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NAME: SHERIL NUR HANI BINTI SAMSUL

MATRIC NUMBER: 101014

FACULTY: FELC

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From this topic, I learned about the meaning of communication, its functions, various types of communication, and the characteristics of communication. These are the essential elements of communication that one has to understand and conquer to communicate and converse effectively in daily life.

Firstly, communication refers to the interaction of one another and the reaction of vice versa. By learning communication, I can improve the way I, and others see myself, teach me essential skills such as how to improve my confidence in voicing my opinions, and improve my relationship with others. Humans communicate through various ways, be it verbal, non-verbal, or through writing down the message they wanted to convey.

Next, there are six types of communication, namely intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, mediated interpersonal communication, small group communication, organizational communication, and public communication. The first one, intrapersonal communication, refers to the act of one person talking to himself or herself, for example, thinking and reflecting. Interpersonal communication refers to the act of two or three people signaling to each other using the medium of voice, facial, or hand gestures to convey meaning. Mediated interpersonal communication refers to a communication that is assisted by a device, for example, a conversation on the WhatsApp application on a cellphone or a computer. Small group communication refers to the act of more than three people communicating with one another to achieve an interdependent goal. Organizational communication refers to the interaction of individuals in a working environment, and lastly, public communication refers to the act of an individual speaking to a large number of people, for example, in a public speaking event or press conference.

Besides that, I also learn about seven characteristics of communication, including dynamic process, symbolic, systematic, making inferences, self-reflective, consequence, and complex. First, dynamic process in communication is an ongoing and transitory activity that continuously evolves and brings about change, meaning here a conversation is fluid, and the topic of the conversation shapes the discussion and outcome. Secondly, communication is symbolic because humans create and use symbols to convey meaning. We can generate, receive, store, and manipulate these symbols, and the symbols we choose are flexible and subjective, meaning that a symbol can be or can not be based on personal interpretation. Thirdly, a systematic communication depends on several factors such as the setting, location, occasion, time, the number of people involved, and the cultural context. Fourth, making inferences in communication denotes that there is no direct mind-to-mind contact between people, as we make inferences from words, silence, long speeches, head nods, or even glances. What a person knows and feels stays inside unless they express it through communication. Fifth, self-reflective communication means people think about themselves, reflect on their past and present, and can adjust how they communicate while doing it. Sixth, communication having consequences means that all our messages impact others through their reactions to our words and actions, and the response to someone’s message doesn’t always have to be immediate. Lastly, communication is complex because it involves many factors such as culture, gestures, tone, and even things like irony, all of which can affect how a message is understood.

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Studying the types and characteristics of communication taught me how messages are delivered, received, and understood, and it made me more conscious of how I communicate in various situations, particularly when collaborating with others.

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C) HOW I PRACTICE WHAT I LEARNT IN REAL LIFE

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By learning the characteristics of communication, I was able to apply them when discussing our group assignment with my friends. I used verbal communication to share my thoughts, responded based on how the conversation developed, and considered the setting and timing to stay appropriate. I also paid attention to my communication, making sure I was respectful and easy to understand. This helped us stay on the same page and complete the task effectively.

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This topic has taught me about identity, which is a person's perception of self. It is created, reflected, and maintained through interactions with various people. There are seven characteristics of identity, namely multifaceted, social and personal, salience and strength, fluid and stable, avowed and ascribed, passing and outing, as well as performance and expression. Learning these seven identity traits helps me to understand myself and others more clearly, and be aware of how identity changes in different contexts.

Aside from that, this topic also taught me about self and identity, which includes self-concept, self-awareness, and self-esteem. Firstly, self-concept refers to the way one sees oneself, composed of personal identity and social identity. Self-awareness refers to the extent to which one knows oneself, including the open self, the blind self, the hidden self, and the unknown self. To increase self-awareness, one should ask oneself about oneself, listen to others, and actively seek information about oneself. Self-esteem refers to the self-evaluation of a person's about their self. It is a measurement of how valuable one thinks of themselves. To increase self-esteem and be more confident, one can remind themselves of their success, secure affirmation through words of affirmation, for example, "I can do this, I am doing well enough," and work on projects that will result in success.

