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Pathos, means to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel. it can be created in writing, speech and in visual media.

"Caring for the environment might not change your life but it might change the lives of your children." This statement is attempting to appeal to people's emotions, specifically their love for their children as most people want what is best for them.

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Narrative technique is the perspective that the author writes the story from. In the first person point of view, the author uses the personal pronoun “I” to tell the character's story. For example, in the The Hunger Games, the story is told from Katniss's point of view. The story begins, “When I wake up, the other side of the bed is cold. My fingers stretch out, seeking Prim's warmth”. In the limited omniscient point of view, the author uses third person pronouns (he, she, they, the characters’ names) to tell the story from the point of view of just one character. For example, in Where the Crawdads Sing, the author tells the story from a third person perspective, “Sometimes she heard night-sounds she didn’t know or jumped from lightning too close, but whenever she stumbled, it was the land who caught her.”. In the omniscient point of view, the author tells the story from more than one character’s point of view. For example, the Harry Potter series provides narrative perspectives of many characters, including Harry and Voldemort. In the objective point of view, the author does not provide the thoughts and feelings of the characters. For example, Hills like White Elephants is told from the objective point of view. A section of the story states, “The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went on to Madrid”.

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Narrative Techniques  - Gabriel Sandoval

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Narrative Techniques  - Gabriel Sandoval

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These techniques work as a way to "tell" the story from different perspectives. There are four different point of views (POVs) that are used in stories.
First person is used to tell a story in the perspective of a character, what they comment on is based of what they can see and do, personal pronouns are required,
"I, We, Us" for example.

Limited Omniscient is used to tell a story in the perspective of a character but the difference is that it's told in third person, using third person pronouns of course,
"He, Him, She, Her" for example.

An Omniscient POV is used to tell a story in the perspective of many different characters, typically using third person pronouns.

An Objective POV is used to tell a story in the perspective of different characters but the major difference is that thoughts or feelings are not written, only stuff that is done or said is written, similar to that of a regular camera, capturing every movement and audio made by a person.

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The setting refers to the time, place, and surroundings of where a story is taking place. There can be many settings if the story takes place in various places. The setting can be used extensively as part of the story or just provide a mental picture for the audience.
Example: They followed the sounds of the blue waves crashing over the rocks. The smell of the salty water grew stronger as the pavement transitioned to the fine white sand. They had reached the beach.

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Verbal irony is when someone says something but they mean something else. For example, if you are in an argument with someone and they say something that does not make sense you could respond with, "You are smart." This statement is clearly the opposite of what you actually meant.

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Pathetic Fallacy is when natural elements appear as symbolic of how characters are feeling. For instance, if two characters fighting, there may be a storm. Another would be if a character reached the end of their journey, there may be clear skies. To now connect this with an example from media, I’d like to bring up one scene in particular from an incredibly popular video game and movie, called The Last of Us. To avoid spoiling The Last of Us, I will just reference the part I’d like to bring up without mentioning the plot. Two characters later in the story, are starting the reach their final destination, and before doing so, have a moment of calm in between the many hardships they’ve faced. They are in a building and are walking through a building, come to the top, and see that the weather is incredibly bright and calm, and there happen to be giraffes which only further the impact of the feeling of calmness using natural elements. Before this moment, there hasn’t been a single moment with as calm of a moment as this one, and none of which has ever had such nice weather. It was like the weather and world knew they needed a rest. Therefore, you can hopefully now see, that the impact of pathetic fallacy can be useful when writing stories, and how it can simply enhance the feelings of the characters.

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Definition: Dramatic foreshadowing is a literary technique where the author hints at events to come in the story, creating tension and anticipation in the reader. It's like a sneak peek of the future that leaves the audience on the edge of their seat, waiting for the inevitable.

Example: For example, in the opening scene of J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone," we see a mysterious figure lurking in the shadows near the Dursley household, foreshadowing the arrival of Hagrid and the revelation that Harry is a wizard. The audience is left wondering who this person is and what they want, building up excitement for the rest of the story.

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Irony of the situation is when an expected outcome does not take place. Sometimes, the complete opposite happens. The outcome can be traumatic, humorous, or outright wierd.
Examples:
A fire in a fire station.
A robery in a police station.
A fake IPhone is actually an android phone.
An airplane pilot is afraid of heights.
A boxer that sucks at punching.
Texting a random person thinking it is your Grandmother.

