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Research Guides: APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Blog post

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A guide to help users create citations using APA (American Psychological Association) style, 7th edition.

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I just marked 8 PM601 essays. 4 of them had fake sources. It takes AGES for me to investigate, then the students have to attend an Academic Misconduct meet, then you get a grade 0 and have to write the report again. Please don't do it.

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Friday 20th June at 3pm: Final Submission

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Friday 20th June at 3pm: Final Submission

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Your choice regarding cookies on this site

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You are currently using guest access (Log in)

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Watch slides 23-35 for a really good example presentation

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Watch slides 23-35 for a really good example presentation

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14.2 Analysing Sample Presentations Lesson - PPT  14.2 (9)

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10.2 Introduction Planning Template 2025

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Remember if it is is even 1 minute late, there is a 15% late penalty

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Remember if it is is even 1 minute late, there is a 15% late penalty

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ALL the language you need is on here, you can look at it by function

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This study set out to …This paper has argued that …This essay has discussed the reasons for …In this investigation, the aim was to assess …The aim of the present research was to examine …The purpose of the current study was to determine …The main goal of the current study was to determine …This proj…

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Rough Guide for each section (word count)

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Rough Guide for each section (word count)

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Introduction 200-250 words

3 xMain Body sections 500-600 words each

Conclusion 200-250 words

Title page and references are NOT included in word count

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Example of a Well Structured Contents Page

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Example of a Well Structured Contents Page

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Example contents page of a well-structured report (1) (25)

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Some of the material on the VLE Mentions the old word count, 2,500 (+/- 20%) so that was a max of 3,000 words.

THIS YEAR the word count is lower at 2,000 (+/- 20%) so around 2,400 is the maximum (min 1,600). BUT there is no specific penalty for going over, you might get a lower mark under task achievement.

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Here is an example of a High Graded Report

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Here is an example of a High Graded Report

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-If a tutor suspects you have submitted work that it is not your own, they will start the process of 'Academic Misconduct'. This could result in a score of zero, or even a disciplinary process resulting in you being told to leave the college permanently. Don't do it!

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In the introduction, you need to:
- introduce the topic and its context
- define any key ideas (if necessary)
- explain the problem, controversy or gap in knowledge (i.e. why this topic is being discussed)
- state your aim
- thesis statement
- explain the structure of your project

There is useful language for introductions here:
click me

There is a checklist for 'things to include in an introduction' in your E book on p80 '2.1'.

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Each section needs a numbered  heading, e.g.

1. Introduction
2.1. The title of your first main body
2.2. The title of your second main body
2.3. The title of your third main body
3. Conclusion
4. Reference list

**If you are splitting your main body sections into smaller sections, they must be numbered too, eg
2.1.1
2.1.2

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All of your opinions must be supported by evidence that is cited in your text.
Examples of citations:

According to Smith (2007), funding is one of the main problems which educators face.

Jones (2009) states that state governments should do more to address the problem.

Planget's theory (2002) is that classroom size is inversely related to the ease of classroom management.

An opposing viewpoint is expressed by Carlson (2003).

Liverpool has experienced serious problems with its public transport system (Smith, 2010).

Common mistakes:

According to (Smith 2007), funding is one of the main problems which educators face.

Liverpool has experienced serious problems with its public transport system. (Smith, 2010).

Liverpool has experienced serious problems with its public transport system (Smith,2010).

Jones(2009) states that state governments should do more to address the problem.

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Each paragraph should have:
- a claim (your idea)
- evidence (that supports your idea) with citations
- interpretation (explaining your evidence further)

You can see some examples of good paragraph structure in the "Claim, Evidence, Interpretation" document on teams

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You can see how to write references here: https://www-citethemrightonline-com.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/

or use this:

https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/generator/apa/

You can see an example reference list on the example reports

Remember your references should be in alphabetical order.
APA style

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APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. The Scribbr APA Reference Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free.

This referencing guide outlines the most important referencing guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th edition, Vancouver Style, and Harvard Style.

APA in-text citations

The basics

In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the full reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else's ideas or words.

An APA in-text citation consists of the author's last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you're citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 170).

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr's APA Citation Generator.

Parenthetical citation: According to new research ... (Smith, 2020).

Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that ...

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

*Format the title in the same way as in the corresponding reference entry (either italicized or, if the title in the reference entry is not italicized, placed in quotation marks). Use title case capitalization.

Get started

APA references

The basics

APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr's Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.
Generate APA references for free
Missing information

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

Formatting the APA reference page

The basics

On the reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited throughout your paper. Place the page, right after the main body and before any appendices.

On the first line of the page, write the word "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order.

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

Double spacing (within and between references)

Hanging indent of ½ inch

Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)

Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can't access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Get started

Tools and resources

In addition to the APA Reference Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.

Citation Checker: Upload your paper and have artificial intelligence check your citations for errors and inconsistencies.

Free plagiarism checker: Detect, understand, and resolve plagiarism by comparing your paper with billions of sources.

Proofreading services: Have a professional editor (or team of editors) improve your writing so you can submit your paper with pride and confidence.

Guides and videos: Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

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Scribbr APA Reference Generator | Start citing!

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APA referencing guidelines APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. The Scribbr APA

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In your conclusion, you should
- summarise the ideas in your main body section
- re-state your thesis statement
- give a prediction for the future (optional)/offer recommendations for eg. governments.
-mention a need for further research and why (optional).

There is a checklist for 'things to include in a conclusion ' in your E book on p87 '6.1'

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Number of Working days and penalties applied
Late Penalty Applied
1 85% of original mark (i.e. reduced by 15%)
2 80% of original mark (i.e. reduced by 20%)
3 75% of original mark (i.e. reduced by 25%)
>3 Zero mark awarded

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-Topic sentence in each paragraph
-No personal pronouns (e.g I, You, we)
-No contractions (e.g can't -> can not)
-Use academic vocabulary
-Check references are consistent
-No phrasal verbs (e.g carry out -> conduct)
-Answer the question always!
- Have a thesis statement and ensure all writing relates to this
-Hedging (using caution)
-Nominalisation
-Use passive voice to remove personal aspect
-No personal opinion (e.g it's terrible, wonderful, good, bad etc)

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The Written Report must be submitted on the Pathways VLE.

Submissions must be correctly titled using the following pattern:

‘STUDENT NUMBER - GROUP NAME - TUTOR’S NAME’

Eg.’102648-M27-Ben Windle’

Do not write your name anywhere on the document that you submit.

Format all submissions for this assessment following these requirements:

·         Use Arial or Calibri font, size 12

·         Use single spaces between lines, double spaces between paragraphs and standard document margins

·         Include a header stating the title of your report and P number

·         Number all pages included in the assignment

·         Include a title page with the following information:

o   Module Code (e.g. FC300M)

o   Class/Group (e.g. Group A)

o   Module Title (Extended Project)

o   Assessment Type (e.g. Extended Project Summative Task 2)

o   Module Tutor Name

o   Student ID Number

o   Date of Submission

o   Word count