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Get Out is a horror film directed by Jordan Peele, who is most commonly recognized from the comedy group that is Key and Peele. The film centers around a black man who visits his white girlfriends family, only for him to discover that the family has been kidnapping black people and replacing their minds with that of their own. Cultural appropriation is arguably the strongest theme present, and it is taken to its horrific extreme of body snatching. The film highlights ideas like cultural association of skin color, the objectifying of culture and identity, and the reducing of personhood to an aesthetic.

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Get Out Official Trailer 1 (2017) - Daniel Kaluuya Movie

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12 Years a Slave, directed by Steve McQueen, is an adaptation of Solomon Northup's 1853 memoir describing his abduction and enslavement in 1840s Louisiana. It has been lauded for its portrayal of the brutality of slavery, providing a stark depiction of the physical and psychological torment endured by enslaved individuals. The film offers a vivid and authentic portrayal of American slavery.

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12 YEARS A SLAVE - Official Trailer (HD)

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Hidden Figures, directed by Theodore Melfi, is a biographical drama that highlights the contributions of three African-American women mathematicians Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson at NASA during the 1960s. The film portrays their roles in launching astronaut John Glenn into orbit, which emphasizes their resilience against racial and gender discrimination. Now while the movie captures their achievements, certain dramatic cuts were taken; for instance, the character Al Harrison, portrayed by Kevin Costner, isn't based on one person, and the iconic scene of him removing a "colored" bathroom sign did not occur as depicted. Also, the film consolidates the women's timelines and personal interactions for narrative coherence, though their actual experiences were more distinct and spread over several years .

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Hidden Figures | Official Trailer [HD] | 20th Century FOX

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Straight Outta Compton, directed by F. Gary Gray, highlights the rise of N.W.A., a hip-hop group from Compton, California, and their impact on music and popular culture. The film captures the group's defiance against police brutality and systemic oppression. Notably, the film showcases moments in which their rising fame fails to protect them from the harsh climate of police injustice. A famous example of their defiance comes from their performance of "Fuck the Police" at a populated venue wherein they were warned to not perform it. They do so anyways and are chased by police and face public controversy.

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Straight Outta Compton (2015) | Official Theatrical Trailer | NWA Movie | MTV

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Mississippi Burning, directed by Alan Parker, is a fictionalized account of the 1964 FBI investigation into the murders of three civil rights workers in Mississippi. The film has faced criticism for its historical inaccuracies, famously for its portrayal of the FBI as proactive civil rights champions, whereas in reality, the Bureau was often indifferent or hostile to the civil rights movement. Also, the film marginalizes the role of local Black activists, presenting them as passive victims rather than active participants in the struggle for justice. These omissions have led to accusations of perpetuating a "white savior" narrative and distorting the true history of the civil rights movement. What this film succeeds in is its depiction of the harsh and vitriolic nature of the deep south against black individuals, and the extent as to which they were oppressed and attacked.

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Mississippi Burning Official Trailer #1 - Gene Hackman Movie (1988) HD

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Crash Course: Transatlantic Slave Trade

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Crash Course: Transatlantic Slave Trade

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The transatlantic slave trade kidnapped an estimated 10 to 12 million Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. European goods were exchanged for enslaved Africans, who were subsequently shipped to the Americas, where they worked on plantations producing products like sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which were sent back to Europe. The journey across the Atlantic, known as the Middle Passage, was infamous for its brutal conditions, with many captives enduring overcrowding, disease, and abuse, leading to high mortality rates. The trade has had profound and lasting impacts on the societies involved, shaping economic, social, and cultural dynamics across continents.

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The Transatlantic Slave Trade: Crash Course Black American History #1

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The boom of the cotton industry was built on the labor of enslaved African Americans, who forcibly endured grueling conditions. They worked all day, often under the threat of violence, to meet the high demands of cotton production. Enslavers imposed strict requirements, with some requiring workers to pick up to 200 pounds of cotton daily. Those who failed to meet these expectations faced harsh punishments, including whipping.

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The Rise of Cotton: Crash Course Black American History #13

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Phillis Wheatley was the first African American woman to publish a book of poetry in the United States. She was born in West Africa and was enslaved in Boston, there she was educated by the Wheatley family, mastering English, Latin, and Greek by her teens. Her 1773 collection, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, gained international acclaim and led to her emancipation. Wheatley had supported the American Revolution and corresponded with George Washington, who praised her work. Despite her literary success, she faced financial hardship and died in poverty at age 31.

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Phillis Wheatley: The First Published African-American Poet | Black Patriots | History

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The Origin of Race in the USA explores how the concept of race evolved from a marker of kinship to a social construct tied to physical characteristics. Initially, in the 16th century, "race" had referred to a shared ancestry or a group affiliation, not biological traits. With the rise of global capitalism, which was fueled by slavery and colonialism, and Enlightenment-era pseudoscience, began to associate race with physical features to justify exploitation and systemic inequality/discrimination.

