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Read up on TB 105-107 to understand more about the definition of Cybersecurity Threats.

Additionally, for your case study that you have selected, classify the type of Cybersecurity threat that it showcases. Choose from:

Website Defacement

Phising

Malware Infection

(Read up on TB Pg 106 if you need a clearer idea on the definition of each type of security threat)

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Read up on TB Pg 95-101 to understand more about the definition of Transnational Terrorism.

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Title your post with the names of your group members

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Title your post with the names of your group members

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1. Form groups of 4-5 students. Decide on whether you would like to research on 1) transnational terrorism or 2) cybersecurity threats

2. Research and find a case study that showcase the security threat. Attach the link of the article that you have found on the case study

3. Answer the guiding questions regarding the case study found in the post below.

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1. Why is the case study that your group has selected an example of transnational terrorism / cybersecurity threats? (i.e. What are some characteristics in the case study that fulfill the definition of the security impacts?)

2. Is this case study carried out by an organisation, individual or country?

3. How do the drivers of globalisation (from Chap 8) enable the case study to happen?

4. What is the impact of this case study on:

Individuals

Businesses

Government/Society?

(Answer for all 3 aspects!)

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hilary amelie aysha claire- transnational terrorism

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hilary amelie aysha claire- transnational terrorism

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1. we chose the 9/11 attacks. The 9/11 attacks are a prime example of transnational terrorism because they involved planning and execution across international borders

2. it was carried out by Al-Qaeda which is a transnational organisation. This makes the attacks an example of terrorism that transcends national boundaries and is directed at targets in multiple countries

3. interconnectedness facilitated the case by providing the tools and infrastructures for the attacks

4. individuals: suffered PTSD

businesses: affected the financial markets

govt: injected new urgency into INS' mission and initiated another shift in the United States' immigration policy

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transnational terrorism refers to the terrorist activities that cross national borders in terms of planning, execution, impact and support networks. for example,

9/11 attack (2001)

Al Qaesaa operatives, mostly from Saudi Arabia, planned the attacks in Afghanistan and Germany, trained in US and hijacked planes to strike in NY and Washington DC.

Paris attacks (2015)

ISIS-affiliated attackers, many of whom were European nationals radicalized in Syria or Iraq coordinated attacks across Paris, killing 130 people

Bali bombings (2002)

The terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah< with links to Al-Qaeda, carried out bombings in Indonesia that targeted foreign tourists, especially Australians

Madrid train Bombings (2004)

Islamist extremist, some connected to Al-Qaeda, bombed commuters trains in Spain. The group included foreign nationals, and the plot involved international financing and planning.

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Malware Infection

Case Study chosen: DBS, Bank of China Singapore customers' data extracted after printing vendor hit by ransomware attack

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/dbs-bank-china-ransomware-customer-data-printing-vendor-toppan-next-tech-5049616

1. Personal information of customers were leaked, allowing hackers to have unauthorised access to sensitive and private information.

2. Unconfirmed, likely individual.

3. Technological advancements allow people to be able to affect computers and their functions.

4. Individuals: Endanger the financial stability of the impacted individuals. Businesses: Slows down the work of businesses that work with the company targetted. People will lose trust in the business that was affected. The business will lose potential investors and may experience bankruptcy. Government: They will have to increase their cybersecurity. Government will have to answer anxious customers.

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1. An Islamic extremist group hijacked 4 American commercial airline planes and deliberately crashed them straight into two symbols of American power, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, to weaken the US' power and spread their religious and political influence. This caused the deaths of hundreds of people and injured many more.

2. The September 11th attacks were orchestrated by an Islamic extremist organization from the Middle-East, mainly Pakistan, called Al-Qaeda.

3. Developments in international transportation which allowed for commercial planes to cross international waters which is what allowed for the hijackers to enter US air space.

4. This incident affected the government as they have to spend more money to implement tighter security measures and rebuild damaged infrastructure. This affects the quality of life for individuals as certain roads, pathways can be blocked off due to repairs, as well as the families of victims of the attacks. Businesses near the area are also affected as less people would frequent the areas due to inconvenience and fear for their own safety. This would cause people to develop stereotypes for people from the Middle-East, and those of Islamic faith so as to be more cautious of future terrorist attacks, sparking racism and hate crimes against that minority in the US.

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Note for screen reader users: once expanded, the first four items of the navigation menu have some associated content which may provide additional information of interest. These sections can be located by jumping to the level 3 heading which follows each sub-menu.