Next, I have also learnt about perception. The term refers to the process of one being aware of objects, events, and especially people. It results from the existence of the outside world and one's own experience. There are two influences on perception, which are physiological influences (the senses, age, health, fatigue, biological cycles, mood or emotion, self-concept) and social influences (gender roles, occupational roles, as well as social location).

As perception plays a vital role in daily life, there are a few common tendencies in perception. These tendencies include making snap judgments, clinging to first impressions, judging oneself more charitably than they do others, being influenced by their expectations, being influenced by the obvious, and assuming others are like themselves.

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From this topic, I learnt that humans have multiple identities and they should understand the way they perceive and accept themselves. Being able to have pride in oneself is important, as well as being aware of how one should perceive others.

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By learning how to increase self-esteem, I can improve how I perceive myself and build pride in myself through affirmations. When interacting with others, I tend to be nervous as I am unable to control how other perceives me, but I learnt that how I think of myself is way more important than how others think about me. By assuring myself, I can withstand a conversation comfortably with confidence.

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In this topic, I learnt several things about verbal communication, including how words work, the power of words, how to manage misunderstandings, how to use words of support, how to apologize, and assertiveness.

First and foremost, a person may use hundreds or even thousands of words daily in verbal communication. Words are a use of symbols (the alphabet) that are used to express one's thoughts associated with the words. Words can be arbitrary, meaning that there is no natural or inherent connection between the word (symbol) and the referent it represents. Therefore, words can have abstract, connotative, and denotative meanings. To simplify: abstract words represent something that does not have a physical form, denotative words are literal in meaning, meanwhile, connotative words carry personal and cultural meanings, and therefore may reflect either a positive or negative connotation. Meanings can be found in people, according to what the words represent to them or the emotions they are experiencing at the moment.

Words are powerful as they carry those weights; they can create perceptions, influence thoughts and actions, affect and reflect culture, criticize and praise, confirm and disconfirm, and finally, make or break a relationship.

Therefore, there are several ways to properly use words in verbal communication. One can use words to manage misunderstandings, to support, to apologize, and to be assertive.

To manage misunderstandings, one should be aware of missed meanings as well as changes in words, and be clear and specific while communicating. Next, to support someone, one should use words to present themselves as equal rather than superior, be genuine, empathize, and communicate to describe feelings. When things escalate too quickly to the point of unavoidable conflicts, one should apologize by offering a sincere apology, making an explicit admission of error, being honest in admitting their wrongdoings, and requesting forgiveness.

In the last part of this learning unit, I also learnt about assertiveness. The term refers to the ability to communicate needs, feelings, opinions, and beliefs openly and honestly without violating the rights of others. To be assertive, one should use "I" statements to express oneself, use an appropriate tone, be honest when giving or receiving feedback, and take ownership.

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I learned that words carry weight the moment they are spoken and have a strong impact, as they can mean different things to different people depending on the situation. This topic also helped me improve how I communicate, especially when resolving issues, offering comfort to those who need it, apologizing when I make mistakes, and speaking up for myself when necessary. By learning assertiveness, I can stand firm and communicate effectively, especially when dealing with overly dominant people, to avoid feeling disregarded, controlled, or silenced.

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To practice assertive communication, I use "I" statements often to share my feelings during conversations and take ownership of my words. I also learn to say "no" to things I choose not to do or agree with to establish clear boundaries when necessary. By practicing this style of communication in everyday situations, it helps me gain confidence in handling challenging conversations or situations.

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I have learned about non-verbal communication, its principles, and how to improve skills in interpreting non-verbal messages.

First and foremost, non-verbal communication refers to the process of using messages other than words to convey meaning. This includes not only gestures and body language but also the way we deliver our words. Non-verbal communication is important because it acts as a natural, unspoken language that expresses true feelings and intentions at any given moment, offering clues about the emotions and thoughts of those around us.

Non-verbal communication follows several principles. It interacts with verbal messages, helps manage impressions, forms relationships, structures conversations, influences and deceives others, and expresses emotions. One key role of non-verbal communication in managing impressions is helping the communicator to be perceived positively, excuse failures or mistakes, seek help, and conceal faults.