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In the TED Talk The Illusion of Skin Color, anthropologist Nina Jablonski delves into discusses the origins of human skin pigmentation, revealing that it is an adaptive response to ultraviolet radiation rather than a marker of race. Lighter skin developed in higher latitudes to facilitate vitamin D production in areas with less sunlight. Jablonski emphasizes that skin color is a biological adaptation, not a racial determinant, challenging societal misconceptions and highlighting the need for a more scientifically informed understanding of human diversity.

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Nina Jablonski breaks the illusion of skin color

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Jazz: Rhythms of Freedom is a 32-minute documentary from The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones series, produced by Lucasfilm and aired on PBS in 2008. This film delves into the origins of jazz, tracing its roots to the African American experience and its evolution into a powerful form of self-expression and cultural identity. It highlights how jazz emerged from the struggles of disenfranchised communities, particularly African Americans, who used music as a means to assert their freedom and individuality. The documentary emphasizes jazz's role as a platform for artistic innovation and social commentary, illustrating its profound impact on American culture and its enduring legacy as a symbol of liberty and creativity.

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Jazz: Rhythms of Freedom | Historical Documentary | Lucasfilm

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Being Black in ‘Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood

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Being Black in ‘Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood

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The PBS Origins video Being Black in 'Mister Rogers' Neighborhood examines the inclusion of African American characters on the iconic children's show. It highlights the 1969 episode where Fred Rogers invited Officer Clemmons, portrayed by François Clemmons, to share a wading pool, subtly challenging racial segregation norms. The video also explores the show's introduction of other Black characters, such as Mrs. Saunders, a teacher, and Marilyn Barnett, a fitness instructor, showcasing its commitment to diversity and inclusion during a time of societal upheaval. Through these representations, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood played a pivotal role in promoting racial equality and fostering understanding among young audiences.

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Being Black in 'Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood'

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The CBC video Cultural Appropriation vs. Appreciation features Rosanna Deerchild, host of CBC's Unreserved, who delves into the distinction between cultural appropriation and cultural appreciation. Deerchild emphasizes that cultural appreciation involves mutual respect, consent, and participation, saying, "If it is about us, it includes us." She highlights that appropriation often involves taking elements from a culture without understanding or respecting their significance, leading to misrepresentation and harm. In contrast, appreciation fosters genuine understanding and respect for cultural traditions. The video serves as an educational resource, urging viewers to reflect on their interactions with cultures outside their own and to approach them with sensitivity and awareness.

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Cultural Appropriation vs. Appreciation | CBC Radio | CBC

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In the 1999 interview featured on Manufacturing Intellect, Aaron McGruder, creator of The Boondocks, discusses the origins and themes of his comic strip. He explains that the strip centers on two African American brothers, Huey and Riley Freeman, who move from inner-city Chicago to a predominantly white suburb. Huey, named after Black Panther Huey P. Newton, serves as a radical political voice, while Riley embodies the influence of mainstream hip-hop culture. McGruder critiques the prevalence of gangsta rap, suggesting it has become a dominant narrative that limits the diversity of Black cultural expression. He also touches on the challenges of being a cartoonist, likening it to the myth of Sisyphus due to the relentless cycle of creation and deadlines. As the strip gained popularity, McGruder transitioned to overseeing the animated adaptation, aiming to maintain creative control as an executive producer and writer.

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Aaron McGruder interview on The Boondocks (1999)

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The video A History of Black Stereotypes Onscreen by The Take explores how early Hollywood films perpetuated harmful caricatures of Black individuals, such as the Mammy, Uncle Tom, and Jezebel, to justify slavery and systemic racism. These stereotypes depicted Black people as subservient, childlike, or hypersexual, reinforcing societal inequalities. The video also examines how these portrayals have evolved over time, with characters like the Magical Negro and the Angry Black Woman continuing to appear in modern media. Despite some progress, the legacy of these stereotypes persists, influencing contemporary perceptions and treatment of Black individuals.

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Eddie Murphy’s “Mister Robinson’s Neighborhood” on Saturday Night Live (SNL) was a comedic parody of Fred Rogers’ beloved children’s program, Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood. Murphy's character, Mister Robinson, mirrored Rogers' gentle demeanor but presented a starkly different reality living in an urban environment marked by crime, poverty, and systemic challenges. The sketch humorously addressed serious issues such as gentrification, unemployment, and racial inequality, offering a critique of societal structures through satire. In contrast, Rogers' original show focused on kindness, emotional understanding, and inclusivity, aiming to teach children about empathy and respect. While Rogers acknowledged the parody, expressing that some imitations were done with "real kindness in their hearts," he also emphasized the importance of respect and understanding in such portrayals . Murphy's portrayal, though comedic, highlighted the disparities faced by African Americans, using humor to shed light on serious social issues

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Mister Robinson's Neighborhood: Ransom - SNL

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Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39

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Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39

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In Crash Course US History #39, John Green explores the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s, and he highlights key events and figures. He discusses the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, which declared school segregation unconstitutional, and the subsequent "Massive Resistance" in the South. The video also covers the Montgomery Bus Boycott, sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, and the rise of Martin Luther King Jr. as a prominent leader. Despite these efforts, by the end of the decade, desegregation had made limited progress, with fewer than 2% of Black students attending integrated schools in the South.

