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1. Post a picture or image of a rock formation, or structure.

2. Give a short description of the kind of rock and how it is formed or what we use it for.

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Today i learned about Igneous Rocks. Since this was given to our group as an activity, i took the advantage to learn about it. And i found out that Igneous rocks have many uses, including in construction, as abrasives, and as sources of minerals.

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Magma is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface. Earth has a layered structure that consists of the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. Much of the planet's mantle consists of magma. This magma can push through holes or cracks in the crust, causing a volcanic eruption. Magma is primarily a very hot liquid, which is called a 'melt.' It is formed from the melting of rocks in the earth's lithosphere, which is the outermost shell of the earth made of the earth's crust and upper part of the mantle, and the asthenosphere, which is the layer below the lithosphere.

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Jade is a precious stone that has been highly valued for thousands of years can be extremely expensive. The price of jade depends on factors such as its color, translucency, texture, jade is primarily made of the mineral actinolite, which is a variety of amphibole minerals. Its formation is tied to high-pressure, low-temperature conditions, typically within tectonically active regions.

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Obsidian is a natural volcanic glass like stone of balck oily cement in naturally form internally quenched lava which crystal does not have time to crystallize. It is usually black and glassy and consists mainly of silica, which produces very sharp glass when broken off. This exceptional property made it useful for various kinds of implements and weaponry, such as arrowheads and blades, in prehistoric and historic times. Nowadays, looking glass is more used for adornment purposes such as decorative art, jewelry or sculpture. Its deep roots are historically connected with cultures such as the Mayans and the Aztecs who considered it precious not just for its aesthetics but for its purpose. Obsidian is also believed to bring protection and grounding in various beliefs.

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Sedimentary rock is formed when pre-existing rocks or organic material accumulate on the Earth's surface and are compacted and cemented together

But in this case this is an artificial rock called Hollow block which is used for construction and other building projects

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Dela Cruz, Alyssa Bernadette B.        11- STEM 11AM

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Dela Cruz, Alyssa Bernadette B.        11- STEM 11AM

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Example: Slate

Texture: Foliated; Very fine-grained.

Slate is a fine-grained, metamorphic rock that shows no obvious compositional layering but can easily be split into thin slabs and plates. It is usually formed by low-grade regional metamorphism of mudrock.

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Marble

Formation: Forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolomite under heat and pressure, which recrystallizes the carbonate minerals.

Texture: Non-foliated, with a smooth, crystalline texture. The size of crystals depends on the degree of metamorphism.

location: Found in areas where limestone or dolomite has been subjected to heat and pressure.

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Marble is a metamorphic rock generated when limestone is heated and pressured. Marble occurs under such conditions because the calcite in the limestone recrystallizes, resulting in a denser rock with roughly equigranular calcite crystals.

Structure :

consisting of carbonate minerals most commonly calcite or dolomite that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure. It has a crystalline texture, and is typically not foliated (layered) although there are exceptions.

Formation :

Marble is formed when a limestone rock that already exists is heated to such high temperatures that the minerals expand and fuse together. The dark, foliated streaks cutting through the marble are a separate type of metamorphic rock, like slate.

Uses :

Marbles are used principally for buildings and monuments, interior decoration, statuary, table tops, and novelties. Color and appearance are their most important qualities.

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LIMESTONE

Limestone is a sedimentary rock made mostly of calcium carbonate. It forms in places like oceans and lakes where tiny sea creatures, shells, and coral break down and pile up over time, or when water evaporates, leaving behind minerals. People use limestone in many ways: it's a popular building material because it’s easy to cut and lasts a long time, it’s used to make cement, and it’s even helpful in agriculture to balance soil that’s too acidic. Limestone is also used in water treatment to clean and filter water. Its versatility makes limestone a very useful and widely used rock.

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Granite is an igneous rock, which means that it is formed when the magma of the volcano oxidises and then begins to slowly solidify under the ground. Since magma contains a variety of minerals and chemicals, various reactions lead to the formation of various kinds of igneous rocks. In the case of granite, the rock is made up mostly of quartz, with variable amounts of plagioclase and feldspar. When the magma of the volcano forms, silica (in high content) along with the oxides of alkali metals gradually solidify and lead to forming the granite stone. It is found mostly in the earth’s continental crust. This mineral composition usually gives granite a red, pink, gray, or white color with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock. Granite is the most used in the kitchen of houses as kitchen countertops. Due to their polished and shiny appearance, they are used extensively in kitchens as countertops, backsplashes, etc., around the world.

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Basalt (Sedimentary rock) , (extrusive)igneous (volcanic) rock that is low in silica content, dark in colour, and comparatively rich in iron and magnesium. Some basalts are quite glassy (tachylytes), and many are very fine-grained and compact.

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For today's lesson, I have learned that there are different kinds of rocks and how they are formed in the process of volcanic erruptions. I also learned about their different uses.

But this specific rock is called a Marble rock. It is an example of a metamorphic rock, it is made of metamorphosed limestone and composed with other minerals and because of its "Marble Effect" it makes it more beautiful.