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Megan, ethel shreya, Jia mei, Ishikha, Jie En, Xihan

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Megan, ethel shreya, Jia mei, Ishikha, Jie En, Xihan

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9/11 ATTACKS

Context: 9/11 is an example of a transnational terrorism. This attack is coordinated by the islamic terrorist suicide attacks named Al-Qaeda against the United States Embassy on September 11 2001.

The planes were hijacked into the World Trade Centre towers which resulted in severe damage.

Impact: Resulted in numerous casualities and

Caused Americans to start hate crimes towards Islams and citizens that looked like terrorists.

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Milla, Ashley, Sonia, Lalita, Fann, Sofie

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Milla, Ashley, Sonia, Lalita, Fann, Sofie

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1. The case study that we have chosen is 9/11. It is an example of transnational terrorism as the perpetrators were from various Middle Eastern countries, however, 9/11 and its subsequent attacks occurred in the US. It lead to 3,000 deaths, 25,000 injured as well as property damage amounting to US$10 billion.

2. The perpetrators were part of the Al-Qaeda, a transnational terrorist organisation, which coordinated the attacks with the motive of taking revenge against US for its military involvement in the the Middle East.

3. Growth of MNCs results in the movement of people and goods across the globe. Terrorist organisations, such as Al-Qaeda can tap into these international trade networks to fund their operations, whether that be through smuggling or illicit trafficking. They can also exploit global networks and developments in digital technology to traffic arms and people, allowing them to recruit more members and expand their reach and influence

4. Individuals: People of similar religious and ethnic backgrounds as the members of Al-Qaeda may be viewed with distrust, suspicion and even hatred, even if they do not associate themselves with Al-Qaeda’s extremist beliefs

Businesses: Bizs invested more money into compliance to ensure that illegal activites and suspicious transactions were not occurring. Following the events of 9/11, airlines feared that similar attacks could be carried out with the use of air travel, and hence implemented stricter rules and measures to maximise the safety of air travel

Government/society: Government and society will have to re-evaluate their relations with countries that are associated with the perpetrators, which in this case is the Al-Qaeda and its associated Middle Eastern countries.

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1. The case study that our group has selected shows one of the first country to come under the attack from this modern form of hybrid warfare. The article says, "cash machines and online banking services were sporadically out of action; government employees were unable to communicate with each other on email; and newspapers and broadcasters suddenly found they couldn't deliver the news.." This attack was targeted to government, banks, and media outlets. The aim to disrupt essential services and create chaos.

2. "The 2007 attacks came from Russian IP addresses, online instructions were in the Russian language" "But there is no concrete evidence that these attacks were actually carried out by the Russian government." "suggested the attack "was orchestrated by the Kremlin, and malicious gangs then seized the opportunity to join in and do their own bit to attack Estonia"." Some individuals including a student in Tallinn but no direct connections to any government.

3. The widespread use of internet in Estonia and lack of cyber defenses made it easy for the individuals to hack into the system.

4. In 2007 the Estonian government decided to move the Bronze Soldier from the centre of Tallinn to a military cemetery on the outskirts of the city.

The decision sparked outrage in Russian-language media and Russian speakers took to the streets. Protests were exacerbated by false Russian news reports claiming that the statue, and nearby Soviet war graves, were being destroyed. (Individuals) Online services of Estonian banks, media outlets and government bodies were taken down by unprecedented levels of internet traffic. cash machines and online banking services were sporadically out of action; government employees were unable to communicate with each other on email; and newspapers and broadcasters suddenly found they couldn't deliver the news. (Businesses) On 26 April 2007 Tallinn erupted into two nights of riots and looting. 156 people were injured, one person died and 1,000 people were detained. (society??)

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Cyber-attacks, information warfare, fake news - exactly 10 years ago Estonia was one of the first countries to come under attack from this modern form of hybrid warfare.

It is an event that still shapes the country today.

Head bowed, one fist clenched and wearing a World War Two Red Army uniform, the Bronze Soldier stands solemnly in a quiet corner of a cemetery on the edge of the Estonian capital Tallinn.

Flowers have been laid recently at his feet. It is a peaceful and dignified scene. But in April 2007 a row over this statue sparked the first known cyber-attack on an entire country.

The attack showed how easily a hostile state can exploit potential tensions within another society. But it has also helped make Estonia a cyber security hotshot today.

From outrage to outage

Unveiled by the Soviet authorities in 1947, the Bronze Soldier was originally called "Monument to the Liberators of Tallinn". For Russian speakers in Estonia he represents the USSR's victory over Nazism.