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Verbal irony - definition: Verbal Irony is the contrast between what a speaker says and what they really mean.
Example - "The girl followed closely behind her father as he walked out the sliding door. He closed the sliding screen door behind him as he went out, without knowing she was right behind him. She almost walked into the screen door. She opened the door, walked out, held up two thumbs and said to her father "Good job Dad, good job!"

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Definition:
Pathetic Fallacy is a device used in stories. This device is used when projecting a character or characters feeling/emotion with tying in the nature elements to show the connection.
Example:
"All the characters were happy and, ever so brightly the sun was shining". This is showing how happy the characters felt with tying in the sun shining showing the emotions they are feeling.

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Dramatic Foreshadowing- The author leads the audience into believing the outcome of a series of events prior to the actual outcome being announced. These beliefs are determined throughout any clues or statements made/ discovered by characters or seen throughout the plot that the reasonable person could deduce. These discoveries are designed to lead the audience to conclude the outcome of an event in advance of the moment in the plot when it occurs.

An example of dramatic foreshadowing is when a girl is walking in the rain and she says, "Bad things always seem to happen to me in the rain." This statement is an example of dramatic foreshadowing as the author is hinting at the fact that the rainy night is crucial to the plot in the sense that previous experiences in the rain have been anything but good to the girl. Therefore, as readers when this statement is uttered, one can conclude that due to the rainy nature of the setting a bad outcome is likely to happen due to this obvious clue given by the author regarding the future plot.

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Pathetic fallacy is when the author connects the natural elements in the story to the feeling and emotions of the characters. The connection needs to be the natural element supporting the feeling of the characters.
For example the author may write, "while the girls played on the beach they smiled and laughed, as the sun shined on their faces. The weather was perfect. In this moment they've never been happier."
In that it shows how happy the girls were, connecting it with the positivity with the sun and weather.

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Person vs Person, Person vs self, person vs society are some types of conflict or arguments an author can include in there story. Some examples are:
Person vs Self:
Selena was having a conflict with herself. Selena was offered to be a part of a huge company project, her part was to do a presentation. Selena knows how beneficial this offer is, and how she will be given a raise and has the opportunity to network but her performance anxiety is getting the best of her. She wants to do this but is fighing with herself calming herself down.
Person vs Society:
Jay, always loved blingy and eye catching things, when he came across makeup he fell in love with it. As he gets older he aspires to pursue in it and become the best. However society isn't as supportive of it and tell him that its too "feminine", or that he's weird, or its just wrong. However, Jay is determined to make a difference, he wants to pursure in his dream career and prove society wrong, that nothign is too masculine or feminine, and that people should take pride in themselves.

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When the character's word or actions have a deeper meaning or significance to the audience/readers and the opposite for the individuals involved. The characters don't know or understand the deeper meaning and significance of their words or actions.
Example:
Audience knows the character is going to die as he shouts "I will never die!" to his friends as they play a PvP game.

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A theme is the inferred stance taken on the valuable subject matter or message of a tale. Themes are used to communicate critical ideas and messages approximately the troubles that face the characters and the setting of a story. As an example love may be the subject, but mastering to love yourself can be the theme.

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Characterization refers to the manner in which the characters are portrayed. This may include physical traits, personality and characteristics. For instance an author might write: "She is a beautiful blonde with green eyes and rather tall for her age. She is also quite smart and loves to read many books. On her free time, she likes to run and is very fast. Now we have an idea of who she is and an image in our head of what she might look like.

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Characterization is the description of a character's physical appearance and personality. This can be stated directly by the narrator, other characters in the story, or the character him/herself. An example is, "Carla is a crazy girl who will take what she wants." This can also be hinted at where you can take information from their actions and words to come to your own conclusion. An example is, "Elijah was driving back home and saw a person on the side of the road with a flat tire. He decided to stop and give them a hand."

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A theme is the inferred stance taken on the valuable subject matter or message of a tale. Themes are used to communicate critical ideas and messages approximately the troubles that face the characters and the setting of a story. As an example love may be the subject, but mastering to love yourself can be the theme.

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Definition: Setting is where the story/a part of the story takes place
Example: It was 1990. They entered the arcade and were immediately met with the cacophony of buzzers and dings. The smell of popcorn and coins hit their nose, but the curiosity to see if their record held was too strong, so they rushed to the Donkey Kong game.