# data[].attributes.body
Development of the Yuan Dynasty  (1271-1368)

-founded by Kubilai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan)

-The Yuan Dynasty introduced Mongol customs

-This dynasty expanded trade along the Silk road

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

-Emerged after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty

-Led by Zhu Yuanzhang

-The Ming dynasty focused on re-establishing Chinese rule and were less open to foreign influence

-Promoted Confucianism

Trade networks continued to flourish across East Asia during this time period. The silk road remained a vital trading channel for culture, goods, and ideas between China, Central Asia, and Europe.

The religion of Buddhism remained influential, particulary in Korea, Japan, and China.

# data[].attributes.body
Safavid Empire

Founded in 1501 and spread through the Middle East with the goal of spreading Shia Islam

Abbas the Great was known for his religious tolerance and for strengthening the Safavids by kicking out Ottomans from their territory in Persia.

Isfahan was the capital of the Safavid empire and was known for its economic center and cultural architecture in its mosques.

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, located in Modern Turkey today, was known as the successor to the Byzantine Empire due to its immensense rule over the Middle East and power over Constantinople.

Mehmed II was known for his leadership in conquering Constantinople and ending the Byzantines.

Janissaries were soldiers of the Ottoman Empire and acted as the backbone of the empire, allowing the Ottomans to expand further.

# data[].attributes.body
Mughal Empire founded in 1526 by Babur also known as The Tiger and claimed he was a descendant of Timur and Chinggis Khan.

Akbar was the third emperor of the Mughal Empire and was known for his policies of religious tolerance.

Sufism was a branch of Islam during Akbars reign.

# data[].attributes.body
More than 300,000 years ago: Homo sapiens sapiens located in East Africa

Hunting and gathering not producing enough food caused many people to move into regions outside of East Africa after the population reached capacity

Reached North Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and Americas

10,000 BCE: homo sapiens reached almost every part of the world

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Here is an image of technology during the Neolithic (New Stone Age).

# data[].attributes.body
Eventually evolved; allowing them to create and use technology

Paleolithic Age: Stone Age; technology became more precise

Neolithic or New Stone Age: 12,000 years ago when people started to make improved technologies out of stone and wood

400 BCE: Bronze in tools and weapons; wheel; system of using horses for transportation and agriculture

# data[].attributes.body
Hunting and gathering were the initial source of food

Women focused on gathering seeds, nuts, and berries, and men focused on hunting

Successful process but did not support a large number of people in the community

# data[].attributes.body
Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean were living at a height of development

An agricultural society, along with many other nations during this time

# data[].attributes.body
Good agricultural productivity - higher population

Song Dynasty: major cultural developments and expanded trade

Improved bureaucracy

Constructed irrigation systems and water mills

Leading technological civilization on Earth

Improvements in science and medical practices like calendar

Influenced Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

# data[].attributes.body
Lots of resources; gold, ivory, stones, and slaves

Regional kingdoms appeared in the rainforest

Farming was centered on root crops

Introduction of iron plows began in the last centuries BCE - and led to important male roles

# data[].attributes.body
Abbasid Empire: the heart of Muslim faith; capital at Baghdad

Trade and manufacturing created resources for good science and math

Improved intellectually, similar to China

Golden Age from around 700 CE - 1200 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Muslim political dominance - increased overland and sea trade

Agricultural society - centered around crops like rice, wheat, and millet

# data[].attributes.body
Byzantine Empire: well positioned between three different continents

Eastern half of the Roman Empire

Europe is the heartland of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a territory ruled by a Christian dynasty

Constantinople was the capital of this empire

Harsh life had a limited diet and little comfort

# data[].attributes.body
Mesopotamia: Civilization that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys

More organized than agricultural societies

Designated ruler and council

Had armies and bureaucracies to staff courts of law and collect taxes

Eventually, formal codes of law to define punishment and crimes

Empire in Persia: built highway network for travelers; added first postal system

Larger cities - needed more trade as well

Writing: used cuneiform (writing on clay tablets); allowed them to keep track of records

Hunting and gathering - agriculture - civilizations

# data[].attributes.body
Everything is equal; “An eye for an eye”

Cruel but fair punishments

# data[].attributes.body
Began around 476 CE, and ended in 1400 and 1450 when the Renaissance started

Black plauge - killed many people

Crusades happened during this time

There was a lack of intellectual development as well

Invasions from other outside civilizations; caused destruction and disruption of daily lives

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Here is an image of the routes that the Crusaders took to reach the Holy Lands

# data[].attributes.body
Began 1096 CE and ended in 1300 CE

Threatened Islamic heartlands

Christian armies wanted to reclaim control of the Holy Land

Objectives were to stop the expansion of Mulsim states, reclaim Christianity in the Holy Lands of the Middle East, and recapture territories that were previously Christian.