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Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 | Black American Heroes

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 | Black American Heroes

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 was a significant event in the Civil Rights Movement, initially ignited by Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger. This act of defiance led to a 13 month long boycott, with the Black community in Montgomery, Alabama, organizing alternative transportation through carpools and taxis to avoid using the segregated bus system. The boycott, supported by leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., resulted in significant economic pressure on the city, as African Americans made up 75% of bus riders. Despite facing threats and violence, the movement persisted, culminating in a Supreme Court decision that declared bus segregation unconstitutional. This victory not only challenged institutionalized racism but also marked a significant stride toward racial equality in the United States.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 | Black American Heroes | History

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This clip from the hit family sitcom, Malcolm in the Middle, presents an argument between two pivotal father figures in the show about feeling singled-out in their poker group. The humor of this scene comes from Hal(Bryan Cranston) saying that their poker group(which is predominantly black with the exception of Hal) isolates him because he isn't a professional, subverting the audiences expectations that he felt it was due to him being the only white guy. What I enjoy about this scene is that in most instances, ignorance seems to be correlated with discrimination and oppression, primarily because those who hate are considered to be ignorant to the humanity present in the thing they're hating. In this scene however, not only is Hal's ignorance used for comedic effect, but it also shows that hate doesn't come from ignorance alone, and that you can be ignorant(situationally unaware) and still be compassionate towards those who are different.

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Malcolm in the Middle Borderline Racist Joke

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This pie chart from Pew Research describes poll responses from African Americans on the role their race has played in laying out their racial identity. The majority of these responses favored that being black greatly influenced both their cultural and individual identities.

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Each decennial Census since 2000 has revealed a more racially and ethnically diverse U.S. population. However, I think it's important to note that the percentage of the black population in the US has not seen any notable change; stagnating at around 12.3%.

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Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States_ An interactive chartbook _ Economic Policy Institute

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Among adults who report fair or poor mental health, White adults (50%) are more likely to say they received mental health services in the past three years compared with Black (39%) and Hispanic adults (36%).

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Nirmita Panchal, Latoya Hill, Samantha Artiga, and Liz Hamel Published: May 23, 2024

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Care: Findings from the KFF Survey of Racism, Discrimination and Health | KFF

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This brief is focused on racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care, including use of mental health care, barriers to mental health care, the impact of prior experiences of unfair treatment or negative experiences with a provider on use of mental health care, and awareness of the 9-8-8 mental health hotline.

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Black people and Latino men are overrepresented among prisoners. Black men and women are 28% and 23% of prisoners, while both make up just 6% of the state’s adults. Similarly, Latino men are 46% of prisoners, but just 38% of adult Californians. By contrast, Latino women account for about 37% of both populations.

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After falling sharply in the first year of the pandemic, California’s prison population is now at a 30-year low. Meanwhile, the average annual cost of imprisoning a person has risen almost 50% since 2019. Most people in California prisons have been convicted of violent crimes; some racial groups are imprisoned at disproportionate rates.

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Almost two-thirds of Black adults (63%) say news about Black people is often more negative than news about other racial and ethnic groups; 28% say it is about equal and 7% say it is often more positive.

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Figure displays differences between the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Reading composite scale score for 4th graders in each racial/ethnic group relative to the score for white 4th graders.

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This is the fifth installment in a series of blog posts on racial inequality produced by the Office of Economic Policy. The other posts can be found at these links: 1. Racial Inequality in the United States, 2. Racial Differences in Economic Security: The Racial Wealth Gap, 3. Racial Differences in Economic Security: Housing, 4. Racial Differences in Economic Security: Non-housing Assets
Introduction
Table 1. Racial Achievement Gaps in Elementary and Middle School Notes: Table shows estimated achievement gaps in standard deviations for each racial and ethnic group relative to white students. Standard deviation units are based on the standard deviation across all students for a given test-grade-year combination. The Asian category is comprised of Asian-origin students who are proficient in oral English at the beginning of kindergarten. Data are from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 public-use K-9 longitudinal data set. See Reardon, Robinson-Cimpian, and Weathers (2015) for details. Source: Table 3 of Reardon, Sean F., Joseph P. Robinson-Cimpian, and Ericka S. Weathers. 2015. "Patterns and Trends in Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Academic Achievement Gaps." In Handbook of Research in Education Finance and Policy, edited by Helen F. Ladd and Margaret E. Goertz, 499-518. New York: Routledge.
Free public primary and secondary education in the United States was established to ensure that all Americans have access to educational opportunity and are equipped to fully participate in our democracy. However, laws banning enslaved people from being taught to read, exclusionary Jim Crow laws, and the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson entrenched racial segregation of public schools in the South, and, while not mandated by law, a de facto system of segregation became commonplace in Northern states at the same time. These systems were used to deprive people of color of the educational resources required to prosper in society throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

