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One of the earliest school segregation cases. The Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that separate schools for Black children were permissible under the state's constitution, setting a precedent that would later influence the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

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The Supreme Court establishes the 'separate but equal' doctrine, ruling that segregated facilities were constitutional as long as they were equal. This decision provided the legal foundation for racial segregation in public schools for decades to come.

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1935: NAACP Recruitment of Charles Hamilton Houston

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1935: NAACP Recruitment of Charles Hamilton Houston

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Charles Hamilton Houston, dean of Howard University Law School, begins systematically attacking segregation in education. He trained future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall and developed the strategy that would eventually succeed in Brown v. Board of Education.

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The Supreme Court rules that the University of Texas Law School must admit a Black student because the separate law school for Blacks was not equal. This case helped pave the way for Brown v. Board of Education.

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Third-grader Linda Brown is denied admission to Sumner Elementary School in Topeka, Kansas. Her father, Oliver Brown, becomes the lead plaintiff in the NAACP's case against the Topeka Board of Education.

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December 9, 1952: Brown v. Board First Arguments

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December 9, 1952: Brown v. Board First Arguments

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Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Team present their first arguments before the Supreme Court. The case combines five separate school segregation cases from different states.

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In a unanimous decision, Chief Justice Earl Warren declares that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,' effectively overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and outlawing racial segregation in public schools.

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The Supreme Court issues its implementation order for school desegregation, using the phrase 'with all deliberate speed.' This somewhat vague directive would later be criticized for allowing states to delay integration.

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Nine Black students attempt to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Governor Orval Faubus orders the National Guard to prevent their entry, leading President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed, strengthening the federal government's power to enforce school desegregation. Title VI of the Act allows for the withdrawal of federal funds from schools practicing discrimination.

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The Supreme Court upholds the use of busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration in public schools. This decision leads to widespread implementation of busing programs across the nation.