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Blue: Emergence

Green: Consolidation and Maintenance

Red: Aims and Results of Policies

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1905: Revolution of 1905 and the October Manifesto

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1905: Revolution of 1905 and the October Manifesto

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The Revolution of 1905 was convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy.

Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection.

The October Manifesto established a constitutional monarchy, so freedom of speech and press were guaranteed.

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World War I began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914.

Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.

Lenin was in Galicia when the war started.

The war put the Russian Empire against the Austria-Hungarian Empire.

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1915: Czar Nicholas II take sole control of military operations

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1915: Czar Nicholas II take sole control of military operations

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Czar Nicholas II assumed control over military operations in the fall of 1915.

Political Opposition

His army was inspired and fought with renewed vigor.

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He was murdered on December 30, 1916

He died of three gunshot wounds.

Rasputin's influence over Alexandra threatened the Russian Empire.

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1917: International Women’s Day March in Petrograd

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1917: International Women’s Day March in Petrograd

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March 8, 1917

Women textile workers protested food rationing.

Over 50,000 workers for strike.

200,000 protesters.

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March 15, 1917

The Russian Revolution toppled the Romanov dynasty, and Nicholas II abdicated.

The royal family was arrested by the Bolsheviks and held in seclusion.

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March 15, 1917

The Provisional Government was formed.

The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II during the February Revolution.

The old regime was replaced by a politically moderate provisional government that struggled for power with the socialist-led worker councils (soviets).

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April 16, 1917

In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya.

After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP).

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Connection: Nature, extent, and treatment of opposition

Battle of Warsaw was between Soviets and Polish, which resulted in a decisive victory for Poland. Before this, many believed that Poland was severely weakened, and this would be an easy victory for the Soviets. However, the Polish were able to hold off the Soviets, resulting in a demonstration of the weakness of the Red Army.

Dates:

August 12th, 1920: The battle began

August 16th, 1920: Polish counterattack disrupted Red Army offensive

August 25th, 1920: The battle ended

After Poland managed to defend itself in 1920, the Red Army's offensive was slowed, and the Bolsheviks had to sue for Peace.

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Connection: Nature, extent, and treatment of opposition

The Tambov Rebellion was one of the longest and most organized peasant rebellions against Bolshevik rule. Also known as Antonovschina, named after Alexander Antonov, a socialist who opposed Bolshevik rule.

Dates:

August 19th, 1920: a revolt broke out in the small town of Khitrovo

November 5th, 1920: 2,000-6,000 rebels attacked the railway station at Sampur in two coordinated groups, capturing an artillery cannon, machine guns, and numerous revolvers and rifles

January 23rd, 1921: 250 memebers of Bolshevik Army managed to defend the town of Borisoglebsk from a large rebel attack

March 20th, 1921: a general amnesty was announced for anyone who surrendered

April 11th, 1921: Antonov gathered 5,000 partisans and launched a pincer attack on Rasskazovo

May 1921: Mikhail Tukhachevsky was ordered by Lenin as military commander-in-chief to suppress the uprising in Tambov

June 12th, 1921: Tukhachevsky received permission from Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko to use chemical weapons against the remaining rebels

Afterwards, the movement was portrayed as anarchical banditry, similar to other left-wing anti-Bolshevik movements that opposed them during this period. 6,000 surrendered rebels were either deported or shot, and rebels' family members were used as hostages.

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Red Army attacking the island fortress of Kronstadt on the Gulf of Finland

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Connection: Nature, extent, and treatment of oppositon

Rebellion of Russian sailors, naval infantry, and civilians against the Bolshevik government. It took place in the port city of Kronstadt, and lasted 16 days. Had many liberal demands of their government, such as workers reforms and more representative government.

Dates:

March 1st, 1921: ~15,000 people attended a large assembly convened by the local soviet in Anchor Square

March 2nd, 1921: delegates of warships, military units, and unions met to prepare for reelection of the local soviet

March 4th, 1921: delegates returned from the mainland reporting that the Bolsheviks suppressed the real character of the revolt and instead were spreading news of a White uprising in the naval base

March 7th, 1921: Bolshevik military operations against the island

March 16th, 1921: Kronstadt accepted a proposal for Russian Red Cross emergency food and medicine, and Tukhachevsky's reinforced army of 50,000 prepared to take the island and its 15,000 rebels

March 17th, 1921: Uprising was suppressed

Afterwards, strong military leadership was put in place, and harsh punishments were imposed on the rebels.