To understand non-verbal communication, it is important to first understand its different codes. Several codes include body movements and posture (kinesics), eye contact, facial expressions, vocal cues or tones, proxemics (use of personal space), territory, touch, appearance, and chronemics (use of time).

Starting with body movements and posture, these can convey messages in non-verbal communication through emblems, illustrators, adaptors, regulators, and affect displays. Eye contact, meanwhile, portrays confidence and interest during a conversation. It serves cognitive, monitoring, regulatory, and expressive functions. In addition, facial expressions—often considered the easiest form of non-verbal communication—clearly display emotions such as happiness, disgust, anger, and fear, often without the need for words. Vocal cues and tones also express emotions; even silence can "speak volumes."

Proxemics, or the use of personal space, revolves around how close or distant people are from each other, affecting comfort levels and conveying different messages based on the distance maintained. Territory refers to how people use space to signal ownership or occupancy. For example, if a student arrives early to a lecture hall and places their belongings (like a water bottle or umbrella) on nearby seats, it non-verbally signals that those seats are being reserved for others. Touch is another important form of non-verbal communication, often used to convey concern, affection, or understanding. For instance, a person might hold a friend's hand while sharing exciting news. Appearance also plays a major role in non-verbal communication; choices like clothing, hairstyle, and grooming styles send messages and are open to interpretation and judgment by others. Finally, chronemics, or temporal communication, refers to how time is used and perceived. Whether someone is early, punctual, or late sends strong non-verbal messages about their attitudes toward time, responsibility, and respect.

To improve one's skills in interpreting nonverbal messages, one must always look for multiple dimensions of meaning, be aware of the limitations when interpreting nonverbal signals, and remain mindful of one's nonverbal behavior to express oneself more effectively.

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Non-verbal communication is more than just body language, as this communication style includes how we use different codes of communication other than spoken or written words, such as space, eye contact, tone, and even silence to send messages. It made me realize how much I can convey messages and meanings without speaking and how paying attention to these signals can help me connect better with other people.

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I practice the use of body language, such as the use of emblems, by showing my thumbs as to show my agreement upon talking to others, especially in group talks or in group chats. By doing this, I can show my thoughts clearly without speaking, which helps others understand me better during conversations.

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Listening is a vital part of communication, as it allows one to gain insight and information by being fully present and actively receiving messages from others. Listening and hearing are not the same because hearing is the physiological process where sound waves hit the eardrum, while listening is both a physical and psychological process that involves receiving, interpreting, and responding to symbolic messages.

Being mindful while listening means focusing and paying attention to the present moment during a conversation. In this learning unit, I learned about the five stages of listening, the benefits of effective listening, the obstacles to mindful listening, the forms of non-listening, how to adapt listening to communication goals, the characteristics of good listening, and common misconceptions about listening.

To understand mindful and effective listening, one must first grasp its basic stages. The five stages are receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding. Listening begins with receiving, which involves intentionally focusing on the speaker’s message, followed by understanding, which refers to decoding and assigning meaning to both verbal and non-verbal cues. The next stage is remembering, where the listener recalls previously mentioned or experienced details, leading into evaluation, where the message and the speaker’s character are thoughtfully assessed. Finally, the process concludes with responding, as the listener reacts based on their emotional or intellectual interpretation of the message.

Effective listening can improve relationships, prevent conflicts, and enhance understanding and negotiation skills. However, it is important to acknowledge the challenges that come with mindful listening, such as external obstacles (for example, message complexity and overload) and internal obstacles (for instance, pre-judgment, preoccupation, and lack of effort).

There are several forms of ineffective or non-listening behaviors, including pseudo-listening, monopolizing, selective listening, defensive listening, and ambushing. Pseudo-listening involves pretending to listen while actually ignoring the message, offering no real understanding. Monopolizing occurs when someone dominates the conversation, turning the focus onto themselves rather than paying attention to others. Selective listening is when a person only listens to parts of the message that interest them and disregards the rest. Defensive listening happens when someone interprets harmless remarks as personal attacks. Lastly, ambushing refers to listening carefully by not listening to understand, but to gather information that can later be used to criticize or attack the speaker.

