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2. Direct Aviation FDI Activity:

Although the FDI related to the aviation industry remains limited within MERCOSUR, it has attained a significant degree of development in other areas such as airport infrastructure and aircraft manufacturing. Particularly, Brazil has been an important player among the aerospace segment, which has attracted foreign investments in the aircraft manufacturing field; airport privatization and expansion, however, have seen the bulk of such in Brazil, where the international companies have invested heavily into them to win market shares from growing passenger traffic and the urgent necessity for modernization. Repositorio (2007), Redsudamericana (2006)

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Paraguay:

Main investment sectors includes commerce, finance and oil production.

Main countries of origin for FDI investment in Paraguay are Brazil and USA respectively with 904 and 893m USD invested at the end of 2021

Major industries driving Paraguay’s economy include agriculture, manufacturing and services. These industries present numerous opportunities for foreign investors, particularly in agribusiness - Paraguay boasts a diverse economic landscape

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3. FDI Activities Pertained to Travel and Tourism: Travel and tourism within MERCOSUR have attracted substantial foreign investment, especially in Brazil and Argentina, which possess the largest tourism sector. The investments pertain to hotel chains, tour operators, and eco-tourism. Moreover, FDI has been directed towards the creation of transportation infrastructure, including airports and public transit, in support of the increasing numbers of international travelers. Repositorio (2013), Redsudamericana (2007)

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Telecommunications in Ecuador has been successful because according to International Trade Administration the total market size has increased from 2020 of 1,927 to 2,468 in2023

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1. FDI Activity in the MERCOSUR Economic Bloc: MERCOSUR is a South American common market composed of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. FDI has varied across industries such as agriculture, extractive industries, and services within MERCOSUR countries. The privatization programmes and deregulations in the 1990s have generated a high inflow of foreign investment into MERCOSUR countries. The important sectors that attracted FDI were telecommunications, energy, and financial services, and the petroleum and mining industries of Argentina. Repositorio (2007) (2013)

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3 FDI Activities related directly to Aviation 

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3 FDI Activities related directly to Aviation 

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Telecommunication

Defense and Security

Franchising

Electric Power and Renewable Energy

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1) US directly investment in Colombia is primarily concentrated in the mining and manufacturing sectors.

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1 FDI Activity in the Andean Trading bloc

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1 FDI Activity in the Andean Trading bloc

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Energy and Mining Investment (International Trade Administration, 2024)

Infrastructure Development ( MCDF, 2024)

Renewable Energy (solar and wind projects)

Telecommunications

Franchising

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5- in 2021 fdi flows in Bolivia reached 440 million USD, higher than in 2020 when they registered a disinvestment of 1,018 million USD. In 2023 according to statista FDI in Bolivia reduced.

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5- in 2021 fdi flows in Bolivia reached 440 million USD, higher than in 2020 when they registered a disinvestment of 1,018 million USD. In 2023 according to statista FDI in Bolivia reduced.

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Foreign direct investment has grown since 2020, with 3.1 billion U.S. dollars in inflows in 2022. Thirty-eight of the attracted investments were directed at the manufacturing sector. The commerce, financial, and insurance services sectors were responsible for nearly 31 and 19.51 % of the country's foreign investment. As for the origin of the FDI, Spain was behind 20% of the total investment amount, followed by Finland at 15%.

Source- Statista

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5- Ecuador’s foreign direct investment flows had a 58% decrease compared to 2022 levels and 43% lower than 2021 levels (department of state.gov)

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5- Ecuador’s foreign direct investment flows had a 58% decrease compared to 2022 levels and 43% lower than 2021 levels (department of state.gov)

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refers to the investment by a foreign entity in the aviation sector of another country, typically in airports, air transport services, or associated industries such as maintenance, repair, and ground handling services. IndiaCorpLaw (2017), Mondaq (2017) Garph (2017)

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An individual, a private or public enterprise, or a government, which have a direct investment enterprise operating in a country other than the country of residence of the direct investor.