Nearly 70 years after the landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that ended legal school segregation, substantial racial disparities in educational opportunity and attainment still exist. Recognizing these disparities and understanding their determinants is important because they have stark implications for labor market outcomes, including employment, wages and earnings, and occupations and job quality, all key factors in individuals' economic wellbeing.
Figure 1. Racial Differences in 4th Grade Reading Achievement Notes: Figure displays differences between the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Reading composite scale score for 4th graders in each racial/ethnic group relative to the score for white 4th graders. Source: Data from the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Reading Assessments, retrieved from the Figure 2. Racial Differences in 4th Grade Math Achievement Notes: Figure displays differences between the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Mathematics composite scale score for 4th graders in each racial/ethnic group relative to the score for white 4th graders. Source: Data from the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Mathematics Assessments, retrieved from the Main NAEP Data Explorer Figure 3. High School Completion Rates by Race and Ethnicity Notes: Figure displays the percent of people 25-years-old and older who have graduated from high school by race and ethnicity. . Main NAEP Data Explorer. Figure 4. College Enrollment by Race and Ethnicity Notes: Figure displays the percent of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in college or graduate school by race and ethnicity. Data for Asian and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander individuals separately and for individuals of two or more races are not available until 2003.
In addition, since education is the bedrock of labor productivity, policies that raise the quality and quantity of education for underserved groups have and would boost productivity for the country as a whole. One well-cited study finds that 40 percent of per capita GDP growth from the period of 1960 to 2010 can be accounted for by women and Black men entering into highly skilled occupations. Although disparity in access to high quality education is only one of many barriers faced by workers of color, these findings demonstrate the potential magnitude of the gains that would come from better fostering the talent innate in our future workforce. Indeed, researchers from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco estimate that removing racial gaps in educational attainment alone-separate from any effect on employment or hours-would have increased GDP in 2019 by $190 billion.

In this blog post, we discuss racial differences in K-12 and postsecondary educational experiences, highlighting current disparities and changes in these disparities during the recent past. We then discuss their key determinants and show these determinants are factors outside students' control, including the socioeconomic status of their parents, the schools they attend, the neighborhoods in which they live, discrimination in disciplinary actions, the race of the teacher to which they are assigned, and implicit bias in teacher expectations.
Figure 5. Racial Differences in Undergraduate Enrollment by Level and Type Notes: Figure displays the percent of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in college or graduate school by race and ethnicity.
Racial Disparities in Elementary and Secondary Education
Figure 6. Racial Differences in Bachelor's Degree Attainment Notes: Figure displays the percent of people 25 years old and older who have earned a bachelor's degree by race and ethnicity.
Childhood educational experiences have been shown to shape academic outcomes in adolescence and later in life, impacting indicators of well-being far into adulthood. Racial differences in childhood educational experiences thus have the potential to place children of different races on different trajectories at an early age, making it more difficult for some to achieve economic security in adulthood than others. In future blog posts in this series, we will discuss the disparities in labor market outcomes and how they are intertwined with the educational disparities outlined in today's post.

Although school enrollment rates are similar across race and ethnicity for three- to five-year-old children, research indicates that substantial gaps in reading and math achievement exist at the beginning of kindergarten as shown in Table 1. Black-white gaps in reading and math are about one-half and three-quarters of a standard deviation, respectively, and Hispanic-white gaps in both subjects are similarly large.Gaps between students of any other race, a diverse category which includes Asian, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native children in addition to children of multiple races, and white students are about 0.4 standard deviations for both reading and math.

Although the Black-white and Hispanic-white gaps for reading and math are similar at the beginning of elementary school, the Black-white gaps widen as students progress through secondary school while the Hispanic-white gaps shrink. The Black-white gaps in reading and math expand from 0.53 and 0.73 standard deviations, respectively, in the fall of kindergarten to 0.95 and 1 standard deviations, respectively, in the spring of 8th grade. In contrast, the Hispanic-white reading and math gaps fall from 0.48 and 0.76 to 0.36 and 0.44, respectively, over the same period.

Most of the widening of the Black-white gaps occurs in elementary school, with evidence of little change after eighth grade.Similarly, most of the narrowing of the Hispanic-white gaps occurs early in elementary school, and research shows the gaps continue to narrow (less rapidly) as students progress through middle and high school. These patterns, coupled with evidence that gains early in elementary school are concentrated among recent immigrants and students with low levels of English proficiency, have led some scholars to conclude that the improvements among Hispanic students are likely driven in part by the development of English language skills among these students.

In addition to highlighting trends in achievement gaps as students progress through school, it is important to understand how achievement gaps have changed over time for students in a given grade. To that end, Figures 1 and 2 display differences in scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in reading and mathematics, respectively, for students of different races and ethnicities relative to white students. In 2003, the gaps between white and Black 4th grade reading and math scores were 31 and 27 points, respectively. By 2009, both gaps had closed to 26 and stayed relatively constant throughout the 2010s before widening to 28 (reading) and 29 (math) in 2022, likely due to differential impacts of pandemic-related learning disruptions. In contrast, the Hispanic-white gaps in reading and math have been steadily closing over the last 20 years, improving from 28 and 22, respectively, in 2000 to 22 and 21 in 2022.

