# data[].attributes.body
Mature cells first reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells

was heralded as a major breakthrough of the decade in stem cell research

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James Watson and Francis Crick elucidate the structure of DNA

double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome

Its stated goal is to experimentally observe all of the proteins produced by the sequences translated from the human genome.

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U.S. Supreme Court rules that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented

they said that human genes can't be patented because they are a "product of nature."

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DNA fingerprinting evidence is used for the first time in court

to verify a suspect's confession that he was responsible for two rape-murders. Tests proved that the suspect had not committed the crimes.

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FDA approves its first plant-based recombinant drug, Eleyso for treating Gaucher disease

Gaucher disease is passed down from parents to children (is inherited). It is caused by a problem with the GBA gene

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Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produce the first monoclonal antibodies

They immortalized antibody producing cells by fusing them with tumour cells.

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Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in England

Anaerobic bacteria are used in wastewater treatment on a normal basis

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Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria

They demonstrated that the gene for frog ribosomal RNA could be transferred into bacterial cells and expressed by them

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FDA approves Provenge, the first cancer vaccine for prostate cancer. Craig Venter and colleagues create the first synthetic cell.

cellular immunotherapy, for the treatment of patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

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First patients receive CRISPR-based treatment for genetic disorders

First sickle cell patient treated with CRISPR gene-editing still thriving

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Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin

This discovery led to the introduction of antibiotics that greatly reduced the number of deaths from infection.

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First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

The plants were genetically modified to increase their production of starch and sugars,

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FDA approves Herceptin, a breast cancer drug targeted to a particular cancer genotype, the first form of personalized medicine

It targets an epidermal growth factor receptor encoded by the ERBB2 gene, which is commonly referred to as the HER2 gene

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Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

a small amount of DNA can be copied in large quantities over a short period of time By applying heat

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Robert Koch publishes his postulates to determine causal relationships between microbes and disease

a micro-organism was the cause of an infectious disease

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Egyptians use yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread

That yeast then eats up the sugar and creates alcohol, carbonation, and other compounds

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The first genetically modified staple crops are grown by farmers for commercial use

The first genetically modified plant (GMP) was a tobacco resistant to antibiotics

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FDA approves recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), branded as Posilac, to increase milk production in dairy cows

growth hormone, is an animal drug approved by FDA to increase milk production in dairy cows

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Commercial production of Bacillus thuringiensis as a biopesticide begins in France for control of corn borers

used commercially to control insects important to agriculture and public health

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The term “biotechnology” is used for the first time in print by Hungarian Karl Erek

Biotechnology is a manipulation of organisms or their parts to create products and/or services that benefit society.

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Human adult skin cells are reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, for the first time opening the door for personalized stem cell therapies

kin cells into cells with the same unlimited properties as embryonic stem cells without using embryos or eggs

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Bio-Rad develops a test for developing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease)

The TeSeE assay was declared the most sensitive rapid assay for bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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FDA approves first CAR-T therapies for leukemia and lymphoma

The five CAR-T cell therapies approved were Abecma, Breyanzi, Kymriah, Tecartus and Yescarta.

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The Human Genome Project is launched

to discover all the estimated 20,000-25,000 human genes and make them accessible for further biological study

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CHY-MAX, an enzyme used for making cheese, is the first product of recombinant DNA technology to be used in the U.S. food industry

CHY-MAX produced chymosin which causes very high milk-clotting combined with reproduced proteolytic activity.

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The US Supreme Court approves the principal of patenting an organism, allowing oil company Exxon to patent an oil-eating bacterium

biotechnological inventions must fulfil three basic requirements to be patentable: they must be novel; they must be inventive; and. they must have industrial applicability.

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Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut created Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal from an adult cell

Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from the mammary gland of a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep and an egg cell taken from a Scottish Blackface sheep.

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The first biotechnology drug, recombinant human insulin, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and marketed under the brand name Humulin

first human insulin for diabetes treatment created using recombinant insulin DNA technology.

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Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation

was able to devise a process
now known as pasteurization, to kill microbes and preserve certain products.

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The CRISPR DNA locus is first characterized

design the customizable guide RNA to target your DNA sequence

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CRISPR-Cas9 system first demonstrated as a tool for editing DNA in eukaryotic cells

fastes way of editing DNA

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he first draft of the complete human genome is released

covers more than 90% of human genome

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Chinese use moldy soybeans to treat boils, the first use of an antibiotic

produces penicillin may have been the mold present in the soybean curds.

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GFP first isolation
GFP traditionally refers to the protein first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea