# data[].attributes.body
Can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, but mainly around 45 years of age or older.

# data[].attributes.headline
Non-pathophysiological causes of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

# data[].attributes.subject
Non-pathophysiological causes of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

# data[].attributes.body
Non-pathophysiological causes refer to causes of conditions that are not brought about solely by abnormal changes in the body but rather influenced originating from one's environment and lifestyle. Some non-pathophysiological causes of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are a poor diet, lack of physical activity, or sleep deprivation. The picture depicts foods and beverages that are generally unhealthy, made in ways or with ingredients that increase the likelihood of attaining insulin resistance and entering a pre-diabetic or Type 2 Diabetes state.

# data[].attributes.body
Overweight and obese people are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to lifestyle factors. Some things to consider are inactivity in physical activity and diet. Body fat mass is important when examining physical activity levels, while nutrition is important for diet.

# data[].attributes.body
Factors such as race and gender contribute do type two diabetes. For example, those who are black African, African Caribbean, and South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi). Men are also more likely than women to develop type two diabetes due to a higher percentage of body fat in the abdomen.

References:

EmmaW. (n.d.-a). Ethnicity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes UK. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/diabetes-ethnicity#:~:text=People%20from%20Black%20African%2C%20African,others%20that%20you%20can’t.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Diabetes and men. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/diabetes-and-men.html#:~:text=Men%20are%20more%20likely%20to,these%20problems%20are%20often%20treatable.

# data[].attributes.body
The liver is a primary affected component in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as it's responsible for hepatic glucose production- converting glucose into a sugar that's released into the bloodstream for cells to use in fermentation and glycolysis or otherwise glucose-necessitating processes. The liver is also impacted by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as being in a hyperglycemic state results in increased fat buildup in the liver and eventually devolve into non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or liver cirrhosis/death. While that fat is normally supposed to be used by the body for energy, the decreased efficiency of insulin as a mode of transportation means it's left abnormally unused.

# data[].attributes.body
The pancreas and kidneys are both involved in type two diabetes. Regarding the kidneys, they are not involved in the process itself but are nonetheless affected by type two diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is caused by the diabetes damaging the blood vessels and other cells in the kidneys. Diabetes that isn't well controlled can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, and thus causing kidney damage and high blood pressure. High blood pressure can then make the kidneys worse by increasing pressure on the kidneys' filtering systems. Complications include the following: hyperkalemia, fluid buildup, cardiovascular disease, less red blood cells, pregnancy complication to the fetus, and irreversible kidney damage. Prevention stratagies include the following: regular health care consultation, blood sugar management, use non-prescription medicine as directed, stay at a healthy weight and do not smoke.

Reference:

1. Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease). Mayo Clinic. October 24, 2023. Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-nephropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20354556.

# data[].attributes.body
Type 2 diabetes occurs when over time your cells accumulate its own insulin resistance to the point that the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. The pancreas filter blood sugar into the body to use as a source of energy, and when there is a disruption to this process it can lead to diabetes. The pancreas is the main source of insulin, and has a direct effect on glucose levels. When the pancreas overworks, it leads a resistance to insulin leading into more issues or it can "burn out".

# data[].attributes.body
Insulin resistance directly results from the pancreas producing too much insulin to the point that the muscle cells build up a resistance to self-regulate and decrease glucose uptake both muscle and liver adipose tissue.

# data[].attributes.body
A typically severe symptom of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is blurred vision. This occurs when blood sugar levels are high, inducing the swelling of the eye lens and reducing the eye's ability to focus light properly.

# data[].attributes.body
A common symptom seen in a diabetic is slow wound healing.

# data[].attributes.body
A common symptom seen with those with type 2 diabetes is an increase in frequent urination. This can lead to urinary tract infections and other concerning issues.

# data[].attributes.body
Medications are often administered as a form of treatment, for example using drugs that can enhance insulin production in the pancreas or ones to raise insulin-cell permeability. Keep in mind more than one treatment is used to treat each patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

# data[].attributes.body
One common symptom of type two diabetes is increased thirst (polydipsia). Thirst is normal, but when excessive, especially after drinking, is not normal.

References:

1. professional CC medical. Polydipsia: Causes & treatment. Cleveland Clinic. May 1, 2024. Accessed February 13, 2025. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/24050-polydipsia.

# data[].attributes.body
A common treatment for type two diabetes is exercise since it lowers blood sugar in the short and long term.

