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Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) 1964

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Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) 1964

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This law, eventually replaced by NCLB in 2002, was made in order to give more funding to students who required additional support/services in school. The idea behind this law was that students will be given every opportunity to meet their educational goals (Mahoney, 2023).
This is important for Bilingual Education because it shined a light on the need for more readily available services within schools. This act may not have been perfect but it was a great step in the right direction toward making sure all students are given an opportunity to produce their best work.

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Diana vs. State Board of Education (1970) 

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Diana vs. State Board of Education (1970) 

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This court case began when a Spanish-speaking student named Diana was administered an IQ test in English. Since Diana did not speak English, the results were not valid, but the school placed her in a class for students with special needs. Diana was then eventually re-tested in Spanish for it to show that she was placed in the wrong classes and the reason that she scored so poorly on the first one was because of the language barrier (Mahoney, 2023).
This is important for the history of Bilingual Education because it shows how much students benefit from the use and inclusion of their home language. If Diana would have been given the test in Spanish from the start, the school would have known the correct placement for her. It is extremely important to remember that just because a student is not proficient in English does not mean that they know less content than their peers.

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This court case was between the Chinese-speaking students and the San Francisco School district in the year 1970. The Chinese-speaking students were not receiving proper support and instruction in relation to their English proficiency. The final decision of this court case was a majority rule that these acts were in violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. That being said, it was decided that students who have a first language that is not English should be given language support. From this came the Lau Remedies that were made to ensure bilingual programs like English as a Second Language were in place. This court case is immensely important for bilingual education as it provided students with the programs that they need to succeed in a school where English is the primary language. As a result of this court case, ELLs were provided with the services that they have today. This court case shined a light on the needs of the students and provided them with the tools that they need to succeed (Mahoney, 2023).

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This law was put into place to make schools responsible for students progress within standardized testing reporting and improvements. This was done to ensure that all students were being treated with the same enthusiasm towards improvement. This law was made to replace the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Due to the need to show "good" test score data, the law caused accountability to take priority over validity when it came to assessments which in turn did not benefits EBs or the school (Mahoney, 2023).
NCLB is important to the history of Bilingual Education because ELLs were given more accountability and it increased awareness surrounding progress monitoring and assessment as a whole (Mahoney, 2023).

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Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) (2015)

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Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) (2015)

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ESSA was signed by President Barack Obama in December of 2015. The signing of this act was the end of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). This is because the goal of ESSA was to make up for some of the factors that were neglected within NCLB. The Every Student Succeeds Act allowed for more flexibility for goals, annual testing, standards, and achievement. This also brought children's English Proficiency into play when thinking about targets for achievement and measures of said achievement. It also encouraged more long term goals to be set as opposed to solely relying on test scores. The idea behind this was to allow students to have more individualized goals within their subgroup. There is also more flexibility surrounding how state Math and ELA scores are used for ELL students (Mahoney, 2023). This is important for bilingual education today because it allows students to complete individualized goals that are right for themselves and their English Proficiency. This will cause students to in turn be more successful since they are focused on their own personal needs.