# data[].attributes.body
1817 - The Elementary School Act of 1817
"I think by far the most important bill in our whole code is that for the diffusion of knowlege among the people. no other sure foundation can be devised for the preservation of freedom, and happiness"
Thomas Jefferson's belief that providing locally  governed education in the areas of reading, writing, and arithmetic for all citizens is necessary to prevent overbearing government control (Carpenter, 2004). He also believed that schools were responsible for teaching citizenship and civic responsibility.

# data[].attributes.headline
John Dewey (1859-1952) and the Progressive Movement in Education

# data[].attributes.subject
John Dewey (1859-1952) and the Progressive Movement in Education

# data[].attributes.body
John Dewey believed that meaningful learning is participatory, and he emphasized relevance over authoritarianism. His theory was also linear in that the past and the present shapes the future. An individuals' past experiences are relevant to shaping one's learning

# data[].attributes.headline
Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka (1954)

# data[].attributes.subject
Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka (1954)

# data[].attributes.body
Brown vs. the Board of Education was a landmark case which declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. Desegregation of schools created a learning environment where the students and teachers had vastly differing historical contexts and socio-economic experiences. Although society today has a greater awareness of the importance of historical context, work to bridge achievement and equality gaps continue

# data[].attributes.headline
Taxonomies of Learning and Mastery Learning (1956 - present)

# data[].attributes.subject
Taxonomies of Learning and Mastery Learning (1956 - present)

# data[].attributes.body
Professor Benjamin Bloom created a hierarchy of learning levels which are designed to build upon one another and increase in complexity. Bloom's work contributed to the understanding of systematic learning based on student understanding and need.  Bloom believed that student achievement was directly tied to environment and differentiation of content when delivered with enough time to master and reflect on the learning (Kinnes, 2016).

# data[].attributes.headline
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)

# data[].attributes.subject
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)

# data[].attributes.body
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was Lyndon B. Johnson's attempt to address the educational needs of children living in poverty by allocating federal dollars earmarked for at-risk students. The act allocates funds to provide for materials, professional development, educational opportunities, and parent engagement.

# data[].attributes.body
The Back to the Basics movement in education is a response to decreasing assessment scores and a perceived lack of focus by the schools on the core skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Back to the Basics proponents advocate for a focus on core academics through the use of drills and rote memorization

# data[].attributes.headline
A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century (1986)

# data[].attributes.subject
A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century (1986)

# data[].attributes.body
A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century highlighted the need for consistent quality teacher training and the challenges inherent in sustaining and empowering highly qualified educators within a professional standard. The report recommended the formation of a national board to standardize teaching standards and methods separate from state certification processes

# data[].attributes.headline
Professional Learning Communities (1989- )

# data[].attributes.subject
Professional Learning Communities (1989- )

# data[].attributes.body
Schools engaging in Professional Learning Communities (PLC) improve student performance through the use of a shared vision, collaboration, and an ongoing commitment by teachers to professional growth. A PLC culture is difficult to implement with fidelity due to the isolated nature of teaching and long-standing norms. However, intentionally implemented PLCs demonstrate improvement in campus climate and student performance

# data[].attributes.body
Classrooms have been equipped with computers since the mid 1980's, however, the ready access of information made available by the internet has major implications on teaching and learning.
Consider this, "Google is to students today what notebook paper was to the children of generations past" (Stice, n.d., para 1). Level one memorization skills are less important today than they were five years ago. Easy access to information allows students to search for basic information and then learn use that information in higher level ways

# data[].attributes.headline
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (2007)

# data[].attributes.subject
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (2007)

# data[].attributes.body
Growth mindset is a study indicating that successful individuals possess skills like perseverance and determination and that an individual's success is not necessarily based on intelligence. Dr. Dweck further indicates that mindset is fluid and can be changed. This theory could prove to have major implications for at-risk students (Dweck, 2008).