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First Battle of the Marne

Date Range: September 6 – September 12, 1914

Who Fought In It: France and Britain vs. Germany

Who Won: Allied Victory

3 Additional Facts:

French taxis in Paris were famously used to transport reserve troops to the front lines, playing a small but morale-boosting role.

The battle halted the initial rapid German advance through Belgium and into France, preventing a swift victory.

It marked the beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front, as both sides dug in to defensive positions.

Significance: This battle is considered a crucial turning point in the early stages of the war, preventing Germany from achieving its Schlieffen Plan objective.

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Gallipoli Campaign

Date Range: February 1915 – January 1916

Who Fought In It: Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand (ANZACs) vs. Ottoman Empire

Who Won: Ottoman Victory

3 Additional Facts:

The campaign aimed to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war and secure a sea route to Russia.

It was a costly and ultimately unsuccessful amphibious landing and ground campaign marked by difficult terrain and strong Ottoman defenses.

The campaign had a significant impact on the national identities of Australia and New Zealand, fostering the "ANZAC spirit."

Significance: A major Allied failure that resulted in heavy casualties and had political repercussions in Britain and the Dominions.

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The North Sea Oceanarium, Willemoesvej, Hirtshals, Denmark

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The North Sea Oceanarium, Willemoesvej, Hirtshals, Denmark

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The North Sea Oceanarium, Willemoesvej, Hirtshals, Denmark

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Battle of Jutland

Date Range: May 31 – June 1, 1916

Who Fought In It: British Grand Fleet vs. German High Seas Fleet

Who Won: Inconclusive (both sides claimed victory)

3 Additional Facts:

It was the largest and only major fleet engagement of World War I.

Despite suffering heavier losses, the German fleet managed to escape back to port.

Strategically, it confirmed British naval dominance, as the German fleet did not seriously challenge British control of the North Sea again.

Significance: While tactically inconclusive, it reinforced the strategic blockade of Germany by the British Royal Navy.

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Battle of Verdun

Date Range: February 21 – December 18, 1916

Who Fought In It: France vs. Germany

Who Won: French Victory

3 Additional Facts:

The battle became a symbol of French determination and resilience, with the slogan "They shall not pass!" becoming a rallying cry.

It was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war, with estimated casualties of nearly one million.

The German objective was to "bleed France white" by drawing French reserves into a strategically important but difficult-to-defend area.

Significance: A major test of endurance for both armies, solidifying the stalemate on the Western Front and representing the horrific nature of attrition warfare.

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Battle of the Somme

Date Range: July 1 – November 18, 1916

Who Fought In It: Britain and France vs. Germany

Who Won: Inconclusive

3 Additional Facts:

The first day of the battle saw the British Army suffer its highest single-day casualties in history.

Tanks were used in combat for the first time by the British, though their initial impact was limited.

The battle was intended to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and break through the German lines.

Significance: Another example of the brutal and costly nature of trench warfare, resulting in enormous casualties for all sides with little strategic gain.

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Third Ypres Campaign (Passchendaele)

Date Range: July 31 – November 10, 1917

Who Fought In It: Britain and its Empire vs. Germany

Who Won: Allied Victory (limited and costly)

3 Additional Facts:

The campaign is notorious for the incredibly muddy conditions, which severely hampered movement and resulted in horrific casualties.

The main objective was to capture German submarine bases on the Belgian coast.

The village of Passchendaele became a symbol of the brutal and senseless slaughter of the war.

Significance: Represents the extreme conditions and futility of some of the fighting on the Western Front, with minimal strategic gains at a massive human cost

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Southern most point of the Western Front, 1914-1918, Le Fahy, Pfetterhouse, France

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Southern most point of the Western Front, 1914-1918, Le Fahy, Pfetterhouse, France

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Southern most point of the Western Front, 1914-1918, Le Fahy, Pfetterhouse, France

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German Spring Offensives

Date Range: March 21 – July 18, 1918

Who Fought In It: Germany vs. Britain, France, and the United States

Who Won: Allied Victory (halted the German advance)

3 Additional Facts:

These offensives were Germany's last major attempt to achieve a decisive victory on the Western Front before the full weight of American forces arrived.

They initially made significant gains, exploiting weaknesses in the Allied lines.

The offensives ultimately failed due to exhaustion of German troops, Allied resistance, and the arrival of American reinforcements.

Significance: Marked Germany's final push for victory and the beginning of the end for the Central Powers.

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Battle of Amiens

Date Range: August 8 – August 12, 1918

Who Fought In It: Allied forces (including Britain, France, Australia, Canada) vs. Germany

Who Won: Allied Victory

3 Additional Facts:

This battle is often referred to as the "Black Day of the German Army" due to the heavy losses and collapse of morale.

It saw the successful use of combined arms tactics, including tanks, aircraft, and infantry.

The rapid Allied advance signaled a decisive shift in momentum on the Western Front.

Significance: A major turning point in the war, demonstrating the effectiveness of new Allied tactics and the weakening state of the German Army.

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Battle of Megiddo

Date Range: September 19 – September 25, 1918

Who Fought In It: British Empire forces (including Australians, New Zealanders, Indians) vs. Ottoman Empire

Who Won: Allied Victory

3 Additional Facts:

This battle was fought in the Middle Eastern theater of World War I.

It involved a decisive breakthrough by Allied cavalry, leading to the rapid collapse of the Ottoman armies in Palestine.

The strategic victory paved the way for the capture of Damascus and the eventual end of Ottoman rule in the region.

Significance: A decisive victory that significantly weakened the Ottoman Empire and hastened the end of the war in the Middle East.

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Brusilov Offensive

Date Range: June 4 – September 20, 1916

Who Fought In It: Russia vs. Austria-Hungary and Germany

Who Won: Russian Victory (Tactical), but strategically weakened Russia

3 Additional Facts:

It was the most successful Allied offensive of 1916.

The offensive employed innovative tactics, such as small, coordinated attack groups, which initially overwhelmed Austro-Hungarian forces.

Despite the initial success, Russia suffered heavy casualties and the offensive ultimately contributed to the weakening of the Tsarist regime.

Significance: Demonstrated the potential for breaking through entrenched lines with the right tactics, but also highlighted Russia's declining strength.