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Truth is universal

Promotes the development of human intelligence

A highly traditional and inflexible philosophy

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Jacques Maritain (Early 20th century- 1973)                                                                                             

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Jacques Maritain (Early 20th century- 1973)                                                                                             

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focuses on timeless truths and universal principles

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Education is a preparation for life, not an imitation of life

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Advocated for what he called “permanent studies.”

Ideal education is one that aims to cultivate the mind

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Development of reasoning abilities, the understanding of enduring ideas, and the exploration of moral and ethical questions.

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Didactic Instruction

Coaching

Socratic Method

-Encourages active participation and critical thinking

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Classic works of literature, philosophy, history, and science.

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Intellectual guide

Seminar leader

Mental disciplinarian

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Engaged with classic texts

Participate in discussions

Develop reasoning and analytical skills

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Perez, D. (2022). Perennialism. In Social Foundations of K-12 Education (Chapter 5). Kansas State University, New Prairie Press.

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Existence precedes essence

Individual Existence

Freedom and Choice

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Father of Existentialism

Individuals must find own path to understanding and meaning

Confronting feelings is essential for personal growth and self-discovery

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Will to power- individual's drive to assert and enhance own power and influence

Overman- challenges people to rise above societal norms and mediocrity

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Appreciation of oneself

Self-direction

Self-expression emphasis on teaching humanities

Think critically and reflect on their own belief,s values, and experiences

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Learning is self-paced

Self-directed

Learning is connected to real-world experiences and personal relevance

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Humanities

Psychology

Theology

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Act as guide and facilitator

Creating an environment where students have the freedom to choose their own learning paths

Assist students in recognizing and embracing responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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Responsible for their own learning

Active participant in learning process

Has freedom to make own choice

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Perez, D. (2023). Foundational philosophies of education. In Editor(s) (Ed(s).), EDCI 110: Foundations of Education (pp. 45-67). Kansas State University Press.

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Ideas are true if it is in real-world applications

Experience and action are important over fixed principles

Truth evolves with new experiences and evidence

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Pragmatic Maxim: concept lies on observable practical consequences

Fallibilism: all knowledge is subject to revision based on new evidence and experiences

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Promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills in students instead of rote memorization

Focusing on experiential learning and practical applications.

Integrating various subjects to provide a holistic understanding of concepts.

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More discovery-oriented than explanatory

Hands-on problem solving

Experimenting

Projects

Cooperative Learning

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Philosophical issues

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Promoting questioning and problem-solving

Encourager of critical thinking

Lifelong-learning model

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Engage actively

Utilizing their experiences

Critical thinker

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Chamling Rai, P., & Lama, R. (2020). PRAGMATISM AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO EDUCATION. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 8(3), 1844–1845. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2003258.pdf

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Prioritizes the interests, experiences, and needs of students.

Develop the whole child, addressing social, emotional, and ethical growth alongside academic skills.

Democratic principles in education

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Education that catered to the interests and needs of children

Emphasized hands-on experiences

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Learning by doing

Fostering democratic ideals

"Democracy and Education"

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Developed "Project Method"

Importance of developing the whole child—intellectually, socially, and emotionally

Emphasizing the importance of active, relevant, and socially conscious learning

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Hands-on activities, real-world problem-solving, and project-based learning

Critical Thinking and Inquiry

Social justice, civic engagement, and the development of responsible citizens.

Teamwork and collaboration

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Group work and collaborative projects

Inquiry-based learning

Hands-on activities

Real-world problem-solving

Project-based learning

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Subjects are often connected

Interdisciplinary approach

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Facilitator of learning

Mentor

Assessor of understanding

Designer of Learning Experiences

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Take charge of their own learning

Ask questions, explore topics of interest, and engage in inquiry-based learning

Reflect on their learning experiences

Problem Solver

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Perez, D. (2022). Progressivism. In Social Foundations of K-12 Education (Chapter 6). Kansas State University, New Prairie Press.

Sparx. (2024). Progressivism in Educational Philosophy. Retrieved

Progressivism in Educational Philosophy (sparxservices.org)

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Adapt and respond to changing societal conditions

Social justice and ethical responsibility

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Promoting equity

Empowering individuals to challenge and transform their societies.

