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- https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isla/hd_isla.htm
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconquista
- https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Crusade/
-https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Spanish_Inquisition
- https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-sykes-picot-agreement-1916
- https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/treaty-of-versailles-1
- https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-adolf-hitler-happen#:~:text=Hitler%20rose%20to%20power%20through,Allies%20compelled%20the%20new%20German
- https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/
- https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/d-day-allies-invade-europe
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reaL6tgDUXw
- https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/pcw/98678.htm
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War

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The Battle of Thermopylae ends in defeat for the Greek's 

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The Battle of Thermopylae ends in defeat for the Greek's 

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-480 BC
- The the Persians and the Greek city-states.
-It help allowed for Xerxes' passage into southern Greece, which expanded the Persian empire even further.

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- Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered around the teachings of Muhammad.
- Muhammad is believed to have received his first revelation in 610.
- Muhammad and his followers spread his message throughout Mecca.
- The leaders of Mecca disagreed with his faith in allah(god).
- The leader forced Muhammad and his followers to emigrate north to the town Medina in year 622.
- In Medina, Muhammad continued to attract followers and, within a few years, Mecca had also largely embraced Islam.
- Muhammad died in 632, his followers continued to spread the message of Islam.
- Today Islam is most practiced in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India.

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- In medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of military campaigns By Christian kingdom waged from 718 - 1492.
- The goal was to reclaim Iberian territories which were lost due to Muslim conquests.
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- The First Crusade was the first of a series of religious wars organized by western European Christians.
- It was supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
- The purpose was to recapture the city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Islamic/Muslim rule.
- The First Crusade was successful in that Jerusalem was recaptured, but to ensure the Holy City stayed in Christian hands, various western settlements were established into the Levant.
- The crusades affected the region along the eastern Mediterranean shores, roughly corresponding to modern-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, certain adjacent areas, and France, England, Flanders, and Lorraine.

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- Spanish Inquisition, was established by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
- Its  purpose was to combat heresy in Spain.
-  The inquisitors gathered and punished anyone who wasn't christian(Jews, Muslims, any other group in Spain territories).
- Queen Isabella II ended the Spanish Inquisition July 15, 1834.
_Spain missed the Enlightenment due to there dependence on churches.

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- A secret agreement reached during WW1 between British, French, and Russian governments seeing to dividing the Ottoman Empire among Allied Powers.
- In 1916 the UK, France, Russia and Italy met in secret and began planning for the split of the Ottoman Empire.
- The Ottoman Empire contained all or parts of Turkey, Russia, The Ukraine, Greece, Italy, Hungary, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Morocco, Romania, Jordan, and many more.
- The main interest of Europeans was the control of Middle
Eastern resources.

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Treaty of Versailles Ends WWI - June 28, 1919

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Treaty of Versailles Ends WWI - June 28, 1919

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-Treaty of Versailles, peace document signed at the end of WW1 by the Allied powers and by Germany in Versailles Palace.
- The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties.
- European Allies forced Germany to surrender around 10% of its territory and all of its overseas possessions.
- The Treaty of Versailles outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the victorious Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom.
- The treaty also helped fuel the start of WW2.

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Hitler Appointed Chancellor - January 30, 1933

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Hitler Appointed Chancellor - January 30, 1933

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- Hitler rose to power through the Nazi Party, an organization he forged after returning from WW1.
- Economic distress and seething resentment of the treaty of Versaille within Germany fueled the rise of Adolf Hitler.
- Adolf Hitler Was appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 following a series of electoral victories by the Nazi Party.
- He ruled as an absolute dictator.
- Hitler abandoned the nation’s democratic ways and turned Germany into a war state.

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- The mass genocide of European Jews in WW2 is what we call the Holocaust.
- The Holocaust casue was that the Nazi's wanted to exerminate the Jews and they had the power to.
- Jews in Europe have been discriminated against and persecuted for hundreds of years.
- The Holocaust began in Germany in the 1930s and later expanded to all areas of Nazi-occupied Europe.

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D-Day Invasion of Normandy - June 6, 1944

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D-Day Invasion of Normandy - June 6, 1944

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- The D-Day operation , brought together the land, air, and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest invasion force in human history.
- The operation, given the codename OVERLORD
- The invasion took place on the 5 beaches of Normandy nicknamed UTAH, OMAHA, GOLD, JUNO, and SWORD.

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- After the Holocaust Jews desired freedom.
- Jews believed they needed their own country. Only through political power could they ensure they were never attacked for their beliefs again.
- To many Jew immigration to Palestine, so the government created 2 states Jewish and Palestinian.
- Palestine and Jews tension grew as the more Jews refugees came.
- On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel.

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- The Apartheid in South Africa was the racial segregation under the all-white government.
- Inside South Africa, riots, boycotts, and protests by black South Africans against white.
- The international community had begun to take notice of the brutality of the Apartheid.
- The U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in 1986, many large multinational companies withdrew from South Africa.
- The South African economy was struggling with the effects of the internal and external boycotts
-Due to the internal unrest South African Prime Minister P.W. Botha resigned.
- In April 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected as South Africa's first black president.

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Bosnian Civil War begins - April 6, 1992

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Bosnian Civil War begins - April 6, 1992

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- Bosnian War, ethnically rooted war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a former republic of Yugoslavia.
- The war involved 3 Bonsian groups (Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats) as well as the Yugoslav army.
- The main cause of the war was the dissolution of the Yugoslavian state, the authoritarian government, economic crisis, and strong social cleavages.