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Our Focus Problem will be on Depression. Depression is a mental disorder that involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for a period of time. Depression is a very different mood compared to the rest of the feelings.

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Most likely to be effected: Older people

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Most likely to be effected: Older people

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As you get older you start to feel lonely and your kids and grandkids start to have their own lives. Loneliness triggers depression.

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According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, women experience distinct hormonal changes during puberty compared to men. These fluctuations in hormones can lead to an emotional imbalance, rendering women more susceptible to depression. In contrast, men do not undergo a similar reduction in this type of hormone change.

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A most common cause of depression is alcohol & drugs. Using alcohol & drugs have been a big issue nowadays. It can take a toll on your emotions causing people to feel bad about themselves in a negative way. The usage of alcohol and drugs affect some people to use it as a "get away". To go more into depth, people who can't take the pain away of how they are feeling will use alcohol or drugs to ease that emotion so basically they feel calm and not overwhelmed. Continuously, using it will eventually take a negative route into becoming addicted leading that into depression and not feeling happy anymore.

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Depression can be caused by multiple things for example from stress too much stress can cause people to become depressed. Also certain medications have side effects like depression or mood changes. another big factor can be caused by anxiety because people struggle with their mental health these are only a few of the things that can cause someone to be depressed.

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Pathophysiology Of Amygdala In Depression

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Pathophysiology Of Amygdala In Depression

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Your amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure inside of your brain. It's a larger part network in your brain called the limbic system. It's the process of information between prefrontal-temporal that is associated with the cortices and the hypothalamus.

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A family history can increase the risk of having depression, but nobody simply inherits it. Effects of depression include toxic families or simply a bad environment.

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Pathophysiology of hippocampus in depression 

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Pathophysiology of hippocampus in depression 

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cellular studies of hippocampus in depression Volume reductions of the HC might be the result of remodelling of key cellular elements, involving retraction of dendrites, decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and loss of glial cells.

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Some symptoms of tbi depression are feeling or being depressed, change in sleeping habits like sleeping poorly or more than usual, loss of interest in activities or relationships, changes in appetite, and increased use or misuse of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.

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Traumatic life events causes depression which can lead to negative behavioral and social development

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Traumatic life events causes depression which can lead to negative behavioral and social development

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Depression may stem from a person's cumulative life traumas experienced during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. These experiences can impact their social interactions, leading to a tendency to be less open and talkative.

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A common symptom of depression is changes in sleep patterns, including insomnia or excessive sleeping.

Treatment for sleep-related symptoms of depression often involves a combination of therapeutic and lifestyle interventions. Establishing a consistent sleep routine, maintaining a comfortable sleep environment, and avoiding stimulants before bedtime can contribute to better sleep hygiene

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Staying socially active can be really beneficial to having a stable and supportive relationships with people you connect with, they can be helpful to making healthy choices and to have a better mental health. You will be able to cope with stress, anxiety, depression, and hard times. A therapist can also help with sharing ways to improve your mindset and change some of your lifestyles. This also depends on an individual. For introverts it may be a 8-9, and for extroverts its a 1-3.

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There are several antidepressants available to treat depression. These are typically the primary form of treatment for depression. Some tablets contain serotonin, noradrenaline, tricyclic, and so forth.

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Talking about one's life concerns might help relieve stress and reduce the degree of depression. Joining and participating in support group activities, such as interacting with each other and supporting one another with coping with or even relating to such situations, will make one feel better.

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A symptom for depression is persistent feelings of fatigue and low energy levels.

To address this symptom, incorporating regular physical activity into one's routine can be beneficial. Exercise has been shown to have positive effects on mood and energy levels. Additionally, maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet, ensuring adequate sleep, and establishing a consistent daily routine can contribute to improved energy levels

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feeling worthless, guilty, a failure, feeling hopeless these are all symptoms one can experience after a traumatic brain injury

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One way to diagnose depression is a doctor will perform a physical exam to asks about your symptoms, and recommends a blood test to determine if another condition, such as hypothyroidism, is causing your symptoms.

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Eating and sleeping patterns can be exaggerated. Clinical depression may cause someone to sleep or eat to excess, or almost eliminate those activities. This could be another possibility to diagnose depression.