Prior to 2011, the scores of Asian and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander students were reported together, and students in this combined group performed similarly to if not slightly better than white students in both reading and math. However, as evident from the trends for students in these two groups reported separately after 2011, this aggregation masks important heterogeneity, with Asian students consistently outperforming white students in both reading and math and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander students consistently lagging behind.

High school completion rates are another important measure of academic achievement in secondary school since high school completion is required for many jobs and to pursue postsecondary education. Figure 3 shows differences in high school completion by race and ethnicity over the last three decades. Since 1992, the percent of adults 25-years-old and older who have graduated from high school has increased for all racial and ethnic groups, with the largest improvements occurring among Black and Hispanic individuals, the groups with the lowest completion rates in 1992. High school completion rates increased from 68 percent in 1992 to 91 percent in 2021 for Black individuals and from 53 percent to 74 percent over that same period for Hispanic individuals. While there is still a relatively large gap in the Hispanic high school completion rate relative to others, it is clear that progress has been and continues to be made on this dimension.

Racial Disparities in Postsecondary Education

Racial disparities in education persist beyond high school and into postsecondary education and are evident in the differences in college enrollment rates visible in Figure 4, which shows the percent of 18- to 24-year-olds in each group enrolled in college or graduate school. College premiums remain high, such that these differences in enrollment and graduation rates will contribute to large disparities in lifetime earnings.

Overall, the share of young adults enrolled in college has increased over the last three decades, with the largest gains occurring for Black and Hispanic individuals. In 1990, 25 percent of Black 18- to 24-year-olds were enrolled in college or graduate school, and by 2020, that number had risen to 36 percent. Over the same period, the share of Hispanic young adults enrolled in college or graduate school more than doubled from 16 percent to over 35 percent. White and Asian young adults, who had the highest rates of college enrollment in 1990, experienced smaller gains of roughly 6 to 7 percentage points, as did American Indian/Alaska Native young adults.In contrast, the enrolled share of Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander young adults and those belonging to two or more races declined between 2010 and 2020 from 36 percent to 34 percent and from 38 percent to 34 percent, respectively.

In addition to comparing overall college enrollment rates, it is important to consider the types of schools students enroll in. Students may enroll in institutions of different levels (two-year or four-year) and type (not-for-profit or for-profit). Given evidence of higher returns to an additional year of schooling at four-year institutions than at two-year institutions and evidence that attending a for-profit institution may lead to worse post-college labor market and financial outcomes than not attending college at all, differential enrollment patterns by race and ethnicity may lead to lasting differences in economic security post-college.

Figure 5 shows, for each racial and ethnic group, the distribution of undergraduates across institution levels and control of institution in Fall 2020. Asian and white undergraduates, along with undergraduates of two or more races are most likely to be enrolled at four-year institutions. In contrast, Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native, Black, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander undergraduates are most likely to be enrolled at two-year institutions, although, notably, the share of Hispanic students enrolled at two-year institutions is nearly 10 percentage points larger than the share of Black students enrolled at these institutions. Black and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander students are much more likely than any other group to enrolled at for-profit institutions, both two- and four-year.

These differences in enrollment patterns contribute to the racial differences in bachelor's degree attainment that are evident in Figure 6. Since 1990, the percent of people 25 years old and older with a bachelor's degree has increased for all racial and ethnic groups, but Black, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals still lag behind Asian and white individuals and those of two or more races.

Determinants of Racial Disparities in Educational Experiences and Attainment

The Role of Socioeconomic Status

In this section, we will discuss the determinants of the racial disparities in education outlined above. Recall that sizeable achievement gaps exist at the beginning of kindergarten despite relatively similar pre-school enrollment rates. Therefore, these early disparities in achievement must be driven by something other than differences in access to formal schooling prior to elementary school. Research suggests that nearly all of the Black-white reading gap and over 80 percent of the Black-white math gap at the beginning kindergarten can be explained by differences in socioeconomic status and observed family background characteristics. Similarly, there is evidence that socioeconomic factors and family background account for 85 percent of the Hispanic-white gap in reading achievement and 75 percent of the Hispanic-white math gap in kindergarten. Socioeconomic status is measured using total family income and parental education and occupations, and family background characteristics include the age of the child's mother at first birth, indicators for receiving aid from government social safety net programs, and the number of children's books in the home.

The role that socioeconomic status plays in kindergarten achievement suggests that race-neutral policies designed to provide resources to underserved families may aid in closing racial achievement gaps early in elementary school. Head Start is one such policy, created in 1965 to improve school readiness of low-income three- and four-year-olds. While there is evidence that Head Start is effective at improving school readiness, there is also evidence that its effects on test scores fade out by the end of kindergarten. These findings highlight both the benefits of supporting under-resourced families with young children and the limitations of temporary assistance.