# data[].attributes.headline
diagnosing type 2 diabetes with polyuria being an indicator

# data[].attributes.subject
diagnosing type 2 diabetes with polyuria being an indicator

# data[].attributes.body
There are different ways a provider can test for type 2 diabetes. A glycosuria test is one of them, and is a quick way to diagnose a patient who has symptoms of frequent urination. The test include a urine sample from the patient, and the provider will use a test tape to determine if there are alleviated levels of glucose. Typically if there are any red flags with the urine sample, it can be followed up with a blood glucose test.

# data[].attributes.body
When a patient develops slow-healing wounds, they may not heal well. The physician then examines the wound to see if there is any infection. By doing blood test and imaging scans.

# data[].attributes.body
One common symptom of type two diabetes is polydipsia, or excessive thirst. Thirst is normal, but when excessive, especially after drinking fluids should warrant concern.

# data[].attributes.body
Amputations are caused by a blockage of blood vessels in the lower limbs, which can lead to ulcers resulting from type 2 diabetes because wounds are slow to heal.

# data[].attributes.body
Kidney failure is a long-term consequence of type 2 diabetes as it occurs over many years. When too much sugar is found in the blood, it negatively impacts the blood vessels within the kidneys. Another component that may impact the kidneys is high blood pressure. The kidneys' main function is to filter wastes out of the blood and urine, and when this is disrupted, it causes buildup in the body. With severity and no action in prevention and care, it will lead to kidney failure. This further requires dialysis, which functions for the kidney as a replacement for its dysfunction.

# data[].attributes.body
One long term consequence of type two diabetes is blindness or diabetic retinopathy. This is caused by high blood glucose caused by diabetes. High blood sugar can damage the retina's blood vessels thus leading to the creation of newer, less affective blood vessels that bleed easily, thus leading to blindness.

# data[].attributes.body
When you are diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes, you may be referred to a Dietitian, someone who can help you form a meal plan to manage your condition. This will require appointments that cost money, and over time check-ups will occur that too, cost money. Costs per appointment vary, sitting at $100-$200 per session. Insurance tends to cover full costs of appointments with registered dietitians but in reality, it depends on the insurance coverage plan. Not paying for appointments with a dietitian can mean greater difficulty in forming a suitable meal plan to manage Type 2 Diabetes and organized monitoring of how the diet affects you.

# data[].attributes.body
The expected cost of ozempic for treating type 2 diabetes is between $950 and $1,029 per month. On a scale of 1-5, the likelihood of this treatment being fully covered is a 4. Many insurances require pre-authorization, and many factors will determine if the insurance will cover it at 100%.

Taking ozempic helps regulate blood sugar levels and suppresses hunger and sugar cravings. In other words, it regulates blood sugar spikes and slows down digestion so there is a weight loss component to ozempic

# data[].attributes.body
The expected cost of insulin injections for treating type 2 diabetes is between $117.00 and $1,103.01/per carton of 5 pens for long-acting insulin. On a scale 1-5, the likelihood of this treatment being fully covered is a 4. (which is 75%). The long term effects of not taking insulin can lead to hyperglycemia because insulin helps lower blood sugar. As well as diabetic ketoacidosis which could lead to dehydration.

# data[].attributes.body
Motivational therapy helps patients stick to their self-care goals and adhere to their prescription schedules. It also focuses on improving patients' intrinsic motivation, which leads to improvements in lifestyle factors that manage diabetes. This would help treat depression that the patients have due to having type 2 diabetes. A professional who could help treat depression could be a therapist.

# data[].attributes.body
CBT is used in Type 2 Diabetic treatments as a method to manage the psychological effects/stresses of the disease and upkeep treatment plan consistency on the patient's end. CBT raises awareness of the condition and reinforces agency not based on fear but on knowledge that one's condition can improve through practice. As Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition, CBT is not used "short term" but more so on an "as necessary" basis. Typically, CBT is a practice facilitated by a therapist or psychiatrist.

# data[].attributes.body
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus may alter gait patterns due to reducing plantar flexion strength through nerve damage. A physical therapist can help focus on retraining the way a patient walks (gait training). Gait training is a guide in retraining walking patterns, tailoring the approach to the patients ‘ specific vestibular, neurological, or muscular condition. Such practice can help retain nerve function.