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Insomnia can also be a long-term effect with depression due to the lack of not being able to sleep at night because of thoughts running through your mind and not letting your brain rest from those thoughts. Not getting enough sleep can also affect your emotional mindset. It will drain every emotion out of you by not wanting to put in effort to converse with someone.

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Long-term depression can make it hard to think clearly and remember things. It can affect how well you can do things like school or work. And in some cases, it might even increase the chances of getting diseases like Alzheimer's when you're older.

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Drug and alcohol is a very common thing that affects mental health especially with the younger generation. The addiction can lead to depressive symptoms such as problems sleeping, poor concentration, and anxiety. There can be a point in life where your mental health becomes bad that you could start thinking about negative thoughts and try harming yourself.

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If depression goes untreated for a long time, it can make other health issues worse. For example, it can lead to heart problems or make it easier to get sick.

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individuals may find themselves temporarily disconnected from the pleasures and passions that used to be a source of happiness. This change isn't merely a reflection of personal taste; rather, it is a complex interplay of mood fluctuations and sometimes, experiences of trauma.

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Balance problems are common after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Symptoms of dizziness, unsteadiness, or imbalance have been most frequently attributed to sensory organization problems involving the use of visual, proprioceptive, and/or vestibular information for postural control

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Therapy costs around $50-$250. Many insurance companies do cover therapy sessions. However, some only cover to some extent. Untreated depression increases..

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the risk of self harm and SUICIDE !

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taking care of yourself, like eating well, exercising, getting enough sleep, managing stress, and spending time with supportive people.

Insurance coverage: Insurance might not directly cover these lifestyle changes, but it could cover visits to healthcare providers who can help with them.

Consequences of not taking care of yourself due to cost: If you can't afford to take care of yourself, your depression could get worse over time.

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The expected cost of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression is between $100 - $300 per session. With insurance it would be cheaper. An in-network therapy session is around $84, and an out-of-network session is $149. If you don't have insurance, you will have to pay full out of pocket. On a scale of 1-5, on how likely it is that insurance will fully cover this treatment would be a 5. Most likely would fully cover most of the treatment by reducing the fee a few dollars but it really depends on the cost of different therapist and their prices they offering.

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CBT helps people with depression by talking through their thoughts and feelings. It teaches them how to change negative thoughts and behaviors. In the short term, it can quickly make them feel better. In the long term, it helps them stay positive and deal with tough situations. Psychologists, psychiatrists, or therapists who know about CBT can help with this.

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PDT is a form of talk therapy that explores connection between a patient's past experiences often from childhood and their current mindset. A psychodynamic therapist is a licensed, experienced social worker, psychotherapist, or other mental health or medical profession. Psychodynamic therapist are the professionals to deliver this treatment to patients.

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Addressing all family members in therapy encourages open communication and understanding, thus preventing or reducing depression. This comprehensive technique seeks to foster healthy relationships and a supportive family environment.

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One cognitive rehabilitation treatment for depression is a program called Elevvo. It's a brain-computer interface for cognitive enhancement using the most advanced brain sensing technologies and procedures to enhance working memory, processing speed and sustained attention. Elevvo stated "Have demonstrated improvements between 10% and 30% in working memory, sustained attention and processing speed, and are applied by professionals that help the patient carry out a series of simple cognitive trainings." You can tell that this program improved quite bit to help patients with depression. Elevvo seeks professionals who are passionate in innovation, neurotechnology, and neuroscience.

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Hearing aids are small electronic devices worn in or behind the ear that amplify sound vibrations entering the ear, making it easier for individuals with hearing loss to perceive and understand speech and other sounds in their environment.

Yes, hearing aids can indirectly affect depression by improving communication and social interaction for individuals with hearing loss. Addressing hearing loss with hearing aids can help reduce feelings of isolation and frustration, which may contribute to improvements in mood and overall well-being. However, it's essential to note that while hearing aids can have positive effects on mental health, they are not a direct treatment for depression.

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MBCT is a form of rehabilitation for depression. what is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy it is a modified version of cognitive therapy and it uses mindfulness practices that include present moment awareness, meditation, and breathing excerises.