While most of the achievement gaps at the beginning of kindergarten are attributable to differences in socioeconomic status, evidence on the extent to which differences in socioeconomic factors can explain Black-white achievement gaps later in elementary school is somewhat mixed. Older studies find that as students progress through school, socioeconomic factors explain a smaller and smaller share of the Black-white gap, with these factors accounting for just 35 percent (or less) of the Black-white achievement gaps from third grade onward. In contrast, more recent work that uses permanent (long-run) income as opposed to current income as a measure of socioeconomic status finds that these factors explain 40 to 75 percent of the gaps at the end of elementary school. Similarly, recent research that takes into account the fact that test scores are imperfect measures of true skills finds that most, if not all, of the gaps throughout elementary and middle school can be explained by socioeconomic and family background factors.

Research on the importance of socioeconomic factors in explaining Hispanic-white achievement gaps in elementary school is less mixed. Most research finds that these factors can explain an increasing share of Hispanic-white achievement gaps as students move through elementary school, so much so that estimates of the gap that are adjusted for differences in socioeconomic status disappear completely by fifth grade.

The Role of Schools

While research suggests observable family background characteristics contribute substantially to racial achievement gaps in elementary and secondary school, there is an active debate about the extent to which schools reduce or exacerbate those disparities.

First, there is evidence that racial segregation in school districts is strongly associated with the magnitude of racial achievement gaps. This is particularly concerning because although it has been nearly 70 years since the end of legal segregation, many of America's public schools remain segregated by race and ethnicity today: 31 and 23 percent of Hispanic and Black students, respectively, attended a predominately same-race-or-ethnicity school, where 75 percent or more of the students are of their own race or ethnicity, in the 2020-2021 school year. Additional research suggests that school segregation itself may have no effect on achievement gaps independent of the effects of neighborhood segregation, so understanding the mechanisms through which school and neighborhood segregation impact racial achievement gaps (e.g., school and teacher quality, school funding, peer effects, crime, etc.) together and in isolation and their relative importance is a critical area for future research.

Second, differences in discipline rates by race and ethnicity may contribute to differences in achievement and educational attainment across groups. There is evidence both that being formally disciplined in school negatively impacts educational attainment, and that Black public school students are disproportionately disciplined (via suspensions and expulsions) relative to public school students of other racial and ethnic groups for the same violations. These disparities persist no matter the type or poverty level of the public school attended.

Finally, schools may impact racial differences in achievement and completion through the (non-disciplinary) interactions teachers have with students. For example, there is evidence that same-race elementary school teachers increase the likelihood of high school graduation and college enrollment among Black students, with role model effects as a potential mechanism,and that teacher expectations - even overly optimistic ones - impact the likelihood of college graduation.

Existing research on the determinants of racial college enrollment and completion gaps indicates that nearly all these gaps are attributable to differences in pre-college characteristics, including family socioeconomic status, other family background variables, and pre-college test scores, the latter of which, as discussed earlier in this blog post, are also largely determined by family characteristics. For example, there is evidence that once pre-college characteristics are taken into account, Black and Hispanic students are more likely to attend and complete colleges of all quality levels than white students. These findings suggest that to improve racial gaps in college attendance and completion, policymakers should focus on improving educational opportunity much earlier in life and economic opportunity for families more broadly.

Conclusion

Racial disparities in educational experiences and attainment begin early in life and persist as individuals progress through school. Recognizing these disparities and understanding their determinants is important because they have stark implications for labor market outcomes, including employment, wages and earnings, and occupations and job quality, all of which are key determinants of economic wellbeing.

In particular, it is important to recognize that the key determinants of many of these disparities are factors outside students' control, including the socioeconomic status of their parents, the schools they attend, the neighborhoods in which they live, discrimination in disciplinary actions, the race of the teacher to which they are assigned, and implicit bias in teacher expectations. Reducing these economic and educational disparities is an important policy goal, not only because of the benefits for individual students, but also because of the benefits to our national economy.

Overall, the findings in this blog post highlight both the limited progress that has been made over the last three decades in closing racial gaps in educational attainment, as well as the substantial work that remains to ensure equal access to high quality educational opportunities for all Americans.

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Post 5: Racial Differences in Educational Experiences and Attainment

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This is the fifth installment in a series of blog posts on racial inequality produced by the Office of Economic Policy. The other posts can be found at these links: 1. Racial Inequality in the United States, 2. Racial Differences in Economic Security: The Racial Wealth Gap, 3.

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With respect to Black households, evidence points to the role of slavery and post-slavery practices, such as segregation, that created disparate opportunities for wealth accumulation.

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Overall, 133 lawmakers identify as Black, Hispanic, Asian American, American Indian, Alaska Native or multiracial. Together, these lawmakers make up a quarter of Congress, including 28% of the House of Representatives and 12% of the Senate.

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The graph highlighting racial representation in the federal government states that both white and black individuals are overrepresented, and while I think that is a fair statement for the white members, the percent difference between white and black members is over four times larger than the difference between black members and Hispanic members.

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Three charts on diversity in the federal government’s workforce | USAFacts

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A new Office of Personnel Management report reveals that the proportions of white workers and men in the government are higher than their proportions of the US population overall. This is especially true at the senior level.