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5) How successful have these FDI projects been?

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5) How successful have these FDI projects been?

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4) Where is the investment coming from? And in exchange for what?

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4) Where is the investment coming from? And in exchange for what?

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3) Which of the activities are related to Travel & Tourism?

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3) Which of the activities are related to Travel & Tourism?

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2) Which of the FDI Activities are directly related to Aviation?

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2) Which of the FDI Activities are directly related to Aviation?

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Foreign direct investment - Investments where a corporation or individual from one country invests in business interests located in another nation

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1) What FDI Activity happens in your Economic Bloc?

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1) What FDI Activity happens in your Economic Bloc?

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A lasting investment made by a company or government into a foreign concern.

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According to Corporate Finance Institute FDI is explained as an investment that establishes a lasting interest and control in a foreign business or corporation.

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1. USA ranked highest. Factors contributing to this include its airport infrastructure, business environment, demand sustainability and natural & non-leisure resources.

2. US and Spain the top countries. Spain has more cultural resources compared to the US (6.6 vs 5.1), but the US has much more non-leisure resources compared to Spain (6.6 vs 4.8).

(my laptop is about to die)

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Air transport infrastructure: 66th

High altitude airports and remote jungle post operational threats

Ground and port infrastructure: 100th

Tourist service infrastructure: 74th

famous destinations: Amazon rain forest, eco lodges

Domestic flights

Tours and transfers

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* Pillar 1 - Business Environment relevant indicators:

**Property rights

**Impact of rules on FDI

**Efficiency of legal framework to settling disputes

**Efficiency of legal framework in challenging actions

**Burden of Gov regulation

**Gov ensuring policy stability

**Ease of complying to tax system

**SME access to finance

**Corruption Perceptions index

* Pillar 2 - Human Resource & Labour Market

**Qualification of the labour force

**Mean years of schooling

**Secondary education enrolment rate

**Extent of staff training

**Education system's ability to meet needs

* (Safety & Security) - not part of remit

T&T Policy & Enabling Conditions -

* Pillar 6 - Prioritisation of T&T (not part of remit BUT critical to any discussion)

**Country Branding Strategy rating

**T&T capital investment

* Pillar 7 - International Openness (VISA Facilitation)

**Visa Requirements

**Number of Bilateral air service agreements

** number of regional trade agreements in force

** Degree of financial openness

* Pillar 8 Price Competitiveness (not part of remit)

** Fuel Prices

Infrastructure

* Pillar 9 - Air transport Infrastructure (not an assessment macro factor BUT essential to understanding the nation-state context)

**Efficiency of air transport services

**Available seat kilometres

**Number of operating airlines

Airport Connectivity

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Uraguay

Restrictors-

Lower ranks in safety and security, especially with high homicide cases and a lack of feeling safe walking alone at night could deter tourists from visiting Uruguay.

Low score for hiring and firing practices which reduces security for workers, creating instability for workers which is a restrictor as aviation is a highly skill based industry which requires stable retention of workers.

Share of the labour force with advanced or intermediate education is also low, restricting the amount of workers available for aviation based roles that require highly trained and educated individuals.

Low rank for openness to travel and tourism with a lack of air service agreements makes it difficult for tourists to travel there as well as airlines to operate within the country.

High fuel prices could deter airlines from operating in Uruguay.

Lack of infrastructure with minimal number of airlines and low airport connectivity score restricts the country's ability to implement more tourism incentives (airlines adding routes, increased number of flights, difficulty with connectivity).

Tourism is highly concentrated in a few destinations which could cause population to perceive increased tourism negatively.

Enablers-

High rank for government ensuring policy stability meaning that it is easier for businesses (airlines) to conduct business in Uruguay.

High number of physicians and rank of health and hygiene provide security for tourists.

High labour productivity in hotel and restaurants means higher quality and faster service for tourists as well as capability to cater to more tourism.