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As the British government took over most areas of India in 1858, Parliament's involvement in Indian affairs increased. British rule over India was reinforced when in 1876 Parliament passed the Royal Titles Act, which formally endowed Queen Victoria with the title of Empress of India.

However, the setting up of democracy in India also prepared for the rise of nationalism. In 1885 a group of Indian nationalists founded the India National Congress and slowly Indians began to play an increasing role in politics in both India and the Empire.

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Despite the exploitation of British governance and commodity trade(lead to deindustrialisation). India’s democracy system is eventually set up and the country is unified, potentially giving power to the later rise of India’s nationalist as they start to have official power in the parliament.

And sending indian soldiers oversea eventually creates a sort of ‘diaspora Indians’, they became the connection between Indian people to the globe

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In 1905, the British viceroy announced that the province would be divided into two, in order to provide more efficient administration. This partition created an eastern province with a Muslim majority, and a western part in which Bihari- and Oriya-speaking Hindus were in the majority. Bengali-speaking Hindus saw the partition as a threat to their position in the region and a deliberate attempt by Britain to weaken Bengali nationalism. The partition promoted an anti-partition movement, it led to a boycott which dropped British imports by 25%.

The confrontation over Bengal radicalised parts of the Congress and a revolutionary wing, called the New Party, emerged. This movement makes the independent more radical and marginalised moderate faction.

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The partition resulted in the conflict between the colonial government and Indian nationalist, which raised and radicalised nationalism by againsting the British government. The Indian people learned from experience of leading the movement, which affected the latter non-cooperation movement.

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During World War I, India supported Britain as it was part of the British Empire.Indian industries, like cotton textiles and steel, grew because of high demand during the war.

Many Indian soldiers fought for Britain in different parts of the world.

The war caused shortages and high prices of food and goods in India.

Indian farmers struggled as they had to pay heavy taxes, even though their income was low.

After the war, India faced economic problems, and many people began to demand independence from British rule.

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During World War One, India sent many soldiers and resources to help Britain in the war. Some leaders like Tilak think helping Britain will make India get more freedom after war. But many Indians become angry because of high taxes, more people forced to join the army, and problems for Muslims because the Ottoman Empire was with Germany. Soldiers who come back see how rich Britain and France are, but India stays very poor, so they hope for change. Instead, Britain made strict rules, and things became worse with a big flu sickness in 1918 that killed many people.

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During World War I, industries like cotton textiles and iron and steel in India grew because of high demand, but agriculture faced problems, especially after the war. The Great Depression of 1929 caused a drop in export crop prices, leaving farmers in debt and forcing many to lose their land and become unemployed. This led to many rural people moving to cities for work, increasing urban unemployment and fueling civil unrest in the 1930s.

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The economic situation forced people and farmers to join nationalist movement, it created more homeless and radicalised the Indian workers, which raised nationalism.

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The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941 following a meeting of the two heads of government in Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter provided a broad statement of U.S. and British war aims.

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The Atlantic Charter had a significant impact on the world, including colonies like India. It was a statement made in 1941 by Britain and the USA, promising self-determination and freedom for all nations after World War II. Many Indians saw it as hope for gaining independence from British rule. However, Britain later clarified that it applied only to European countries, which made Indians angry. This disappointment increased protests and strengthened the demand for independence in India.

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The Amritsar Massacre, or Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, was a tragic event in India’s fight for independence. On April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, a large crowd of unarmed Indians gathered in a garden called Jallianwala Bagh. Some were there to protest British laws, while others were celebrating a festival. British General Dyer, who had banned public gatherings, ordered his soldiers to block the exits and fire on the crowd without warning. Hundreds were killed, and over a thousand were injured. This brutal act shocked people worldwide and strengthened India’s determination to gain independence.

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The Amritsar Massacre greatly increased Indian nationalism by showing the cruelty of British rule. Before the massacre, many Indians still hoped for fair treatment from the British. But after British soldiers killed unarmed people, it became clear that the British saw Indian lives as less important. The massacre united Indians in their anger and sadness. People from different regions and backgrounds felt a common sense of injustice. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi used this event to encourage more Indians to join the fight for independence. The massacre became a symbol of British cruelty and inspired Indians to work together for freedom

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The Non-Cooperation Movement was a large, peaceful protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 to resist British rule in India. Gandhi encouraged Indians to stop cooperating with the British by boycotting British goods, schools, courts, and jobs. People were asked to make their own cloth instead of buying British textiles, and many students left British schools to join Indian ones. Millions of Indians joined the movement, making it one of the biggest protests against British rule. In 1922, however, violence broke out in Chauri Chaura, where protesters burned a police station, and Gandhi decided to end the movement to keep it peaceful. Although it ended early, the Non-Cooperation Movement brought Indians together and strengthened their desire for independence.

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The Non-Cooperation Movement increased Indian nationalism by bringing people together to peacefully resist British rule. Millions of Indians boycotted British goods, schools, and jobs, showing that they could stand on their own without British support. This united action helped Indians feel proud of their culture and more connected to each other. By using Indian-made products and supporting local businesses, people began to believe in India’s ability to be independent. Gandhi’s leadership showed them that working together peacefully could lead to freedom. This movement strengthened the desire for independence and inspired future efforts to unite against British rule.

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In 1931, Gandhi visited Britain to attend the Second Round Table Conference, where Indian and British leaders discussed India’s future. Representing the Indian National Congress, Gandhi pushed for self-rule and an end to British control. During his visit, he met with British officials, citizens, and even visited poor neighbourhoods. His simple clothes and humble lifestyle stood out, showing a sharp contrast to British leaders. Although the conference did not lead to independence, Gandhi’s visit spread awareness of India’s struggle and gained sympathy from the British public, helping build international support for India’s cause.

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Gandhi’s visit to Britain in 1931 increased Indian nationalism by showing that their fight for independence was gaining respect and support worldwide. His simple, humble style stood out in Britain and made Indians proud, showing the moral strength of their movement. Seeing Gandhi in the heart of the British Empire gave Indians hope that their efforts were making a difference. This inspired them to unite even more and believe that, with patience and nonviolence, freedom was possible.

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The Quit India Campaign was a big protest for Indian independence started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress in 1942. Gandhi urged the British to leave India immediately, saying, “Do or Die,” and called on Indians to peacefully fight for freedom. People across India joined in protests, strikes, and demonstrations, refusing to work in British jobs. The British responded by arresting Gandhi and many other leaders and used force to stop the movement. Although it was suppressed, the Quit India Campaign united Indians and strengthened their demand for freedom, leading to independence in 1947.

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The Quit India Campaign boosted Indian nationalism by bringing people together in a strong demand for freedom. Gandhi’s call for the British to “Quit India” inspired people from all backgrounds to join protests and strikes, creating a powerful sense of unity.The British reacted by arresting leaders and using force, which only made Indians more determined. Seeing leaders like Gandhi willing to go to prison motivated people to support the cause even more. The Quit India Campaign showed that Indians were united and ready to work together for independence, making their push for freedom stronger.