To achieve different communication goals, one must adapt their listening approach. These include literal listening (focusing on the exact spoken words), listening for pleasure (to music), listening for information, and listening to support others.

Good listening can be characterized by showing interest, responding appropriately, staying focused, testing understanding, evaluating messages fairly, and managing personal emotions.

Lastly, there are common misconceptions about listening that should be clarified. One false belief is that hearing and listening are the same, when in fact, hearing is only the initial physical step and does not guarantee understanding. Another misconception is assuming we’ve understood a message just because we’ve heard it, when in reality, perception checks are always needed to ensure accurate interpretation.

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This topic helps me understand that it's not just about listening, but about being mentally and emotionally present. Learning the stages and barriers of effective listening made me more aware of how to engage meaningfully in communication.

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Mindful listening has helped me to stay fully present and keep distractions away when listening to someone. I learnt to not quickly assume or take things personally when someone is opening up to me, which helps me avoid defensive listening.

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This topic has taught me about the foundation of interpersonal relationships that define as am interaction between two or more people. Interpersonal relationships is an essential part of a person's daily interaction that helps connect people in various ways. These relationships bring many benefits such as lessening loneliness, gaining self-knowledge and self-esteem, enhancing physical as well as emotional health, maximizing pleasures, minimizing pains and secure stimulation, whether intellectually, physically or emotionally.

There are several stages of relationships. These connections are not fixed because they can develop and sometimes decline over time. The six stages of relationship include contact (perceptual/interactional), involvement (testing/intensifying), intimacy (interpersonal commitment/social bonding), deterioration (intrapersonal repair/interpersonal repair), repair (intrapersonal dissatisfaction/interpersonal dissatisfaction) and dissolution (interpersonal separation/social or public separation). in each stage, people experience different kind of experience and challenges because every relationship can either grow stronger or gradually fall apart, and there are processes in place for attempting repairs when issues arise.

I have also learnt about different types of relationships, namely friendships, romantic partnerships, family bonds, and professional connections. I discovered that friendships can vary in depth and purpose, while love can take many forms, each influenced by different motivations and cultural understandings. I learned that family structures differ based on levels of agreement and openness, and workplace communication involves specific dynamics that affect how people relate within an organization.

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This topic helps me understand better about various kind of relationships that exist in this world apart from just friendship and romantic relationship, as well as teaching me the stages of a relationship. By understanding how a relationship work, I get better knowledge on how to maintain my relationships with other people to handle conflict and misunderstanding better.

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This topic has taught me about conflict management strategies. These strategies include win-win strategies, win-lose strategies, force and talk strategies, politeness in conflict and argumentativeness. When I am facing difficulty in discussing assignments with my groupmates, I would try my best by using the win-win strategies in order to make my side and the other party's arguments are heard to find the best solution that will benefit everyone while also maintaining a goof interpersonal relationship with that person.

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Group Communication is defined as an interaction of three or more interdependent members working to achieve a common goal. Group communication plays an important role in exchanging ideas, gathering feedback, solving problems, making decisions, and elaborating on work or research for further improvement. In This topic, I learnt about the component of a group communication, purpose, basic elements, group roles (task roles, maintenance roles and disruptive or individual agenda roles), as well as how to balance a group dialectics.

Firstly, a group communication is composed by several elements. In group communication, there are members, goals, working, interdependence and interactions. Aside from that, a group communication process also involves several key elements such as members, messages, channels, feedback, context and noise.

An important takeaway from this topic is that group members often perform different roles. These roles can be formally assigned or naturally developed within the group. Task roles focus on achieving objectives, maintenance roles help sustain harmony and cooperation, while disruptive roles may hinder group progress and harmony. Example of each of the task roles are:

i. leader roles - leader, initiator, opinion seeker and information giver

ii. maintenance roles - supporter, harmonizer and gatekeeper

iii. disruptive roles - stage hog, clown and a blocker

There are clear advantages to working in groups, such as one can enhance performance, learning opportunities, cultural exposure, and seek a wide range of creativity. However, I also realized that group work can be challenging, especially when dealing with time constraints, conflicts, or dealing with certain difficult group members. Therefore, to succeed in group settings, it is important to communicate well, especially with members from diverse cultural backgrounds, manage conflicts appropriately, present oneself professionally, and show leadership qualities when necessary.