Played a role in awakening of Europe - start of Renaissance

# data[].attributes.body
Most Africans were taken by settlers to the Americas for cheap labor during the time of the slave trade.

# data[].attributes.body
We have the timeline at the top, and then vertically, we split the space into the different areas of civilizations. For the pre-1200s, we decided not to split it up into different areas of civilizations, instead grouping it into different categories.

# data[].attributes.body
Empire Administration

Under control of Europe (including many empires like the Aztecs and Incas)

Did not have their own political organization as they were controlled by Europeans

Empire Belief Systems

Catholicism - spread through the European expansion (through Spain and Portugal)

Present almost everywhere in America during 1450-1750

Technological Innovations

Inspired by European technological innovations (compass and ships)

Exploration

America opened up to many other civilizations in the world - Europe, Africa, and Asia

Allowed for more trade to occur, also causing diseases to travel as well

Internal and External Challenges to Power

Harsh treatment of peasants and slaves - led to rebellions

Diseases spread with the Columbian Exchange and increase in trade, leading to population decline and the need for the slave trade

# data[].attributes.body
Empire Expansion

1492: Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas

Spain and Portugal expanded as well

Empire Administration

Mercantilism; more exports than imports so empires make the most profit

Absolute monarchy and centralized bureaucracy in empires

Empire Belief Systems

Roman Catholicism

Lutherism: only the Bible is the authoritative source for the Christian faith; initiated by Martin Luther

Calvinism: God and only God has full power over everything

Technological Innovations

Navigation instruments and advanced ship-building

Printing press

Exploration

Renaissance (1490s - 1520s): Non-religious art - more secular art type

Protestant Reformation (1517 - 1648): Reform to pull churches back from abusing their power

Scientific Revolution (1500 - 1700): New philosophers and scientists advanced science

Enlightenment (1685 - 1815): Relationship between government and state, more reason-based thinking, and individualism

Internal and External Challenges to Power

Religious issues due to the Protestant Reformation

Merchant class rising - social hierarchy challenges

Harsh living conditions and high taxes lead to peasant rebellions

Outside forces (Safavids, Mughals, and Ottoman Empire) - all forces against Europe

# data[].attributes.body
Toltec Empire

Replaced mayan empire, ends in 1150 used obsidian mines and traded with mississippians.

Aztec Empire 1428-1521

Nomadic people that rose to power after the fall of the Toltecs

Used military power and alliances to rise to power, controlled the valley of mexico 1430s

1434 Tenochtitlan allies with two other city states to control the central plateau

capital Tenochtitlan in lake, massive city that was the center of aztec power founded 1325

Very militaristic and driven by religion, regular human sacrifice, required war for victims

Economy based on tribute of conquered states, used chinampas to increase agriculture

Inca empire 1438-1532

1438 Inca in cuzco defeated hostile neighbors, under pachacuti begin military campaign

Twantinsuyu 1493-1527 successor of pachacuti (1438-1471), controlled  from columbia to chile.

Very expansive empire, used an expansive road network and bead communication system with messenger runners with many rest stops along the way.

Loose leadership, relied heavily on local authorities to control the people in their empire

Mita system of forced labor rather than financial tribute, very socialist empire with all people contributing to the wellbeing of the whole

# data[].attributes.body
Trade and Cultural exchange

-During this time period, across most of the South and Southeast Asia, cultural exchanges were prominent during this time, such as indian art, literature, and religious practices influenced by neighboring regions.

Dehli Sultanate (1206)

-An empire that was based in Dehli that stretched over large parts of the indian subcontinent, ruled for 320 years.

-The Dehli Sultanate brought significant changes to the cultural landscape of South Asia by introducing islamic governance, but still balancing their exisiting Hindu traditions.

-The interaction between these two cultures led to a blend of ideas, such as artistic expression, development of architecture, and new social practices.

# data[].attributes.body
A series of Mongol Invasions in the islamic world

-1258- Mongol invasion of Baghdad, the captial of the Abbasid Caphilate, ending the islamic golden age and marking the fall of one of the most influential islamic empires.

-Mongol invasions were destructive, but during the process they faciliated trade and culture exchange between the islamic world, Europe, and Asia.

Rise of the Timurid Empire (1370-1507)

-The Mongol Empire broke up into several smaller states, and this empire was on of them.

-Founded by Tamerlane (Timur)

-The Timurid Empire conquered vast regions of Central Asia, Persia, and some of the Middle east.

-Timur promoted the spread of Islam and had the goal of making his empire become a powerful islamic empire, although after his death, his empire went through a decline.

