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The concept of transformational leadership was first introduced by James V. Downton in 1973 and was later expanded in 1978 by political sociologist James MacGregor Burns. Burns declared that this type of leadership was a transformative process in which leaders and followers help one another boost morale, engagement, and motivation to impact goal achievement for the organization. This theory suggests that the needs of the followers have equal importance to the goals of the organization. For this leadership style to be effective, transformational leaders must establish the overarching concepts of the leadership style early on with the followers. Doing so will inspire and transform the team into more productive and dynamic individuals who better align themselves with the vision of the organization.

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Transformational leadership is a positive approach that aims to change and transform individuals by focusing on values, emotions, standards, goal setting, and ethics. A transformational leader strives to push followers to achieve more for themselves than they believe they can, following the elements of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.

Transformational leaders are well-organized, team-oriented, respected by others, serves as a coach, instills responsibility for the team, and has great personal influence. This type of leader strives to maximize the capability and capacity of the team by conveying new ideas and establishing rapport as a team to balance the organization's short-term and long-term goals.

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A transformational leader's approach utilizes 4 core concepts to achieve organizational outcomes:

1. Idealized influence

A leader with individualized influence serves as a role model for ethical behavior, clearly identifies what is expected of the follower, and encourages the follower to pursue goals aligned with the organization. The leader clearly interacts with followers, identifies with self-efficacy, and shows a strong commitment to the team and organization.

2. Inspirational motivation

A leader with inspirational motivation articulates their vision to followers, motivating them to exceed expectations within the organization. The leader will inspire and challenge followers in order to contribute to the goals of the organization and the effectiveness of the team.

3. Intellectual stimulation

A leader with intellectual stimulation frequently explores new ways of doing things. The leader will encourage the followers to problem-solve, produce new ideas, and effectively discover solutions for team issues. The leader empowers followers to ask questions by creating a safe environment to share different perspectives.

4. Individualized consideration

A leader with individualized consideration takes careful consideration of each follower's strengths and delegates tasks based on individual ability. The leader helps the follower achieve personal objectives and organizational goals by delegating tasks that will help with the development of new skills. The leader is open-minded in regard to concerns of followers, and provides adequate support and guidance to accommodate for members of the team.

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Transformational leaders envision the future of their organization, embody its mission and values passionately, and inspire others to collaborate using their individual talents to achieve a common goal. OTs may view transformational leadership through the lens of MOHO, as their foundations closely align. MOHO’s concept of Volition relates to Inspirational Motivation, as both involve understanding what influences individuals to engage in action by taking into account their values, goals, and visions. Idealized Influence relates to MOHO’s Habituation, as it acknowledges that attitudes and patterns of behavior are internalized by an individual when represented in their environment, and thus encourages leaders to inspire others through continual demonstration of their values in their everyday actions. Furthermore, MOHO’s Performance relates to Intellectual Stimulation and Individualized Consideration, promoting individuals’ unique strengths and talents. For instance, a transformational leader will likely practice willingness to admit when they are wrong, fostering an environment that is conducive to open discourse; they encourage participants to contribute their distinctive ideas and perspectives, and welcome constructive feedback.

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Nelson Mandela: Nelson Mandela's leadership style encompasses values that look far beyond his own needs for the greater good of humanity. His beliefs helped opened the country's eyes to the unfairness and inequalities of the current government. His actions and words inspired people to demand change. Nelson Mandela created a new culture of peace, acceptance, and forgiveness, which transformed not only South Africa but the hearts and minds of many throughout the world.

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Transformational Leadership: Linked to Popular Culture Characters

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Transformational Leadership: Linked to Popular Culture Characters

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Albus Dumbledore: Professor Dumbledore of J.K. Rowlings "Harry Potter" series, is a man of much wisdom and his leadership focuses on the empowerment and development of his faculty and students. He is enthusiastic and passionate about the cause of the people and cares deeply for what is good for the people. He takes on problems with a holistic view by treating himself and his students as one.

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The Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Employee Job Satisfaction

This scoping review showed that idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration are found to contribute to job satisfaction, where employees reported feeling significantly satisfied when their supervisor practiced characteristics of transformational leadership style in comparison to other factors such as organizational commitment (Skopak & Hadzaihmetovic, 2022).

Leadership in Allied Health: A Review of the Literature

This review found transformational leadership to be associated with facilitating high-quality, person-centered healthcare. It characterizes transformational leaders as displaying a range of characteristics and behaviors including bringing vision, inspiration and empowerment leading to greater influence, motivation and intellectual stimulation of followers. In comparing reported use of transformational leadership among leaders in healthcare, scores were higher for occupational therapy, speech and language pathology and physiotherapy than for dietetics, podiatry and radiography (Bradd et al, 2017).

Transformational and Visionary Leadership in Occupational Therapy Management and Administration

This study characterizes various components of Transformational leadership in OT management, emphasizing attributes found effective in promoting positive work culture, such as positive reinforcement which was found effective in promoting desired behaviors from employees, including verbal and written praise in both spontaneous recognition and through formal employee reviews. Active listening–using full attention and remaining non-judgemental–and effective communication are shown to help a manager establish trust among employees and contribute to employee motivation and job satisfaction (Phipps, 2015).

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Bradd, P., Travaglia, J., & Hayen, A. (2017). Leadership in Allied Health: A Review of the literature. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, 12(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v12i1.103

Delves, R. (2022, May 4). Wizarding wisdom: A lesson in leadership from Professor Dumbledore. Hult International Business School. https://www.hult.edu/blog/dumbledore-leadership/

Dunbar, S.B., & Winston, K. (2022).  An occupational perspective on leadership: Theoretical and practical dimensions (3rd Ed). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK, Inc.

Phipps, S. (2015). Transformational and Visionary Leadership in Occupational Therapy Management and Administration. American Occupational Therapy Association, CE-1-CE-7.

Skopak, A., & Hadzaihmetovic, N. (2022). The Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Employee Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.8.10001-3

St. Thomas University. (2014). What is transformational leadership? How new ideas produce impressive results. https://online.stu.edu/degrees/education/what-is-transformational-leadership/

Ugochukwu, C. (2021). Transformational leadership. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-transformational-leadership.html

University of Massachusetts Global. (n.d.). What is transformational leadership? Understanding the impact of inspirational guidance. https://www.umassglobal.edu/news-and-events/blog/what-is-transformational-leadership