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Home | The Digital Collections of the National WWII Museum : Oral Histories

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The National World War II Museum is home to thousands of oral histories and hundreds of thousands of photographs. This website offers the visitor a way to browse a sample of these collections and purchase images if interested.

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Slides- Foundations of Holocaust Education

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Slides- Foundations of Holocaust Education

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“Hour of Need” Resources - Illinois Holocaust Museum

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By saving almost the entire Jewish community under Nazi-occupation, Denmark serves as an example how to protect our humanity. This book shows that ‘Never again’ is more than a deep-felt wish, it is a matter of choice. Ronald Leopold, Executive Director, The Anne Frank House “Hour of Need” Educator Guide Developed by the Museum in... Read More

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Home | From the Collection to the Classroom

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From the Collection to the Classroom is a multimedia resource for teaching middle and high school students the history of World War II, focusing on the War in the Pacific. It employs essays and lesson plans that include a rich array of resources-from archival documents, photographs, and artifacts to oral histories, maps, and videos from the Museum's collections and galleries.

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WWII Museum 2025 Keep In Touch Contact List

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Video: Glimpses of Jewish Life Before The Holocaust

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Video: Glimpses of Jewish Life Before The Holocaust

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Glimpses of Jewish Life before the Holocaust

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On the eve of WWII, the interwar Jewish world was creative and complex, a rich mosaic, full of change and hope for the future. Within a decade, most of Europe would be conquered by Nazi Germany. By 1945 two out of every three of these Jews were silenced forever. The sights and sounds of this video a…

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IWitness | IWitness - Education through Genocide Testimony

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IWitness brings educators and their students together at the intersection of genocide studies, diversity and inclusion education, and the development of critical literacies needed in the 21st century.

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More Links
About This Project Teacher Resources Help Center

Step 1 Learn
This project investigates US press coverage for a number of Holocaust-related events. Read about them here. Choose An Event

Step 2 Research
Now it's your turn. Go to your library, historical society, or search online for local newspaper archives. Find articles about the historical events. Look in a Newspaper

Step 3 Contribute
Submit the research you find to our online database, which will be available to anyone, anywhere-from historians to curators to students. Submit Research

Are You An Educator?
Sign up today and explore the free lesson plan, students handouts, and other materials you can use in your classroom. A community manager is available to help you participate.
Learn More

Events To Research

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Click on your state to view the articles.

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200-299

50-199

1-49

32,425 Total Articles Submitted

Search records of newspaper articles

Explore User Research

History Unfolded

US Newspapers and the Holocaust

Connect

100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW
Washington, DC 20024-2126
Main telephone: 202.488.0400

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History Unfolded: US Newspapers and the Holocaust

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More Links About This Project Teacher Resources Help Center This project investigates US press coverage for a number of Holocaust-related events. Read about them here. Choose An Event Now it's your turn. Go to your library, historical society, or search online for local newspaper archives. Find articles about the historical events.

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Holocaust Education - Teach about the Holocaust and empower middle and high school educators

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Voices on Antisemitism: All Episodes - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SWWashington, DC 20024-2126

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You can email Logan Greene here: lgreene@hoover.k12.al.us

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Ray Allen has visited the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum several times since it opened; each time he brings a different friend, teammate, or coach. The Museum, Allen says, has a message for everyone and lessons about prejudice that are universally relevant.

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Ray Allen has visited the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum several times since it opened; each time he brings a different friend, teammate, or coach. The Museum, Allen says, has a message for everyone and lessons about prejudice that are universally relevant.

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Ray Allen - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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Ray Allen has visited the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum several times since it opened; each time he brings a different friend, teammate, or coach. The Museum, Allen says, has a message for everyone and lessons about prejudice that are universally relevant.

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Steen Metz Never Forget. A Holocaust Survivor Story

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Steen Metz shares his story of surviving the Holocaust. He is available to speak to groups interested in learning more about the Holocaust from someone who lived to tell their story

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Please let me know if you have any questions! The supplemental information slides are yellow.

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Lesson I: Objects of Jewish Faith_To Share!