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Basalt is dark-colored, fine-grained igneous rock. It most commonly forms as an extrusive rock which is from lava but can also form in small intrusive bodies. It is also the most abundant bedrock of the Earth. This rock is most commonly used in construction, like in building blocks, cobblestones, and statues.

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Noguera, Jean Valerie E.

11 STEM-11AM

“ Uluru (Ayers Rock) ”

I choose Uluru (Ayers Rock) because it’s a majestic sandstone monolith in central Australia, formed by the erosion of ancient sedimentary rock over millions of years. It is a sacred site for the Anangu people and a globally recognized natural wonder, primarily used for cultural and spiritual purposes by the Anangu, and for tourism and appreciation by visitors. Known for its stunning views and cultural significance, Uluru is a special place to visit, with its bright red color changing throughout the day.

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Andesite is a volcanic rock made up of primarily Andesine, Plagioclase, Pyroxene, or Hornblende. andesite is usually a light to dark gray in color, due to it's content of hornblende and pyroxene minerals. It is formed when volcanic magma erupt and crystallizes outside the volcano. because of the strength and durability of andesite it is used in road construction, creation of monuments, statues and sculptures.

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Quartzite is a very hard rock composed predominantly of an interlocking mosaic of quartz crystals. The grainy, sandpaper-like surface is glassy in appearance.

Formation:

Quartzite is formed when quartz-rich sandstone or chert has been exposed to high temperatures and pressures.

Uses:

Quartzite is used to make roofing tiles, stairs, and flooring.

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Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks. The picture above is a limestone, A type of common sedimentary rock. It is used to build structures such as buildings and roads. It is also a material found in aggregate, cement, building stones, chalk, and crushed stone.

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A metamorphic rock called quartzite is created when high pressures and temperatures are applied to chert or sandstone that is rich in quartz. These circumstances cause the quartz grains to fuse together, creating an equigranular, hard, and thick rock. ( ˶ˆᗜˆ˵ )

Quartzite is a hard, resilient, and long-lasting rock because of its interlocking crystalline structure. Because of its extreme toughness, it fractures through the quartz grains instead of along their borders. This feature distinguishes genuine quartzite from sandstone. The typical color of quartzite is white to gray. Pink, crimson, or purple are some of the colors of iron-stained rock units. Quartzite may be yellow, orange, brown, green, or blue due to additional impurities.

For aesthetic and decorative purposes, it is a favorite among interior decorators. It is a great choice if you want to add some personality to your home through flooring, accent walls, fireplace surrounds, and other areas because it resists stains, discoloration, heat, and abrasion. Additionally, it can be used outside to improve both structural security and aesthetic appeal. Quartzite, for instance, can be used for retaining walls, garden walkways, and other garden elements.

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Quartzite is a hard, metamorphic rock originally formed from sandstone that undergoes intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth. This process, known as metamorphism, causes the quartz grains in the sandstone to recrystallize and form a dense, interlocking crystalline structure. This transformation makes quartzite extremely durable and resistant to weathering.

Formation: Quartzite is formed when sandstone is subjected to intense heat and pressure, typically due to tectonic compression within the Earth's crust. This process fuses quartz grains together, creating a dense, interlocking crystalline structure.

Used: For countertops, flooring, stair steps, and tiles due to its hardness and attractive appearance.

And popular in landscaping for pathways, garden borders, and decorative walls.

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Chalk, a type of limestone primarily composed of calcium carbonate, it is often associated with marine environments and is characterized by its distinctive white color and powdery texture—widely used as a writing tool in classrooms, particularly for blackboards. It is soft, easy to shape, and leaves a clear mark, making it ideal for arts and teaching.

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One type of rock I learned in today’s lesson is sedimentary rock, with the best example being coal. It is a black combustible rock that consists mostly of elemental carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and variable amounts of sulfur. Coal can be burned for heating or power generation.

Roen B. Fababaer

11 - Stem 11

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Surprising Aspects of Rock Formation

One of the most fascinating aspects of learning about rocks and their formation is the incredible variety and complexity of processes that create them. Each type of rock—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—tells a unique story about the Earth's history and the conditions under which it formed. I was particularly surprised by the fact that rocks can transform from one type to another through the rock cycle, illustrating the dynamic and ever-changing nature of our planet.

Description

Rock Type: Sandstone

Formation Process: Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction and cementation of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. Over millions of years, layers of sand accumulate in bodies of water, deserts, or other environments. As the layers build up, pressure compacts them, and minerals like quartz or calcite cement the grains together into solid rock.

Uses: Sandstone is widely used in construction and architecture due to its durability and aesthetic appeal. It is often used for building materials, paving, and decorative interior and exterior surfaces.

This rock formation, like those seen in the Grand Canyon, provides a striking visual record of geological processes and changes over time, showcasing the power of natural forces in shaping the Earth's landscape.

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Gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock characterized by its distinct banding of light and dark minerals. It forms when igneous or sedimentary rocks, such as granite or shale, are subjected to high heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. This process reorganizes the minerals into layers, creating its signature striped appearance. Gneiss is hard and durable, making it useful in construction projects such as building foundations, pavements, and decorative stonework.