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Depression isn't solely a physical condition. It has more emotional, cognitive, and social components as well. While physical activities can improve general health, counseling is more commonly used to treat depression. Physical activity has been shown to improve mental health, and it is frequently used as a supplemental or complementary therapy rather than a sole treatment for depression.

**Shelly Ly**

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Depression doesn't require Physical Therapy

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Depression doesn't require Physical Therapy

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Depression is more of an emotional, mental condition. It revolves around a swing of emotions and lost of pleasure or interest in activities. It can be temporary or permanent. It doesn't really require anything physical. There are many different types of depression depending on the symptoms.

Makayla Johnson

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One physical and/or occupational rehabilitation treatment that may be necessary for someone with depression is exercise therapy. Engaging in regular physical activity can help alleviate depressive symptoms by promoting the release of endorphins and improving overall mood and well-being.

*Anihya Jackson

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Physiotherapy management of depression involves a holistic approach that combines physical activity and exercise with psychological support. Physical activity has been shown to positively affect mood and mental well-being by increasing the release of endorphins, which are natural mood-boosting chemicals in the brain.

Sonya Roman

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More specifically, exercising can improve mental health by reducing anxiety, depression, and negative mood swings with improving cognitive function and self-esteem. It would be beneficial with occupying yourself with an activity. It will help improve more positive thoughts and a growth mindset. Some professions that could help with these lifestyle changes is a professional trainer with working out and motivating you. It depends on an individual, but we say its a 10 (for those who like napping), but 4 for others that are active.

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Adolescents are more likely to experience depression due to hormonal changes and lifestyle factors. Hormonal fluctuations during puberty can affect mood regulation, while academic pressures, social challenges, and peer relationships add stress. Additionally, adolescents may lack awareness of mental health issues or face stigma, hindering help-seeking behaviors. These factors contribute to their increased vulnerability to depression, with challenges including recognizing symptoms amidst normal adolescent behavior and barriers to accessing mental health support independently.

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Elderly individuals may experience depression due to age-related factors such as declining health, loss of loved ones, and facing their mortality. Challenges include underreporting symptoms due to stigma, coexisting medical conditions complicating diagnosis and treatment, and limited access to mental health services, particularly in care facilities or rural areas. They are at greater risk due to accumulating life stressors, social isolation, and physical health issues, which can exacerbate feelings of hopelessness and contribute to depression.

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The LGBTQ+ community often faces depression due to discrimination and bullying, leading to minority stress and social isolation. Challenges include fear of rejection, lack of access to supportive resources, and internalized stigma, all of which exacerbate mental health struggles in this population. Discrimination and marginalization contribute to increased vulnerability to depression among LGBTQ+ individuals.

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Eating a variety of healthy food and avoiding unhealthy food will show benefits in treating depression. Having a well-balanced diet will make you think more clearly and feel more alert. Unhealthy food could making you unmotivated, low energized, and unfocused. A healthy diet provides more of vitamins and minerals, healthy fats, and fiber from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds, etc. It's said to reduce inflammation and alter neurotransmitters to reducing symptoms of depression. A profession that can help with eating well is visiting a dietitian. Again depends on a person. Those that like snacking the difficulty is probably a 10. Others that do like eating healthy, the level is a 2.

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Getting regular health checks up can help with detection of brain injury and also cognitive decline and how to prevent cte in athletes

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Learning and practicing stress reduction techniques like mindfulness meditation or deep breathing exercises can help manage stress levels, a key risk factor for depression. Challenges may include time constraints and cultural stigmas surrounding mental health practices.

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Exercising can help with being in a better mood and having an overall sense of well-being. A challenge when trying to enact this measure is having motivation. Motivation is a major issue when dealing with depression because depression can affect how you are feeling. When you have a lack of motivation, it's harder to do things because you don't have the best mindset or the energy.

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Description: These are smartphone apps designed to provide tools and resources for managing mental health, such as mood tracking, guided meditation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy exercises.

Usage: Prevention and treatment. Mobile apps can help individuals track their mood, access coping strategies, and connect with support communities.

Negative Aspects: Some apps may lack scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, and the quality of information and guidance provided can vary widely. Additionally, excessive reliance on apps may discourage face-to-face interactions with mental health professionals.