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The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews

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The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews [Desbois, Father Patrick, Shapiro, Paul A.] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews

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The Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience explores the many ways that Jews in the American South influenced and were influenced by the distinct cultural heritage of their new homes. Check out their website before we go!

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Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience | New Orleans

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Visit The Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience Visit Visit Encouraging new understanding and appreciation
for identity, diversity, and acceptance. About 9,000 square feet of permanent and changing exhibition space Exhibitions Judaica, household items, business records, photographs, letters, & other ephemera Collections Encouraging new understanding and appreciation for identity, diversity, and acceptance. News Learn Lesson Plans and Programming Opportunities for Youth Support Contributions * Mezuzah Society * Stock/Fund Contributions * Membership

The Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience is the finest reply to the often-heard comment,
"I didn't know there were Jews in the South!"
- Deborah Lamensdorf Jacobs, Cary, MS, & Atlanta, GA

The Southern Jewish experience is 19th century immigrant peddlers traveling unpaved roads, carrying hard-boiled eggs with them as they struggle to keep kosher in the land of pork. It's small-town merchants keeping their stores open on Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath, because that's the day everyone comes to town to shop. The Southern Jewish experience is driving your child from Natchez to Baton Rouge every Sunday for religious school because there is no religious school in Natchez. It's taking Jewish athletes from across the country competing in the Birmingham Maccabi Games to visit the Civil Rights Museum, cheering for the local high school football team, even though Friday Night Lights has a very different meaning, and debating whether to have a bluegrass band or a klezmer band at your wedding. It's Vandy, UNC, Texas, and Ole Miss students attending High Holiday services at Hillel, because there are no services held in their hometowns

Although representing less than 1% of southern states' population, and only 2.1% of America's Jewish population, Southern Jews have made a substantial mark on the communities where they lived and the nation as a whole. Southern cities and towns have had Jewish mayors, sheriffs, council members and civic leaders, in highly disproportionate numbers. And this occurred in the nation's "Bible Belt," a region steeped in deep Christian faith and a loyal grip on its distinctive ways.

The Southern Jewish Experience shines a light on the experiences of strangers in a strange land-who must adapt, accommodate, conform to their surroundings, and at the same time embrace, sustain, and celebrate their unique history, culture, and religious practices. But it is also a great testament to the soul of the Southerner, who accepted and encouraged their Jewish neighbors as members of the community: leaders, partners, and friends.

The Southern Jewish experience is 19th century immigrant peddlers traveling unpaved roads, carrying hard-boiled eggs with them as they struggle to keep kosher in the land of pork. It's small-town merchants keeping their stores open on Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath, because that's the day everyone comes to town to shop. The Southern Jewish experience is driving your child from Natchez to Baton Rouge every Sunday for religious school because there is no religious school in Natchez. It's taking Jewish athletes from across the country competing in the Birmingham Maccabi Games to visit the Civil Rights Museum, cheering for the local high school football team, even though Friday Night Lights has a very different meaning, and debating whether to have a bluegrass band or a klezmer band at your wedding. It's Vandy, UNC, Texas, and Ole Miss students attending High Holiday services at Hillel, because there are no services held in their hometowns.

Although representing less than 1% of southern states' population, and only 2.1% of America's Jewish population, Southern Jews have made a substantial mark on the communities where they lived and the nation as a whole. Southern cities and towns have had Jewish mayors, sheriffs, council members and civic leaders, in highly disproportionate numbers. And this occurred in the nation's "Bible Belt," a region steeped in deep Christian faith and a loyal grip on its distinctive ways.

The Southern Jewish Experience shines a light on the experiences of strangers in a strange land-who must adapt, accommodate, conform to their surroundings, and at the same time embrace, sustain, and celebrate their unique history, culture, and religious practices. But it is also a great testament to the soul of the Southerner, who accepted and encouraged their Jewish neighbors as members of the community: leaders, partners, and friends.

The Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience is composed of stories that span centuries, regions, and backgrounds.

You don't have to be Southern and you don't have to be Jewish to have had a Southern Jewish Experience.

