcuts (heuristics) that often lead to systematic errors (biases). He builds on the research he conducted with Amos Tversky, explaining how these heuristics can distort our thinking and lead to predictable mistakes.

Key Concepts in Part 2

1. The Law of Small Numbers

People tend to draw conclusions from small sample sizes, assuming they represent the whole population.

This leads to overgeneralization and erroneous predictions.

2. Anchoring

When making numerical estimates, people rely on an initial reference point (the anchor) and adjust from there, even when the anchor is arbitrary.

Example: If asked whether Gandhi was older than 114 when he died, people will give a higher estimate of his actual age than if the anchor was 35.

3. Availability Heuristic

People judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.

Example: People think plane crashes are more common than they actually are because they are highly publicized, while car accidents (which happen more frequently) seem less dangerous.

4. Substitution

When faced with a difficult question, people unconsciously replace it with an easier one.

Example: Instead of answering “Is this person a good leader?” people might answer “Do I like this person?”

5. Representativeness Heuristic

People judge probabilities based on how much something resembles a stereotype rather than actual statistical probability.

Example: If someone is quiet and loves books, people are more likely to assume they are a librarian rather than a farmer, despite there being far more farmers.

6. Base Rate Neglect

People ignore general statistical information (base rates) in favor of specific anecdotal information.

Example: If told about a person who is shy and loves order, people may assume they are a librarian, ignoring the fact that librarians are much rarer than other professions.

7. Overconfidence and the Illusion of Understanding

People tend to be overconfident in their knowledge and predictions, underestimating randomness and uncertainty.

Example: Business and political forecasts often fail, yet experts remain confident in their predictions.

8. Regression to the Mean

Extreme performances (good or bad) tend to return to average over time.

Example: A student who scores extremely well on one test is likely to score closer to average on the next one, but people often misinterpret this as a decline in ability.

Conclusion

Part 2 highlights how cognitive biases and heuristics influence our decision-making. While these shortcuts help us process information quickly, they also make us prone to errors. Recognizing these biases can help improve our judgments and avoid irrational thinking.

Would you like a deeper discussion on any of these biases?

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Part 1: Two Systems (Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman)

In Part 1: Two Systems, Daniel Kahneman introduces the central idea of the book—the existence of two distinct modes of thinking that shape our judgments and decision-making:

System 1 (Fast Thinking): This system operates automatically and intuitively, requiring little to no effort. It helps us make quick decisions based on patterns, emotions, and past experiences. However, it is prone to biases and errors.

System 2 (Slow Thinking): This system is deliberate, logical, and effortful. It engages in complex reasoning, problem-solving, and critical thinking. While more accurate, it is also slower and requires more cognitive energy.

Kahneman illustrates how these systems interact and sometimes lead to cognitive illusions. He discusses the law of least effort, explaining that our brains prefer to rely on System 1 whenever possible to conserve energy. However, this can result in heuristics (mental shortcuts) and biases that affect our decision-making.

One key experiment he highlights is the bat-and-ball problem, which demonstrates how System 1 can mislead us by jumping to intuitive but incorrect conclusions.

Key Takeaways from Part 1:

✔️ We rely on both fast (intuitive) and slow (deliberate) thinking in daily life.
✔️ System 1 is efficient but prone to biases.
✔️ System 2 is more accurate but requires mental effort.
✔️ Understanding these systems can help us recognize and avoid cognitive errors.

This section sets the foundation for the rest of the book, exploring how our minds work and why we often make irrational decisions.

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The Vanishing Half by Brit Bennett is divided into several sections, each covering different periods in the lives of the twin sisters, Desiree and Stella, and their families. The novel is not explicitly divided into numbered chapters, but it follows a chronological structure with shifts in time and perspective.

Breakdown of the book’s sections:

1. 1968 – Desiree Returns to Mallard

Desiree Vignes returns to her hometown of Mallard, Louisiana, with her dark-skinned daughter, Jude, after escaping an abusive marriage.

The town, founded by light-skinned Black people, is shocked by her return.

Desiree reconnects with her mother while trying to rebuild her life.

2. Stella’s New Life

Stella leaves Desiree behind and passes as white, marrying a wealthy white man and starting a life of secrecy.

She struggles with her identity and the fear of being discovered.

She has a daughter, Kennedy, who grows up unaware of her Black heritage.

3. 1980s – The Daughters’ Lives Intertwine

Jude, Desiree’s daughter, moves to California for college, where she unexpectedly meets Kennedy, Stella’s daughter.

Their lives become intertwined, exposing the secrets of their mothers.

Stella grapples with her choice to pass as white and what it has cost her.

4. Reckoning and Resolution

Stella and Desiree must face the consequences of their choices.

Their daughters struggle with their identities and family history.

The novel explores themes of race, identity, and the meaning of family.