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From 2000 to 2010, the percentage of Black CEOs of Fortune 500 companies doubled from 0.6 percent in 2000 to 1.2 percent in 2010 before falling back to 1 percent in 2020.

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded in 1909, is the United States' oldest and largest civil rights organization. Established in response to racial violence, it aims to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and discrimination. The NAACP has played a pivotal role in major civil rights victories, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, which declared school segregation unconstitutional. Today, it continues to advocate for justice through legal action, public policy, and grassroots organizing across the nation.

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Our Priorities for 2024

Protecting Our Right to Vote

States have introduced hundreds of measures to restrict the right to vote. Our democracy must meet these challenges by adopting reforms that promote safe and accessible elections.

Quality Care for Black Americans

Over 10 million people have lost their Medicaid health coverage, with communities of color bearing the brunt of the impact. The federal government has the power to provide incentives and urge these state leaders to take the actions necessary to pause unwinding, and create an automated renewal process.

Fighting for Good Jobs

The NAACP is proud to continue standing in solidarity with our fellow advocates in the labor movement. As we continuously engage in conversations with corporations and Congressional members, one thing is clear - enacting a living, minimum wage nationwide is imperative.

Putting Black America First

The future of our democracy lies in America's forgotten corners. That's why the NAACP is working hard to recruit 300K volunteers across the country ahead of the 2024 presidential election.
- Derrick Johnson, President and CEO, NAACP

Driving Quality of Life through Data

NAACP and Brookings have partnered on The Black Progress Index, a new analysis of the places where Black people are thriving most, as measured through their life expectancy. In the spirit of W.E.B. Du Bois, we're working to provide insight into the local civic actions that can improve life expectancy outcomes.

WE NEED YOU IN THE FIGHT

Each and every NAACP member makes a difference to the complex, ongoing work of advancing racial equity. We have driven the hardest-fought wins for civil rights and social justice - with you by our side, we can accelerate the next milestones for Black Americans.

Join this multigenerational network of activists dismantling structural racism by using your power to take action on the most pressing issues of our time.
Join NAACP today

Years the NAACP has spent fighting against racism and discrimination in communities across the country

We tackle today's toughest challenges

Pause

NAACP is leading the fight for justice

Ensure that Black America continues to thrive
This year will be pivotal. When it comes to civil rights and social justice, we have the unique ability to secure more wins than anyone else. The issues that affect our community will make or break how we continue to thrive in this country. Together, let's amplify the voice of Black America to make sure solutions to our most pressing issues are equitable.

NAACP in your community One NAACP

We are advocates united in the fight to end racial inequality.

Our Priorities for 2024

Protecting Our Right to Vote

States have introduced hundreds of measures to restrict the right to vote. Our democracy must meet these challenges by adopting reforms that promote safe and accessible elections.

Quality Care for Black Americans

Over 10 million people have lost their Medicaid health coverage, with communities of color bearing the brunt of the impact. The federal government has the power to provide incentives and urge these state leaders to take the actions necessary to pause unwinding, and create an automated renewal process.

Fighting for Good Jobs

The NAACP is proud to continue standing in solidarity with our fellow advocates in the labor movement. As we continuously engage in conversations with corporations and Congressional members, one thing is clear - enacting a living, minimum wage nationwide is imperative.

Protecting Our Right to Vote

States have introduced hundreds of measures to restrict the right to vote. Our democracy must meet these challenges by adopting reforms that promote safe and accessible elections.

Quality Care for Black Americans

Over 10 million people have lost their Medicaid health coverage, with communities of color bearing the brunt of the impact. The federal government has the power to provide incentives and urge these state leaders to take the actions necessary to pause unwinding, and create an automated renewal process.

Fighting for Good Jobs

The NAACP is proud to continue standing in solidarity with our fellow advocates in the labor movement. As we continuously engage in conversations with corporations and Congressional members, one thing is clear - enacting a living, minimum wage nationwide is imperative.

Putting Black America First

The future of our democracy lies in America's forgotten corners. That's why the NAACP is working hard to recruit 300K volunteers across the country ahead of the 2024 presidential election.
- Derrick Johnson, President and CEO, NAACP

Driving Quality of Life through Data

NAACP and Brookings have partnered on The Black Progress Index, a new analysis of the places where Black people are thriving most, as measured through their life expectancy. In the spirit of W.E.B. Du Bois, we're working to provide insight into the local civic actions that can improve life expectancy outcomes.

WE NEED YOU IN THE FIGHT

Each and every NAACP member makes a difference to the complex, ongoing work of advancing racial equity. We have driven the hardest-fought wins for civil rights and social justice - with you by our side, we can accelerate the next milestones for Black Americans.