But for ethnic Estonians, Red Army soldiers were not liberators. They are seen as occupiers, and the Bronze Solider is a painful symbol of half a century of Soviet oppression.

In 2007 the Estonian government decided to move the Bronze Soldier from the centre of Tallinn to a military cemetery on the outskirts of the city.

The decision sparked outrage in Russian-language media and Russian speakers took to the streets. Protests were exacerbated by false Russian news reports claiming that the statue, and nearby Soviet war graves, were being destroyed.

On 26 April 2007 Tallinn erupted into two nights of riots and looting. 156 people were injured, one person died and 1,000 people were detained.

From 27 April, Estonia was also hit by major cyber-attacks which in some cases lasted weeks.

Online services of Estonian banks, media outlets and government bodies were taken down by unprecedented levels of internet traffic.

Massive waves of spam were sent by botnets and huge amounts of automated online requests swamped servers.

The result for Estonians citizens was that cash machines and online banking services were sporadically out of action; government employees were unable to communicate with each other on email; and newspapers and broadcasters suddenly found they couldn't deliver the news.

Liisa Past was running the op-ed desk of one of Estonia's national newspapers at the time, and remembers how journalists were suddenly unable to upload articles to be printed in time. Today she is a cyber-defence expert at Estonia's state Information System Authority.

"Cyber aggression is very different to kinetic warfare," she explained. "It allows you to create confusion, while staying well below the level of an armed attack. Such attacks are not specific to tensions between the West and Russia. All modern societies are vulnerable."

That means that a hostile country can create disturbance and instability in a Nato country like Estonia, without fear of military retaliation from Nato allies.

Shadowy forces

The alliance's Article Five guarantees that Nato members defend each other, even if that attack is in cyberspace. But Article Five would only be triggered if a cyber-attack results in major loss of life equivalent to traditional military action.

Identifying who is responsible also makes retaliation difficult. The 2007 attacks came from Russian IP addresses, online instructions were in the Russian language and Estonian appeals to Moscow for help were ignored.

But there is no concrete evidence that these attacks were actually carried out by the Russian government.

On condition of anonymity, an Estonian government official told the BBC that evidence suggested the attack "was orchestrated by the Kremlin, and malicious gangs then seized the opportunity to join in and do their own bit to attack Estonia".

Hostile states often count on copycat hackers, criminal groups and freelance political actors jumping on the bandwagon.

2007 was a wake-up call, helping Estonians become experts in cyber defence today. "It was a great security test. We just don't know who to send the bill to," says Tanel Sepp, a cyber security official at Estonia's Ministry of Defence.

The Bronze Soldier attacks may be the first suspected state-backed cyber-attacks on another nation.

But since then cyber warfare has been used all over the world, including in Russia's war with Georgia in 2008, and in Ukraine. "Cyber has become a really serious tool in disrupting society for military purposes," says Tanel Sepp.
Information warfare: Is Russia really interfering in European states? Is cyber-warfare really that scary? How Estonia became E-stonia
That's why Estonia's government has now set up a voluntary Cyber Defence Unit. Since Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, the Estonian Defence League has been much reported on by the international press: at weekends 25,000 volunteers don fatigues and head to the forests to learn how to shoot.

Less well known is the shadowy Cyber Defence Unit.

Once bitten

The country's leading IT experts are also trained by the Ministry of Defence. But in addition they are security vetted and remain anonymous.

They donate their free time to defending their country online by practising what to do if a major utility or vital service provider is brought down by a cyber-attack.

It's the sort of private sector talent the state could never usually afford to employ.

But the memory of 2007 is a good recruiting sergeant. The attacks have stuck in the national consciousness by proving to Estonians the importance of cyber security.

Ten years after the attacks, the Bronze Soldier is still a reminder how much Estonia's complicated past can disrupt the present.

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Cyber-attacks, information warfare, fake news - exactly 10 years ago Estonia was one of the first countries to come under attack from this modern form of hybrid warfare. It is an event that still shapes the country today.

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1. our case study is about 9/11 terrorist attacks.

terrorists hijacked four planes which were flown into the twin towers in new york city which caused both towers to collapse. this resuted in nearly 3k deaths impacted more globally

2. the case study is carried out by an Islamist extremist group led by Osama bin Laden

3. Interconnectedness of the world facilitated and provided a network for communication and travel for the attackers to execute their plan on the twin towers. It also allowed al-Qaeda to use global communication networks to attack the world trade centre.

4.

impact on individuals: many were exposed to hazardous debris, leading to chronic illness.

business impacts: increase of costs

impact on gvmt: policy changes, new departments created called "department of homeland security.