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Traumatic brain injury, abbreviated as TBI is a disability is usually caused by a violent blow or injury to the head. This is also known as craniocerebral trauma. The functional disability caused by TBI can greatly affect a child's education.

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A medical statement of a certain event that may have caused a traumatic brain injury is needed. It could also be helpful to describe the child pre-injury. A psychological assessment to identify deficits done by a psychologist is necessary for the student. An observation of the student in the classroom and even outside of the classroom can be very important in assessing the student.

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National: https://msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/returning-school-after-traumatic-brain-injury

This article is great for parents who aren't too sure on how to get involved when their child returns to school after traumatic brain injury. The author shares what evaluation will be necessary for these children, and the different classrooms options that will work for different children once evaluated.

State: https://www.bianc.net/resources/resource-guide/

In this article, there are many different resources that could be very important to those with a traumatic brain injury. It is important that the parents and guardians of those with TBI have access to helpful resources for their child.

Local: https://www.ecuhealth.org/event/brain-injury-support-group/2023-03-22/

Here is a link to ECU Health's traumatic brain injury support group. The meetings are virtual and posted on this website with dates and times.

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Provide preferential seating

Avoid placing the student in high pressure situations

Exempt students from reading in front of class

Provide quiet environment

Maintain positivity

Recognize signs of stress

Plan to regroup when upset

Make goals with student

Non-verbal cues to stop certain behavior

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Reduce distractions in the classroom

Daily checklists

Additional work time

More detailed notes

Clear oral and written instructions

Provide frequent breaks

Visual material

Break assignments/subjects up for easier learning

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The characteristics of those who have suffered from traumatic brain surgery can affect not only just their education, but their everyday lives. Some characteristics are short-term memory loss, anxiety attacks, lack of mobility, headaches, easily angered, and attention/concentration troubles. All of these symptoms need to be seriously considered inside and outside of the classroom.

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National: https://www.ws.edu/student-services/disability/teaching/brain.shtm

I found this article to have great teaching strategies for students with TBI. Listed are many accommodations that can be very helpful to these students in the classroom.

State: https://ncschoolpsychology.med.unc.edu/index.php/nctbi/concussion-information-and-resources/for-educators/

Titled "Psychological Services in NC Public Schools", this website lists a wide range of necessary resources for educators who need them when working with students with traumatic brain injuries.

Local: https://www.brainline.org/article/traumatic-brain-injury-what-about-school#classroomsigns

This article has a section called "Tips for Teachers" that lists examples of what the teacher should do in order for the affected student to do their best in their education. Any teacher could learn some strategies from this list.

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Accommodations guide for students with Brain Injury. BrainLine. (2018, August 15). Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.brainline.org/article/accommodations-guide-students-brain-injury

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, March 7). Symptoms of mild TBI and concussion. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/concussion/symptoms.html

Education. Brain Injury Association of America. (2022, June 9). Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/children-what-to-expect/children-brain-injury-impact-on-education

Gavin, M. L. (Ed.). (2019, November). Severe traumatic brain injury factsheet (for Schools) (for parents) - nemours kidshealth. KidsHealth. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/tbi-factsheet.html

Sec. 300.8 (C) (12). Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (2017, May 2). Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://sites.ed.gov/idea/regs/b/a/300.8/c/12

Traumatic brain injury. Center for Parent Information and Resources. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.parentcenterhub.org/tbi/

What is needed for a TBI school evaluation and who should evaluate? BrainLine. (2017, July 27). Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.brainline.org/article/what-needed-tbi-school-evaluation-and-who-should-evaluate