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Education should actively address social issues and inequalities

Education as essential to a functioning democracy

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Promoting democratic values

Understanding diverse cultures and perspectives

Fostering social responsibility and ethical values

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Social Justice

Awareness of social issues

Cultural awareness

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Real-world experiences

Focusing on problem solving, critical thinking, research, and cooperative learning

Collaborative Learning

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Contemporary social issues

Interdisciplinary approach

Ethics and Values

Historical events

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Facilitator

Mentor

Creator of safe and democratic environment

Community connector

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Engage in active, project-based learning, or service learning

Analyze information, question societal norms, and engage in reflective thinking

Ask questions and explore topics of interest

Understand their roles in society

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Domanais, Michael. (2023). Reconstructionism in Education. SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.4318932.

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Advocates for a standardized curriculum

Structured and disciplined learning environment

Mastering foundational content

Emphasis on Character Development

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Core curriculum was essential for all students to become informed citizens

Focus on intellectual achievement

Importance of character education alongside academic learning

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Developed the Core Knowledge Sequence

Cultural literacy aims to promote educational equity

Importance of Reading and Vocabulary

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Understanding cultural references, historical events, and key concepts

Mastery of content

Moral and Character Development

Clear expectations and structured routine

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Teacher-Centered Instruction

Well-defined curriculum

Understand and retain essential knowledge through repetition and practice

Establish clear rules and expectations

Regular assessments are conducted

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3R's (Reading, Writing, Arithmetic)

Fundamental subjects: Science, Mathematics, Literature, and History

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Knowledge Provider

Maintaining order and discipline

Regularly assess student understanding

Role Model

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Absorb and master foundational content

Adhere to classroom rules and routines

Critical Thinker

Develop personal responsibility and moral values

Take initiative in their learning

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Perez, D. (2022). Essentialism. In Social Foundations of K-12 Education (Chapter 8). Kansas State University, New Prairie Press.

Şahin, M. (2018). Essentialism in philosophy, psychology, education, social and scientific scopes. Journal of Innovation in Psychology, Education and Didactics, 22(2), 193–204. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED593579.pdf

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Measurable and observable behaviors

Relationship between stimuli (environmental factors) and responses (behaviors)

Reinforcement and Punishment to shape behaviors

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*Classical Conditioning Theory- demonstrated how behaviors can be acquired through associations.

*Behavioral Learning

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Best known as the founder of Behaviorism

The influence of the environment on behavior development

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Developed Operant Conditioning Theory

behavior could be modified using reinforcement (rewards) and punishment.

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Measurable actions

Scientific Approach

Understanding and predicting behavior

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Clear Objectives

Reinforcement

Repeated practice

Structured environment to minimize distractions and reinforce the desired behaviors

Regular assessments

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Empirical research

Observable phenomena

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Instructor

Reinforcer

Behavior Manager

Model appropriate behaviors and responses

Evaluate student performance

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Active Learner

Respondent

Practice behaviors repeatedly

Work towards specific learning objectives

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Feder, M. (2022). What is behaviorist learning theory? University of Phoenix. https://www.phoenix.edu/blog/what-is-behaviorist-theory.html

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Perez, D. (2022). Essentialism. In Social Foundations of K-12 Education (Chapter 8). Kansas State University, New Prairie Press.

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Inherent value and agency of individuals

Person's unique qualities and potential

Self-Actualization

Search for meaning and purpose in life

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Best known for his "Hierarchy of needs"

Viewed individuals as whole beings

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Hands-On Learning

Tailoring education to the individual needs and interests of each child

Fostering Independence

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Valuing personal perspectives and feelings

Personal development and fulfillment

Comprehensive understanding of individuals

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Real-world application

Cooperative learning and collaborative projects

Emotional, social, and intellectual development

Open communication between students and teachers

Promoting intrinsic motivation

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Values and Ethics

Culture, history, and social contexts

Self-actualization

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Fostering a nurturing learning environment

Listener and Observer

Encourage critical thinking and self-reflection

Providing emotional support

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Active Learner

Self-Explorer

Critical Thinker

Goal Setter

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Gandhi, M. H., & Mukherji, P. (2023, July 17). Learning Theories. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562189/

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Khatib, M., Sarem, S. N., & Hamidi, H. (2013). Humanistic education: Concerns, implications and applications. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.4.1.45-51

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