Do you have a Southern Jewish experience that should be added to the Museum?

We'd love to hear yours!

This Pride Month, MSJE will host a virtual panel with the founders of Southern Jewish LGBTQ+ groups to share the stories of how these communities came to be. The... Read More
- 7:30 pm

MSJE is partnering with the South African Jewish Museum to share a conversation about how Jewish activists helped change systems built to oppress Black communities in the American South and... Read More
- 1:00 pm

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Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience | New Orleans | Opening 2021

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Coming to New Orleans in 2021, the Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience will explore how the South changed Jews and how Jews changed the South.

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The South Carolina Council on the Holocaust

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Provides educational programs about the systematic genocide of six million Jews and others in the Holocaust to help prevent such atrocities from happening again

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Waiting For American Liberation Lesson Materials

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Waiting For American Liberation Lesson Materials

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 Lesson III: American Liberation_To Share!

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Walt Disney Propaganda Cartoons Activity

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Walt Disney Propaganda Cartoons Activity

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This is an activity I do in class. Students are usually shocked, not realizing that cartoons were used as propaganda and directed towards children to explain Nazism.

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About three months after returning, Jeannine Burk's sister received a letter from a family named Mike and Frieda Savage. [Annotator's Note: Burk had returned to Brussels, Belgium after a trip to the United States to meet with members of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, ILGWU, as a representative young Holocaust survivor.] The Savages lived in the Bronx. It was brought to their attention that the "Forward" magazine carried a photograph of a young girl named Jeannine Rafalowicz, which was Burk's maiden name. The Savages thought there might be a relationship between them and the young survivor. The letter to Burk's sister had to be translated for the girls. The girls discovered that the Savages requested a photograph of their paternal grandparents. They agreed to send one but requested its return because they had no other copy. In a return letter, the girls received the photograph with a response that the Savages had the same photograph. Burk's father apparently had three sisters in America. They had immigrated long before the war. Following the war, Burk's mother had made unsuccessful inquiries searching for any surviving family members. It was a surprise to find family in the United States. After a lengthy correspondence over many months, the Savages proposed to sponsor the Burk sisters. Burk's older sister was not interested for herself because she had gotten engaged. Her sister and her fiancé discussed the options and felt that Burk would have a better chance of a good life if she went to the United States. That was the second time that Burk felt rejected. [Annotator's Note: Burk felt rejected by her parents during the Holocaust because as a young child, she had been sent to live with a Christian woman for safe keeping.] On her 12th birthday, she boarded an airplane all alone. She spoke no English and did not know the people she was going to meet. [Annotator's Note: The recounting of her journey is very emotional for Burk.] All she could think of was to re-board the plane after it landed so that she could go back to Belgium. That was not to be the case. After landing, the stewardess brought Burk over to the Savage family. There was Mike, Frieda and their daughter Cynthia. They could not communicate with each other. There was an aunt who lived in Boston who had come in and there was a birthday cake for Burk. All the young girl could think of was returning to her home in Belgium. While Burk was taking a bath that night, Mike Savage commented on her legs being concave. Burk only weighed 62 pounds at the time. There had not been much to eat in Belgium so she was very skinny. Cynthia was a real JAP [Annotator's Note: Jewish American Princess] and Burk became Cinderella. Preference was always given to Cynthia and Burk would be given the chores previously allotted to the Savage's daughter. Additionally, Mr. Savage enjoyed touching Burk. The little 12 year old thought that his actions must be a way to show love. He never did anything more than touch. [Annotator's Note: Burk was removed from her father when she was only five years old. She suffered from feeling unloved during the war years.] When Burk turned 17, she eloped and went from one lousy place to a new one. She had to get out of the Savages' house. Burk entered school only one week after her arrival in the United States. Her only means of communicating was through one Jewish teacher who knew a little Yiddish. Burk was positioned in the first seat of the first row in each of her classes. The teachers would raise their voices when they spoke English to her. She wanted to tell them that she was not deaf. She simply could not speak their language. Speaking loudly did not help in the understanding. When Burk speaks to students, she tells this story and reminds the students not to speak loudly in a similar situation. Burk became an anomaly in her classes. She was the recent immigrant who spoke only French. All her classmates wanted to see her. They must not have previously seen anyone from Europe. She became the center of attention. After three months, Burk learned to make herself be understood. She had no choice. Cultural changes surprised Burk. Schools were coeducational. She had never attended school with boys. The way of dress and games that were played were all different. Most of her classmates were very nice. They were just curious. Mrs. Savage, the bitch [Annotator's Note: Burk's terminology], spoke a little Yiddish, but Burk had to learn to communicate largely on her own. No one spoke French. The Savages bought Burk a pair of roller skates which she enjoyed. While skating one day, a siren sounded. Burk panicked and ran inside. No one understood until she told them that sirens meant that the bombs were coming. The young girl had to be calmed down because she was frantic. It was about noon time so she went back to skating. She skated well but fell and sprained her ankle badly. She was thrilled that she could roller skate. She had good times with her friends who lived near her in the Bronx. They collected their change and bought cigarettes. They hid them until they could share one cigarette among the many of them. There were games they would play. Cynthia was always held above her. [Annotator's Note: Burk gestures to indicate this.] While attending high school, Burk met a guy named Jess. He was infatuated with her. He did not like other guys looking at her while she danced in her leotards. Burk should have known he would be a problem. They did attend dances together. When Burk turned 15, the Savages wanted to adopt her. Looking back, she realizes that was a very bad mistake. She became their adopted daughter and still was not treated equally with Cynthia. If she had remained their niece, their treatment might have been more understandable. It was not a good thing.

