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• Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and exchange genetic material (crossing over).

• Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate.

• Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.

• Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Two haploid cells are formed.

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2. Meiosis II (Similar to Mitosis):

• Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis occur, separating sister chromatids into four genetically unique haploid cells.

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Meiosis Produces 4 genetically diverse haploid cells.

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• Mitosis: Produces 2 identical diploid cells.

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How Chromosome Behavior in Meiosis Generates Variation

*Crossing Over (Prophase I): Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes creates new combinations of alleles.

• Independent Assortment (Metaphase I): Homologous chromosome pairs align randomly at the metaphase plate, leading to various combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.

• Fertilization: Combines genetic material from two parents, further increasing genetic diversity.

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Mitosis:

• Goal: To produce two genetically identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

• Key Steps:

1. Interphase: DNA is replicated, resulting in two identical sets of chromosomes.

2. Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

3. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.

4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

5. Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes.

6. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, resulting in two identical diploid cells.

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Clark, M. A., Douglas, M., & Choi, J. (2020). Biology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e

• Freeman, S., Quillin, K., & Allison, L. (2021). Biological science (7th ed.). Pearson Education.

• Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C., & Hacker, S. D. (2020). Life: The science of biology (12th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.

• Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Reece, J. B. (2021). Campbell biology (12th ed.). Pearson Education.

• Griffiths, A. J. F., Wessler, S. R., Carroll, S. B., & Doebley, J. (2020). Introduction to genetic analysis (12th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.

Images

https://twitter.com/bit_syans/status/1302638767455571968

https://www.facebook.com/AmoebaSisters/videos/mitosis-vs-meiosis-gif-by-amoeba-sisters/2061285224101253/

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Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).

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