~Anihya J.

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A few technologies that have help with prevent, diagnose, or treat mental well-being is mobile devices like cell phones, smartphones, and iPads to monitor progress, increase understanding, and advance new ways to access help. These new technologies can determine/sensor in collecting information on behavioral patterns, to where if a change in behavior occurs a signal will be sent out for help before a crisis occurs. Some advantages and disadvantages include Lower cost, Introduction to care, and 24-hour service. Disadvantages may include Privacy, Regulation, and Audience. - Makayla J

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These mood-tracking applications help in depression diagnosis and therapy by enabling users to track their emotional states, recognize triggers, and see patterns over time. Although these applications provide insightful information and assistance, a dependence on them too much can worsen anxiety in certain users and intensify their obsession with self-monitoring. Excessive , privacy concerns from data collecting, possible problems with self-reporting accuracy, and limited efficacy for all users—which can cause disappointment or feelings of inadequacy—are some of the negative features. -shelly ly

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A few public health measures that have been taken to help prevent or control depression is taking good care of yourself and finding ways to handle stress or improve your self-esteem. Taking good care of yourself can really make a difference in your mental well-being. You will feel more energized, productive, and higher self-esteem. Finding ways to handle stress can also be beneficial with maintaining what's going on your daily life and trying to implement ways on what you can do and what you can't do. Looking at the pros and cons of balancing your life will be very effective because you will be less stressed and more organized with your life. This mainly is targeted for individual or environment but basically can targeted anyone dealing with mental well-being.

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School based mental programs is a good example of a public health measure for depression. With an emphasis on both the person and the school setting, such programs incorporate mental health education, screening, and support services into educational programs. Implementation obstacles could include scarce resources, negative perceptions associated with mental health, and opposition from staff members or administrators at schools.

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Family therapy can help with depression. The goal of doing family therapy is to get the family to communicate their feelings and it can also help through the process of depression and communicating their feelings. family therapy can also help the family recover altogether and including the person and ways to support the person.

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Electroconvulsive therapy uses electrical stimulation on people with depression and other mental illnesses. The way this works is they will put you to sleep before they apply electrical pulses through electrodes they place on your head and usually patients will get 6-12 treatments based on treatment response. Usually the specialist who performs this treatment is a psychiatriast, anesthologist, and other nurses or assistants. Sonya Roman

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Implementing routine screenings for depression in healthcare settings to identify individuals at risk and provide early intervention.

Target: Individual and policy/law.

Challenges: Ensuring widespread adoption of screening protocols among healthcare providers and addressing concerns about over diagnosis or stigma associated with labeling.

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Family therapy involves sessions with a trained therapist to address conflicts, communication issues, and dynamics within the family unit, which can contribute to or exacerbate depression symptoms.

Target: Interpersonal relationships within the family unit.

Challenges: Ensuring all family members participate and engage in therapy sessions, addressing power dynamics and conflicts within the family, and maintaining confidentiality and trust among family members during sessions.

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Increasing access to mental health services has an effect on healthcare institutions on a ORGANIZATIONAL level. In order to meet the rising demand for mental health services, hospitals and clinics might need to make investments in infrastructure, training programs, and more employees. Furthermore, these companies can encounter difficulties incorporating mental health services into the current workflows and healthcare systems, which could result in problems with coordination and treatment gaps. Organizational issues often arise from the financial viability and payment procedures for mental health services, especially for those operating under financial limitations. Ultimately, increasing access to mental health services is beneficial for individuals, but it also necessitates organizational commitment, adaptability, and strategic management to get beyond the different obstacles that come with putting it into practice.

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Promoting a healthy lifestyle for depression requires encouraging activities such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate sleep. This intervention which is on a COMMUNITY level, focuses primarily on the individual, and seeks to establish long-lasting routines that have a beneficial effect on mental health. However, people may have trouble committing because of obstacles to motivation or conflicting priorities. Resources like health clubs and wholesome food may be harder to come by, especially for poor populations. Socioeconomic factors like money and education might also make it more difficult to engage in healthy activities. To overcome these obstacles, all-encompassing strategies that remove access hurdles and offer assistance for long-term behavior change are required.