Lastly, I learned about the concept of group dialectics, which taught me that working in groups requires balancing opposing needs such as individual goals must align with group goals, task efficiency must connect with social bonding, and structured processes must not contradict spontaneous ideas as they both can come hand in hand and equally valuable.

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By learning group communication, I am able to grasp the knowledge details of how a group communication works. A deep understanding of this topic allows me to to practice these theories in real life in order to reach the mutual goals of a group interaction, while also not undermining a constructive opinion of other members in a group communications.

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In balancing group dialectic, which refers to the competing and contradictory components of group work, I apply the theory of alignment between homogenous and heterogeneous, where each members value member similarities and differences. For example, in an assignment group discussions, each members including myself can voice out each of our opinion that may align with others, while also may contradict with others. In this situation, we discuss together the strength and the weaknesses of each idea in order to find the best outcome of out communication while also avoiding group conflicts.

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This topic had give me a better understanding about organizational communication, which refers to the ways in which groups of people maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to accomplish their goals. I have learned that communication within an organization is important because it taught how people work together, follow systems, and form a mutual goal relationship to achieve organizational goals. One of the key ideas about organizational communication I have learnt is the importance of structuration, where organizations develop and sustain their internal systems through verbal and nonverbal communication. In this topic, I learnt about types of organizations, central features of organization, communication competence in the workplace, conflict management skills, the dark side of workplace communication and sexual harassment in workplace.

Firstly, there are different types of organizations, each with its own goals and communication focus, There are:

i. Economic orientation that promotes products and/or services

ii. Political orientation that generate and distribute power and control

iii. Integration orientation that mediate and resolve discord

iv. Pattern maintenance orientation that promote cultural and educational regularity

Within these organizations, there are various structures like bureaucratic systems that focus on authority and participatory structures that encourage member involvement. Within these organizations, there are various structures like bureaucratic systems that focus on authority and participatory structures, namely the organizational structures, communication networks, and organizational assimilation.

The organizational structures are divided into two types, namely the traditional bureaucratic structure and participatory structure. In communication networks, the formal and informal communication are the two type of communication widely used to interact and let an information flow smoothly beneath an organization.

Lastly, I learnt about the darker side of workplace communication, such as aggression and sexual harassment. These two types of act can harm individuals and the organization as a whole. By understanding better the importance of managing conflicts carefully and practicing competent, respectful communication to build a safe and productive working environment, especially as a woman to avoid any sort of power abuse beneath an organization.

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By learning this topic, I can get better understanding on how a dynamic between people in a organization works, as well as understanding how to communicate effectively in an organization. By learning organization dynamical communication, I am more aware on how to initiate a good conversation within the suitable context as well as how to avoid aggression and harassment if it were ever happened in the future

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By learning conflict management skills beneath an organization, I learnt how to communicate better whenever a conflict may arise as well as to solve any misunderstandings in workplace. I can apply this theory during my internship soon, when I start working and establishing an organizational relationships with the people in a the workplace setting.

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Conflict might arise in one's life and the way one understand the management is what differs them from another person. In this topic, I have learnt about conflict management, namely the classes of conflict, understanding the types of conflict, types of power, conflict and power dynamics, conflict with power considerations, conflict management styles, and conflict management skills.

Firstly, there are two classes of conflict, namely the functional and dysfunctional conflict. Functional conflict refers to a constructive conflict, where the argument support the organization and improves its performance by fostering constructive dialogue and critical thinking while the dysfunctional one refers to a destructive conflict that hinders organizational performance if not properly managed. Understanding types of conflict is easy as there are only three type of them, namely:

i. Task conflict (disagreement regarding the content or outcome of an executed task)

ii. Relationship conflict (personal incompatibles that create tension and personal conflict)

iii. Process conflict (disagreement on the logistics part of a task completion, delegation and roles)

To understand better about conflict management, I have learnt about the types of power. they are legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, referent power and informational power. These powers contribute in the balance or the imbalance dynamic between workers in a workplace. The power dynamics are divide into three types, there are power imbalances (in which those with great power, usually the authority can dominate or suppress less powerful individuals leading to unresolved conflict), power struggles (arise from competition over resources, status or control) and resistance and compliance (occur in case of significant power imbalances, where individuals or a group can resist or comply with the conflict).