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The Digital Collections of the National WWII Museum : Oral Histories | Oral History

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Jeannine Burk's Survivor Story

I was a hidden child. I hid in this woman's house from ages three to five. I am grateful to her, but I do not know her name. I will never be able to thank her in a public way.

Belgium Belgium: declared itself neutral and secured German guarantees of its neutral status in 1937. On May 10, 1040, German forces invaded and on May 28, on the orders of King Leopold III, the Belgian army surrendered.

The king remained in Belgium and cooperated to some extent with the Germans, even meeting with Hitler at one point. As Belgium was put under German military administration, a government-in-exile for a free Belgium was established at the same time in London.

There was an indigenous Belgian fascist party, the Rexists, which collaborated openly with the Germans. However, the majority of the population had no Nazi sympathies and displayed solidarity with the Jews. In September 1944, Brussels and Antwerp were liberated by the Allies. In December 1944, the Germans counterattacked and penetrated into Belgium. After a series of counterattacks (the Battle of the Bulge) the Allies routed the Germans on January 16, 1945.

When the wearing of the yellow star was introduced in May 1942, there were protests among the Belgian people, and the city council of Brussels refused to distribute the badges. Additionally, a number of people showed sympathy for the Jews and expressed their solidarity by wearing similar badges. It is estimated that 70,000 people belonged to the resistance out of a population of 8,000,000. The Belgian resistance movement aided many Jews to go into hiding. At the time of the German invasion the Jewish population of Belgium was 65,696. Of these some 44 percent perished, most deported to Auschwitz. With help, some 25,000 Belgian Jews hid from the Germans. Sources: Encyclopedia of the Holocaust; Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny; Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews 1933-1945. was supposed to be neutral during the war but Hitler paid no attention to treaties. Unfortunately, the King of Belgium helped him. Rumors began to circulate in Brussels that things were going to get very uncomfortable for the Jews. There must have been a network of underground resources where you could inquire about hiding Jews. My father had found a place for my brother to go. He had a place for my sister to go. He found this place for me to go.

My father took me on a streetcar. This memory is etched in my mind because it is the last time I ever saw my father. We rode to the end of the line. I remember getting off with him. I remember walking what appeared to me to be a long distance. He knocked on a door and a woman answered. I went inside. That was the last time I ever saw my father.

I lived inside this house for two years. Occasionally, I was allowed to go out in the back yard. I was never allowed to go out front. I was never mistreated. Ever! But I was never loved. I lost a great part of my childhood simply because I was a Jew.