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Connection: Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved.

On March 21st, 1921, wartime Communism ended in Russia. and New Economic Policy (NEP) began, lasting until 1928. The system is often been described as authoritarian control by the ruling and military castes to maintain power and control in the Soviet regions, rather than any coherent political ideology.

Dates

March 21st, 1921: Wartime Communism ended in Russia

As a result of many rebellions and uprisings, Lenin replaced Wartime Communism for NEP in an effort to maintain authoritarian control.

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Connection: Impact of foreign policy on maintenance of power

The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed April 16th, 1922, between Germany and Russia, under which both renounced all territorial and financial claims against each other and opened friendly diplomatic relations. This treaty was a large success to Germany and Russia, and a defeat for Britain and France.

Dates:

April 16th, 1922: Treaty signed

January 31st, 1923: Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin

November 5th, 1923: supplimentary agreement signed, extending the treaty to cover Germany's relations with the other Soviet republics

Resulted in a much stronger Axis power in the start of WWII, and caused the Soviet Union to successfully invade Poland.

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Connection: Impact of foreign policy on maintenance of power

On December 30th, 1922, treaty between Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia (modern Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The newly established Communist Party, led by Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, took control of the government.

Dates:

December 30th, 1922: treaty signed

As a result of this, Lenin's influence grew and expanded throughout many Soviet Nations.

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Connection: Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved.

On January 21st, 1924, Lenin died. After his death, Stalin was deemed as his successor to continue Bolshevik ideals. January 23rd, 1924, the State held Lenin's funeral and his body was then put on public display for all to see.

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-April, 1917 book written by Lenin published

-series of 10 directives

-Written by Lenin during his return to Petrograd

-Written in support of Bolsheviks

-Stood in support of Russia pulling out of the war

-wanted banks to be nationalized

-wanted land to be transferred to peasants

-Lenin called for Soviets to seize all power

-"Power to the Soviets"

Lenin wrote this theses to obtain national support of the Bolsheviks and wanted to seize all power through the help of the Bolsheviks by getting rid of state power.

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1917: First All-Russian Congress of Soviets meets/All Russian congress of Soviets

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1917: First All-Russian Congress of Soviets meets/All Russian congress of Soviets

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-June 16-July 17 1917  all Soviet congress meets

-confirmed supremacy of the provisional government

-All-union congress of soviets

-workers, soldiers and deputies

-convened in Petrograd

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- Jun 4, 1916 – Sep 20, 1916

-seen as a success for Russia

-could have had the potential to end WWl

-Major military victory for Russia

-Significant loses for Austria-Hungary

-Last Russian offensive in WWl

-Location: Galicia, Volhynia

-Lead by Brusilov and 40 other divisions

Allowed Russia to gain power in the war but they would shortly later pull out of the war.

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-July 16-20, 1917

-demonstrations in Petrograd

-workers and soldiers protested

-against the provisional government

-under Tsar Nicholas ll

-failed because people were against the bolsheviks more after than before

-Troops arrested the workers and the soldiers

-provisional government blamed the Bolsheviks for all of the violence during the July days

This was supposed to help the Bolsheviks gain popularity but instead turned more people against them.

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-September 10-13 1917

-attempted military coup by the commander of the Russian army

-Led by Lavr Kornilov and the provisional government against Kerensky and the Bolsheviks

-Kornilov sent the troops to Petrograd

Although it failed it brought to ight the division between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army.

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1917: Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government and take control 

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1917: Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government and take control 

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-After October revolution the last of the provisional government was overthrown

-Bolsheviks took majority through councils of peasants and workers

-Lenin led the Bolsheviks to majority power

-Bolsheviks occupied Petrograd

-Soviets took all seats in congress

-Soviets and Bolsheviks started working together

-through propaganda Lenin was able to capture the attention of the Russian citizens

-Bolsheviks arrested the remaining provisional government leaders

-After October revolution the Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war