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It was initiated by Mussolini as an alternative to the League of Nations and pointed out that the ''Great Powers'' were the only ones to have a decision making. This pact was signed in Rome in 1933 by Germany, Italy, France and Britain and its purpose was to maintain the countries statues, respecting the territories from the other countries, stopping territorial expansion, and in case of disagreements, consulting them in a political manner. As a result, it reduced the tensions between the East and West, as well as it brought the possibility of openly negotiations.

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The war took place because of Italian imperialist ambition (The Italian Empire and bringing back the glory of ancient Rome), fascist ideology (racial ideology) and the economic (the great depression).The italian win the war .In the Italian side Poisonous gas, aerial bombardment, flame throwers, and concentration camps were all employed.The result of the war was the vulnerability of international peace and which led to the Second World War. This war showed many things in evidence, for example the inability of the League of Nations to resolve conflicts and increase the fascist powers.But it creat to great material damage and a lot of death.

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1936 October-Mussolini initiates talks of an Axis agreement with Hitler 

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1936 October-Mussolini initiates talks of an Axis agreement with Hitler 

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Italy's invasion of Abyssinia caused alienation between Europe's biggest players, Britain and France. This would motivate Mussolini to contact Hitler and would lead to the 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis Agreement. What this did was informally solidify the relationship between the two countries. Key word being informal, it would later be formalized by whats known as the Steel Pact in 1939. The simple explanation to this pact is that they promised to help each in the case that the other went to war.

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Italy withdraws from the League of Nations 

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Italy's withdraw from the league was due to several factors including lack of support from Britain and France (which were major powers within the League), the imposition of economic sanctions in response to the invasion of Abyssinia, and the fact that Mussolini and Hitler were getting closer.

After the imposition of economic sanctions, Italy escalated its military in Abyssinia, showing defiance towards de League. In december 1937, Italy formally withdraw from the League after facing frustration for its ineffectiveness.

As a consequence, Italy strengthened its alliance towards Nazii Germany and Mussolini further his expansionist policies without any fear. The League lost its credibility and Italy couldn't influence in international agreements.

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1941 Declaration of war to the Soviet Union

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1941 Declaration of war to the Soviet Union

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Italy was a facist country and very anti-communist. The Soviet Union was communist, so Italy was against them. Italy also was afraid of the USSR expansion, and also wanted to expand, so they wanted to gain territory in the Soviet Union, particularly in the Caucasus region. For Italy was easy to accept to invade USSR because they underestimated the strength of the Soviet military and the harsh conditions of the Eastern Front.

After Italy declared war on the Soviet Union, they sent the Italian 8th Army (ARMIR) to the Eastern Front. But this army was poorly equipped and trained for the harsh conditions and resistance they encountered. They suffered lots of losses and were eventually forced to retreat.

The war on the Eastern Front further strained Italy's already weakened military resources. The war's failures and hardships led to growing discontent and contributed to the eventual collapse of the Fascist regime and Italy's surrender in 1943. After Italy's surrender, much of the country was occupied by Allied forces, while having a civil war between pro-Fascist and anti-Fascist forces. The war had a devastating impact on Italy's economy and society, leading to widespread poverty and hardship.

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The Munich Conference of 1938 was primarily driven by the desire of Britain and France to avoid war with Nazi Germany, as well as Adolf Hitler's aggressive expansionist ambitions. The conference, attended by Germany, Italy, Britain, and France, resulted in the Munich Agreement, which allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland without Czechoslovakian consent. This policy of appeasement, in which Britain and France made concessions to Hitler, was intended to prevent further conflict but ultimately encouraged Nazi Germany. For Italy, Mussolini played a key diplomatic role in facilitating the agreement, positioning himself as a mediator on the European stage. However, while the conference enhanced Mussolini’s standing with Hitler and Italy’s role in the growing Rome-Berlin Axis, it did not yield territorial gains for Italy, and Mussolini’s ambitions for an Italian empire in Africa and the Mediterranean were left unaddressed. The Munich Conference ultimately set the stage for the collapse of European peace, eventually drawing Italy into World War II.

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USA passes the Lend-Lease Act 1941 March

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USA passes the Lend-Lease Act 1941 March

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The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 was a response to the growing threat of Axis powers, particularly Italy's expansion under Benito Mussolini. As Italy, along with Nazi Germany, pursued aggressive territorial conquests across Europe and North Africa, the U.S. recognized the urgent need to support its Allies without directly entering World War II.

The act allowed the U.S. to provide military aid, including weapons, food, and other supplies, to countries like Britain, China, and the Soviet Union, which were struggling against Axis powers, including Italy. This support helped strengthen the Allied resistance to Italian and German expansionism.

The Lend-Lease Act marked a shift away from U.S. isolationism, providing vital resources to nations like Britain and the Soviet Union, who were directly engaged in fighting Italy and its allies. It allowed the U.S. to assist in stoping Italian advances in North Africa and Europe, ultimately contributing to the Axis defeat.

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Italy conquers Abyssinia (May 1935-1936) 

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Italy conquers Abyssinia (May 1935-1936) 

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This event highlight the imperialist ambitions, the weaknesses of the League of Nations, and the lead-up to World War II. Italy, under Benito Mussolini, sought to expand its colonial empire, inspired by the imperial successes of other European powers like Britain and France. Abyssinia represented a strategic and symbolic target, as Italy had failed to conquer it during the Battle of Adwa in 1896, a humiliation Mussolini sought to erase. Its consequences extended far beyond Africa, contributing to the geopolitical instability that led to World War II.

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In their attempt to maintain the Stresa Front from the resurgent Germany, the French and British came up with an appeasing plan to end the conflict and the tension that it has caused.

The pact's main purpose was to pacify Mussolini by giving him most of Abyssinia. However the pact was leaked in the French press. The British and French Governments were forced to denounce the pact. But despite everything, France still supported Mussolini for Italy to complete the conquest in return for their support against Hitler.

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A newspaper from the New York Times (DECEMBER 12, 1937) talking about Italy’s withdrawal from the League of Nations

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Italy withdraws from the League of Nations (1937)

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Italy withdraws from the League of Nations (1937)

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Italy left the League of Nations in 1937 primarily due to the consequences of its invasion of Abyssinia. The League of Nations ruled against Italy and voted for economic sanctions, but they were never fully applied. Italy ignored the sanctions, quit the League, made special deals with the United Kingdom and France and ultimately annexed and occupied Abyssinia after it had won the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Italy’s withdrawal from the League of Nations eventually led to the League’s eventual collapse with the outbreak of World War II.

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(1933-1935)What was the international reaction to German rearmament?

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(1933-1935)What was the international reaction to German rearmament?

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In the beginning, countries were somewhat patient in their handling of Germany. Their desire to revise the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which looking at it from their point of view, could be seen as rather harsh. Britain was one of the most prominent supports of Germany, hoping it would change its mind and return to the League of Nations. But due to Germany's rearmament ocurring at such a fast pace, including the introduction of conscription, and the expansion of its air force. This alerted European powers of their danger.

Despite initial efforts to contain German ambitions through diplomacy and appeasement, such as the Stresa Front, these attempts ultimately proved ineffective. Factors like the Franco-Soviet Pact and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement further eroded the unity of the European powers and emboldened Hitler's aggressive foreign policy. To conclude, it was a worrying situations for Britain and France, who did everything they could, diplomatically speaking, to prevent the remarmament of Germany.