The Nazi Party Nazi Party: (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP) National Socialist German Workers' Party, the party led by Adolf Hitler and the only legal party in Germany from 1934 to 1945. The party was based on the so called leadership principle (Fuhrerprinzip). At its head stood the Fuhrer, Adolf Hitler. The party's structure was authoritarian and centralist.

Its political power grew steadily during the 1930's when the catastrophe of hyper-inflation wrecked the German economy. However, it never achieved an absolute majority in a free election, achieving 43.9 percent of the vote in the elections of March 5, 1933. The Nazi party was extinguished for all practical purposes with the suicide of Adolf Hitler on April 30, 1945.

Two basic elements of its ideology were antisemitism and pan-German nationalism. Only a person of German blood could be a citizen of the state. This excluded Jews and foreigners. The Germans were considered to be a master race entitled by right to conquer areas in the east. The humiliating defeat of Germany in World War I was blamed on Jewish leftists through invoking the stab-in-the-back myth. For Adolf Hitler, the war he unleashed with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 was a means of realizing the Nazi dream of a German master race's empire in eastern Europe. Source: Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. used to love to parade. When they used to parade, everybody on the street had to open their doors to watch. The lady I was staying with had to open her door and watch too. She would hide me in the outhouse. I was petrified. I did not know exactly what I was afraid of, but I remember being absolutely petrified. An outhouse is small, and I would retreat to the farthest little corner. There was a crack in the front of the outhouse. I thought that if I could see them parading outside they would be able to see me.

I remember one time pushing open the outhouse door and crawling on my hands and knees after this pussy cat. I grabbed the kitty and pulled it inside with me. I wanted partly to protect it and partly to hold onto something because I was so alone and so scared.

My life as a hidden child was...how can I say it...I had no toys. The only fresh air I got was when I was allowed to go in the backyard. I made up imaginary friends because I had no one to play with. I do not remember being hugged and kissed. That was my life for two years.

The rest of the story was told to me afterwards by my sister. My brother was twelve years older than I was. He had already been hidden in a Christian home for boys. My older sister was eight years older than I was. She could not be easily moved because she had a bone disease, osteomyelitis.

Some neighbors snitched on us. One morning at 5:00 o'clock the Gestapo Gestapo: (Geheime Staatspolizei; Secret State Police), a police force, often members of the SS, who were responsible for state security and the consignment of people to concentration camps.

The Gestapo's main tool was the protective custody procedure which allowed it to take actions against "enemies of the Reich." With Jews and Gypsies the Gestapo simply rounded them up; it was not necessary to give even the appearance of legality to their actions.

By 1934, Heinrich Himmler became head of the Gestapo throughout Germany. Under Himmler's leadership the Gestapo grew enormously. The Gestapo was a bureaucratic organization with many sections and branches. In 1939 the Gestapo was consolidated with other police forces to form the RSHA (Reich Security Main Office). The RSHA, including the Gestapo and the SS, assumed the task of enslaving the "inferior races" and carried out a major role in the "Final Solution".

Besides Himmler, other notables in the organization were Reinhard Heydrich the architect of the Final Solution until his assassination by Czech and British agents, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who was tried and hung at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, Adolf Eichmann, who was in charge of Jewish deportations to the death camps and later tried in Israel, and Heinrich Muller.Source: USHMM, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust. went through the neighbor's house, jumped over the brick wall and pounded on the room where my parents were sleeping. They broke down the door. The Gestapo took my father and threw him in the truck. They wanted to take my mother, but she wouldn't go. My mother told them, "You can shoot me here, but I will not leave my daughter." The Gestapo pulled the blankets off my sister and saw that she was in a body cast. The officer said that they would be back later for them. And that is what they did.

By some miracle my mother made one last phone call to a Catholic hospital, and they agreed to take my sister. An ambulance came to get her. The Germans used to take over hospitals for their own use. However, the one place they would not go was the isolation ward. The nuns felt that it would be better for my sister to risk contracting a disease rather than to risk letting the Germans find a Jewish child. My sister lay in bed in the isolation ward for two years.