# data[].attributes.body
Opened up after Columubs arrived in the Americas

America became connected to other areas like Europe, Asia, and Africa

Many animals and plants (like corn and potatoes) traveled through the increase of trade, supporting other civilizations

Along with other animals and plants diseases also spread greatly, one of them being smallpox

# data[].attributes.body
The Russians were known for their high families in power with one absolute ruler known as the Tsar.

Russia's Double Headed Eagle represented their Westernization and conquering of the West and East.

Cossacks were mercenaries who were freed from their nobles if they conquered territory for Russia.

# data[].attributes.body
Bubonic plague (1347-1351) killing a third of the population

Castille and Aragon unite through marriage, Ferdinand and Isabella (1469)

Iberian peninsula continues reconquista (710-1492)

Promoted Christianity heavily, christian kingdoms expelled all minorities, very religiously motivated and had a strong connection to the church

Western expansion

Vivaldi brothers (1291) first to try to sail to the indies, disappeared

Colonization of the canaries and madeiras islands (1439), and Azores (1351)

Vasco da Gama (1498) first to sail to india from Europe around cape of good hope

Henry the navigator (1394-1460) Portuguese king who sponsored voyages and was a great influence on the portuguese explorations, had great interest

Fall of constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman empire

Hundred Years’ war (1337-1453) strengthened the power of monarchies in England/France

Cultural changes in Europe (1300s-1450s)

Technological developments imitating Eastern knowledge (gunpowder, compass, maps)

Increased reliance on trade and merchants, increased need for foreign goods

Rise of monarchies rather than feudalism with more territory and centralized government

Increasing interest in finding new trade routes and exploration in Iberian Peninsula

Early Renaissance in Italy 1400

Secular ideas and revival of greco-roman themes create a focus on art and humans

Italy, the location of the Roman empire centuries ago, center of the renaissance

Brought an increased focus on wealth and individual importance, moving away from medieval ideas and a focus on the church

# data[].attributes.body
Similarities in African societies 1200s-1450s

Majority of the continent is stateless with decentralized government with few exceptions

Most Africans have the same or similar language based of Bantu speaking peoples

Animistic religions throughout Africa with an emphasis on spirits, no universal religion

Universal religions in Africa

Islam had influence on the majority of Northern Africa and some sub saharan states, linked through trade and the adoption of the religion by African kings to legitimize their rule, slowly spread southward

Christianity arrived before Islam, and while the majority of Africa converted to the latter, kingdoms such as Nubia and Ethiopia, continuing to resist forced conversion over several centuries

Sahel states

Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa (1324) shows the wealth of the African states with surplus gold, as well as the importance of Islam in Northern Africa.

Ghana, Mali, and Songhay were all conquest states relying on taxes and tribute to sustain their large military and control their territory

There is a strong influence of Islam in the Sahel states, using islamic trade networks and interaction with sudanic states in order to thrive

Sundiata “the lion prince”(1217-1260)  Founder of mali, model Islamic African

Sahel states were very wealthy, creating urban cities based around trade

Sunni Ali (1464-1492) expanded the Songhay empire and reformed it’s government

Swahili coast states

Very trade based with much interaction with other sailors in the Indian ocean

Created a language mixing bantu and Arabic to create Swahili

Great mix of cultures, being heavily influenced by Islam in higher social statuses while also placing much importance on African ideals for everyone else, unaffected by islam

Forest and plains communities

Many different african societies with little Islamic influence, developed unique cultures

Yoruba, oyo, benin: many artistic achievements in these city states

Kongo formed 1390  had an emphasis on blacksmithing, weaving, pottery, and other advanced skills, being particularly good at ironworking and producing salt

Great Zimbabwe: Great confederation (1000s-1400s) with great stone structures with a strong centralized state, trade having access to the Indian Ocean, and having great religious significance in Africa

Mwene Mutapa: Developed from Great Zimbabwe in the 1400s  that controlled parts of Southeast Africa, had a flourishing economy with gold production and coastal trade

# data[].attributes.body
This overview of global history throughout the years 1200-1750 shows that the world saw signifigant changes due to the rise and fall of dynasties and empires, technological advancements, and the spread if religions. Trade networks like the silk roads and the indian ocean exchange connected civilizations, allowing for the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture. The Mongol empire played a key role in connecting East Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, while the spread of Islam and Christianity influenced politics and societies. Technological inventions such as the printing press and navigational tools helped spur exploration and the spread of ideas. Empires such as the Roman, Ottoman, Mughal and Inca grew from military power and trade, but also faced challenges like invasions and relgious conflicts. Despite changes, these developements paved the way for major shifts in world history, leading to the Renassiance and further innovations and advancements.