# data[].attributes.body
Type two diabetes can also affect your brain. One way that it can is by increasing the risk of memory loss and dementia. It is likely due to poor blood lipids, hyperglycemia, and overall unhealthy lifestyle factors like sedentary lifestyle, smoking and obesity. These all increase diabetes risk and tend to make the cognitive issues worse in and of themselves. Diabetics likely have unhealthy user bias thus meaning they are more likely to engage in these unhealthy behaviors. Occupational therapy could help with memory, and fine motor skills that are related to dementia.

# data[].attributes.body
Nutrient sequencing is when protein is consumed prior to other foods such as carbohydrates. The likelihood of someone sticking with this regimen is a 5.5 based on accountability and dedication. A dietician is the best person for guidance in this lifestyle change as they are specialized in food and nutrition.

# data[].attributes.body
Weight training can be beneficial for type two diabetics. It is good for reducing blood sugar levels since the exercise burns calories and glycogen is a primary form of energy consumption. During resistance training, the body runs out of glycogen, glucose from the liver and blood are used. This will in turn lower blood sugar. Having lean muscle mass also contributes to decreasing blood sugar because when it depleats glycogen in the liver, it gives sugar a place to go, thus meaning lower blood sugar. It also requires sugar to be taken up from the blood into the muscles thus lowering blood sugar. The difficulty is likely a 6 on average. A personal trainer would help with resistance training in a healthy manner.

# data[].attributes.body
African Americans are a special population that is more susceptible to acquiring Type 2 Diabetes and experiencing harsher symptoms/outcomes. African Americans not only tend to carry genetics leaving them more susceptible to Type 2 Diabetes but African Americans also often experience socioeconomic disparities that make adequate healthcare more difficult to access and less access to resources promoting healthy diets and more.

# data[].attributes.body
Older adults are more susceptible to Type 2 Diabetes as their bodies secrete less insulin and tend to engage in more sedentary lifestyles. Some difficulties elderly may experience with Type 2 Diabetes is following effective treatments such as exercise. Transportation to health services may also be more difficult to get as they are less likely to be able to take themselves to receive care and must rely on rideshare services, shuttles, or interpersonal relationships.

# data[].attributes.body
Large scale educational programs through high school education students on preventative measure on type two diabetes. Research has shown that the greater education that individuals are given in relation with type two diabetes the lower the rates of type two diabetes complications when diagnosed.

# data[].attributes.body
A preventative measure that goes beyond the individual would be promoting an incentive app that encourages fitness activity and walking. The incentive could be cash or gift cards that is linked to how many miles walked. This can be seen as a larger scale by targeting groups of people, and facilitating competitiveness amongst each other. There is strong evidence that by using incentives as a motivator for people to be healthier is efficient.

# data[].attributes.body
The Smart Insulin Pen helps treat type 2 diabetes. It is a reusable injector pen that connects with an app to help people manage their insulin by providing reminders, alerts, and reports. A disadvantage of this technology is the user's ability to manipulate the pen for dosing reasons. A lack of understanding of how to utilize the pen may interfere with proper insulin dosing, which is one of the main components of the pen.

# data[].attributes.body
Type two diabetics also need to be aware of hypoglycemia, or dangerously low blood sugar. Glucagon signals to your body to increase blood glucose levels. By being able to inhale, and not inject glucagon, it makes it easier and you will be more likely to use it and prevent diabetic shock.

# data[].attributes.body
One public health policy to help type two diabetes is implementing car free days like they do in Kigali. This encourages people to walk or bike in place of driving cars which helps encourage exercise, thus decreasing type two diabetes risk and helps those diagnosed manage it better. Major push back would come mostly from people who need to commute in their daily lives now not being able to drive on certain days. It would be a major inconvenience. People would also likely choose to not go out on car free days thus largely negating the intentions by.

# data[].attributes.body
It's not only important that organizations implement advocate for healthy lifestyle changes or policies. It's also important that their intent gains attention and becomes more mainstream. Larger organizations and communities can accept sponsors from campaigns or collaborate to promote the efforts of campaigns and awareness organizations to the common people.

# data[].attributes.body
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a non-congenital disease. It is a chronic condition caused by ineffective insulin use (insulin resistance) or being unable to produce enough insulin to properly regulate blood sugar levels. While treatments exist, it takes a lot of effort to regress the condition into a pre-diabetic or non-diabetic state and restoring insulin resistance, requiring rigorous lifestyle shifts and careful monitoring.