Once my sister was hidden, my mother went to hide in a pre-arranged location. It was a nursing home out in the country. There was a stereotype about Jews, that they had dark hair and hooked noses. My mother was blonde and blue-eyed. She did not fit the picture that they were looking for, so she was safe working as a practical nurse in the country.

In the fall of 1944 I remember my mother coming to get me. Then we went to get my sister. She had to learn to walk all over again. My brother found his way back to the house where we had lived. One day we saw soldiers on the street. Every family took in a couple of soldiers. I remember them giving me chocolate, and I also remember starting school.

We were waiting for my father to come back. Periodically there were groups of survivors and prisoners of war who would march home. They must have been reunited in one particular place. I remember standing outside with my mother, sister and brother and waiting and waiting for my father to come home. We kept waiting and waiting. Later we found out from an agency that my father had been exterminated. He had been gassed in Auschwitz. If I had been home when they took my father, I would be dead too. They would have gassed me instantly. That is what they did to little children.

I was never allowed to have a father. I don't have a picture of my family except for one little picture of me and my father. I have no idea of what the five of us looked like together. None. And all because he was a Jew. He never killed anyone. He never robbed anyone, yet they murdered him. They exterminated him simply because he was a Jew.

After the war my mother struggled to take care of us. We had nothing. We were poor. My mother contracted breast cancer. They removed a breast, but it was too late. The cancer had spread all over her. She knew she was going to die because the night before she had all of us come to the hospital room. She said to me, "You gotta be a good girl." My sister-in-law took me back to her house while my brother and sister stayed overnight at the hospital. The next day they came back to get me. She had died during the night. My mother was only forty-five when she died. God gave her too little time. I still cry for her.

My mother died in February 1950, when I was ten. In March 1950 the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union ILGWU: the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.

The Union was formed in 1909 in response to a strike in New York when 20,000 women shirtwaist makers protested sweatshop conditions. In 1911, a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory killed 146 workers, many of them young girls. An inquiry revealed that the fire exits had been locked to prevent the girls from taking long work breaks. The tragedy gave an impetus to the movement for laws to protect workers.

In 1931, because of the Great Depression Union membership fell. David Dubinsky, who was elected president in 1932, boosted Union membership from a low of 24,000 to 217,000 in just three years.

Just before America's entry into World War II the ILGWU and its president, David Dubinsky,was instrumental in creating the Jewish Labor Committee(JLC). The JLC publicized the plight of European Jewry, raised emergency funds for partisan forces and ghetto fighters, rescued over a thousand political and cultural leaders.

After the war, the Jewish Labor Committee was actively involved in relief and rehabilitation work for the survivors. A special program entailed so-called adoptions, wherein American groups such as the ILGWU, other unions, and branches of the Workmen's Circle, a social democratic Jewish fraternal organization, sponsored the cost of sustaining child survivors in the aftermath of the war. Sources: ILGWU web site, JLC web site. was having a 50th anniversary celebration in Atlantic City. The Union had sent money to help the children. They invited two kids from France, two kids from Italy and one from Belgium. The director of my school knew us and asked my sister. The first little girl had either gotten sick or chickened out. Having had nothing for most of my life, I thought the trip was like heaven. We were treated like royalty.

We landed in New York and visited the Union headquarters. They were so good to us. They gave me a new watch and one for my sister. There was this wonderful man, Mr. Rubin. Also, this journalist and his wife really took a liking to me. They took me to Klein's Department Store, to the Toy Department. They said, "You can pick out any doll you want and anything to go with her." I guess I have always been a certain way. I picked out just one doll and nothing else. Oh, I loved that doll. She really was beautiful. The trip was the most incredible six weeks.

A month after I got back to Belgium, we got a letter from the Savage family. In America there had been a news article about our trip in the Forward Yiddish Newspaper. Some of my father's sisters had gone to America before the war. The Savages were related to them. My brother had gotten married and had two kids. My sister was engaged to be married. The Savages offered to bring me to America. My sister thought I had a chance to be adopted and to have a better life.