There are several ways to manage conflict with power considerations. Individual within an organization or a workplace can apply empowerment, negotiation and mediation, building relationships, perform transparency and fostering a collaborative culture. There also several conflict management styles such as avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, and collaborating as well as conflict management skills such as active listening, empathy, effective communication, impartiality or neutrality, problem solving, stress management, patience, conflict de-escalation and assertiveness. By learning how to solve a conflict, I can handle conflict better in the future and able to solve them with better skills and resolutions in order to maintain good relationships with everyone, especially in the setting of workplace in the future.

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I am now able to understand better what can cause a conflicts in workplace settings and how to manage conflict when it occurs. By learning how to communicate better when solving a conflict, a mutually respect outcome and agreement can be reached while maintaining a good professional image and relationships with everyone in a workplace setting.

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As a university student, social media is part of an important tools in my daily life. Social media refers to the online tools and services which allow an exchange of ideas, information, videos, pictures, and graphics. In this topic, I learnt about types of social media, advantages and positive impacts of social media, disadvantages and negative impacts of social media, cyber bullying as well as viral marketing and privacy concerns.

Firstly, there are two main types of social media, namely the social networking sites and the media sharing networks. Social networking sites refers to the platform that build connections and community engagement such as Facebook and LinkedIn and the media sharing networks refer to platform to share photos, videos and live streams such as YouTube and TikTok.

There are advantages and positive impacts of using social media. Social media brings the advantages to the table for educational process, worldwide connectivity, online marketing and also helps with enhancing connection and communication, spread information and awareness as well as give access to education and learning. However, there are also the downsides of using media usage. Social media often raise privacy problems, reduces family intimacy, changes lifestyle habits (such as sleep disruption), pressuring the mental and health issues, the spread of misinformation and fake news, cyber bullying, harassment, addiction, and distraction. One of the major problems cause by social media misuse is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying refers to the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group that is intended to harm others and often occur among the teenagers and resulted in the the affect of mental health, and when it gets worse, suicides become the outcome. Cyberbullying is often linked with online harassment as they come hand in hand. Online platform become the platform use to conduct online bullying, where affected victims reportedly being harasses and bullied for appearances, academic achievement, race, sexuality, financial status, religion and others.

Aside from that, social media is also widely use in conducting business, namely the viral marketing strategy. By using social media, especially the major one such as Twitter, Instagram and TikTok, businesspeople can further promote their business as it can reach wider audiences who might be the target group of buyers. However, online marketing often raise privacy concerns as personal information can be widely accessed and misuse to conduct crime or mishaps on someone else's affair. Therefore, one must use be cautious in using social media to avoid unwanted problems.

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I have learnt that social media brings equally positive and negative impacts in my life. By learning how to use social media better, I can use it to access what I wanted such as online informations, lessons, and connect with my friends and family and at the same avoid unwanted harassment and misconduct such as scams and bullying on the internet.

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In conflict management skills, I learnt that conflict de-escalation and assertiveness are important especially in the professional workplace setting. By acknowledging when my emotions becoming to heated, I learnt when to detach these emotions and practice assertiveness by communicating the needs, feelings and opinions of both me and the other party without being to passive or aggressive to reach mutual outcome and resolution.

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Social media is part of my daily life. As a student, currently studying at University Malaysia Sarawak, I am accessing various kind of social media platforms such as e-Leap (UNIMAS' official learning platform), UNIMASNOW, Whatsapp, and google chrome to access lessons, gain information to execute assignments as well as to connect with friends, groupmates and lecturers. I am using social media discreetly in order to avoid the downside of social media such as online addictions, distractions and sleep disruptions. In this way, I can be both a decent student and a social media user.