Leaving Belgium was the most traumatic thing that had ever happened to me. I was close to my brother and my sister. To me it looked as if they did not want me anymore now that they were married.

The Savages had gone to a lot of trouble. They had obtained special permission from the governor of New York to get me a visa outside of the immigration quotas. The Sabena flight took eighteen hours. I had never been on an airplane before. At the stopover in Greenland I ate an ice cream cone. I got sick on the plane. When we landed in New York my only thought was where can I hide so I can go back with the plane.

The day I landed was my twelfth birthday. I did not speak any English. I did not know what the people looked like who would be coming to get me. When they saw me, the Savages were mortified because I was so skinny. I weighed 62 pounds. When they gave me a bath they said my skin was grey. It would have been better if they had not adopted me. I guess they did the best they could.

I was young when I got married. I had two boys, and later I got divorced. I was alone for a long time. Then I met Maurice. In 1970 my ex-husband's family introduced us. Maurice was a widower with four children. When we met he was singing in a barbershop quartet in Atlantic City. Maurice is the most wonderful person in the whole world. It is like God finally said, "OK, you deserve him." We have six wonderful children and nine grandchildren.

I did not start to speak about the Holocaust until after I joined the New Americans Social Club. I think it was partly from denial and partly from guilt. Can you imagine? I was a grown mother with six kids and I would be driving in City Park and I would imagine that my father would show up.

In 1985 I went to the World Gathering of Holocaust Survivors held in Philadelphia. It was an incredible experience. Several of us from the New Americans went together. Elie Wiesel spoke. I was with a lot of people who had experienced harder things than I had. But we were all survivors.

At the Gathering there was a book of German records. The Germans were meticulous record keepers. This book contained the names of people who had been deported to the concentration camps. This was the first time that I saw my father's name as being deported. For years I really had the fantasy that he would find us, but in Philadelphia I saw his name. They had added the dates when the person came back from the camps. Next to his name there was nothing. This was the first time it sank in. He was not coming back. I was glad my sister and brother-in-law were there.

At the Philadelphia gathering there was a stage. Survivors would get up on the stage and say, "Is anybody here from this town" or "I survived this camp." They were hoping to meet someone. It was heartbreaking to see that after so many years people were still searching. People were still hopeful.

I think that my parents may have paid the woman I was hidden with. If it were not for her, I would not be here. I don't know where she lived. My sister doesn't know, and my brother doesn't know. My father was killed, and my mother died when I was ten. My parents were the only two people who knew where I had been hidden. I would like so much to do something for that woman. I am sure she is not alive, but maybe her daughters are. I would like to thank her, and I can't because I don't know who she was. I don't have a clue. What seemed a far distance to a three-year-old may not be so far away to an adult, but I don't know. I have no idea.

I did not observe anything for the longest time. I did not believe in God. I think a lot of survivors feel guilty about surviving: "Why am I alive and why is my father dead? Maybe God chose me because I am able to make a little contribution by telling this now."

People ask me, can I forgive? I can't. I cannot forgive. I blame the German people a great deal because I feel they were passive. They turned away. They may have the audacity to say they did not know. That is unacceptable. Until they can own up to it, I can't forgive.

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I was a hidden child. I hid in this woman's house from ages three to five. I am grateful to her, but I do not know her name. I will never be able to thank her in a public way. Belgium Belgium: declared itself neutral and secured German guarantees of its neutral status in 1937.

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The Port Chicago Disaster: 75 Years Later

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Eugene "Doc" Roe - Personal Artifacts from family.

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Eugene "Doc" Roe - Personal Artifacts from family.

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I had the privilege of teaching Doc Roe's niece (Doc was her Great Uncle). He was the medic featured in Band of Brother's book and TV series (episode 6). Doc's daughter sent me a package filled with artifacts to show to my students. I took pictures of some it before sending it back so I could show future students.

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Munition Ships Explode In San Francisco (1940-1949)

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Lesson V: Combating Antisemitism Online 

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Lesson V: Combating Antisemitism Online 

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Combating Antisemitism and Intolerance Online Today with Media Literacy_To share!

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Study Guide for Educators_The Holocaust by Bullets