Join this multigenerational network of activists dismantling structural racism by using your power to take action on the most pressing issues of our time.
Join NAACP today

Years the NAACP has spent fighting against racism and discrimination in communities across the country

We tackle today's toughest challenges

Pause

30% likelihood of a Black person to be stopped without just cause than a white person

65% of Black adults have felt targeted because of their race

675k calls made by NAACP volunteers to Black voters in 2020

10 battleground states reached during 2020 election year

10X more income made by White families than Black families

80% higher mortgage denial rate for Blacks applicants than white applicants

32% of Black students lived in poverty in 2018

45% of Black students attended high-poverty schools in fall 2017

34% of COVID-19 deaths were among non-Hispanic Black people

3x Black women are three times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes

68% of Black Americans live or have lived within 30 miles of a coal-fired power plant over the past several decades

60% of Black Americans live in communities with uncontrolled toxic waste sites

300k young people have participated in the NAACP ACT-SO Achievement Program

40+ years producing top Black talent through ACT-SO

NAACP in your community One NAACP

We are advocates united in the fight to end racial inequality.

All In For Democracy

The NAACP has the largest and most comprehensive civic engagement program for Black voters. We've been organizing and activating thousands of supporters and volunteers. With Super Tuesday behind us, we're all in to protect democracy - but we need your support. Join the fight now - donate today!

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NAACP builds Black political power to end structural racism. Let's put end to race-based discrimination together: become a member, advocate, or donate today.

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The BLM movement advocates for a broad range of issues affecting Black communities, including criminal justice reform, economic equity, and the abolition of punitive systems. Its core principles emphasize the affirmation of Black humanity, the importance of intersectionality, and the necessity of systemic change to address racial injustice.

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The Okra Project is a Black trans-led mutual aid collective founded in 2018 by Ianne Fields Stewart. Based in Brooklyn, New York, its mission is to support Black trans, non-binary, and gender-nonconforming individuals by providing culturally specific, home-cooked meals prepared by Black trans chefs. The organization also offers additional services such as the Okra Academy, which provides culinary training, and the International Grocery Fund, which assists with emergency food shortages.

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The Okra Project is a collective that seeks to address the global crisis faced by Black Trans people by bringing home cooked, healthy, and culturally specific meals and resources to Black Trans People wherever we can reach them.
During the Middle Passage, our African ancestors snuck okra onto captive ships to sustain themselves and plant in the new world. Black Diasporic cooking traditions often use the okra plant for its versatility and it is often associated with health, prosperity, and community.

In this spirit, The Okra Project hopes to extend free, delicious, and nutritious meals to Black Trans people experiencing food insecurity.
How Does it Work?
It's actually very simple! Based on individual donations, The Okra Project pays Black Trans chefs to go into the homes of Black Trans people to cook them a healthy and home-cooked meal at absolutely no cost to our Black TGNC siblings. For those Black Trans folks currently experiencing homeless or whose homes cannot support our chef's cooking, The Okra Project has partnered with institutions like Osborne Association and other community spaces to deliver foods.

One Session Costs The Okra Project $90

(Including Chef Pay & Groceries)

To Make That Possible:
18 people could donate $5
9 people could donate $10

6 people could donate $15

3 people could donate $30
1 super generous human could donate $90

In an effort to address community needs at times during breaks we have had to take for capacity and financial reasons, we have developed the #FeedTheSoul portion of our work. This work focuses on producing community efforts, providing resources, and creating affinity spaces that will encourage folks in our community to feed not just their bellies but also their souls.

Thanks to funding by the #Map4Youth grant, The Okra Project was able to create our first Okra Academy. The Okra Academy is a weekend training program taught by our chefs where Black Trans people can learn kitchen basics and recipes to enrich their own culinary lives, as well as prepare them to possibly work as chefs themselves.

In order to address financial and food disparities faced by Black Trans people worldwide, The Okra Project has developed the International Grocery Fund. This is a monthly fundraising effort that allows us to send small $40 grants to Black Trans people anywhere in the world, so they can buy food if they are experiencing emergency food shortages.
Submit to the IGF Here

The Okra Project has many connections with the theatre community and other artistic spaces. We use these connections to provide Black Trans people with completely free opportunities to view performances in some of the most renowned Off-Broadway houses. All attendees receive a chef-prepared prepackaged meal along with their theatre ticket.

During our direct service interim, we developed our #ByOkra series which is a monthly Affinity and Wellness spaces for Black Trans people. Inspired by the sculptural installation, Black Power Naps, the #ByOkraSeries serves to reclaim laziness, idleness, and luxury as power. In a world that is constantly traumatizing our bodies the #ByOkra series is meant to remind Black Trans people of the importance of their relaxation and joy. #BeautyByOkra is for Black Trans Women, #BrothaByOkra is for Black Trans Men, and #SpectrumByOkra is for Black Non-Binary people.

IANNE FIELDS STEWART (they/she)

(Founder, Co-Facilitator)

Ianne is a Black queer nonbinary transfeminine New York-based storyteller working at the intersection of theatre and activism. As a performer, Ianne has worked consistently in productions at NYC venues such as: Joe's Pub, Dixon Place, La Mama, and many more. Ianne can also be seen on Buzzfeed LGBT, GLAAD, Inside Edition, the You Had Me at Black podcast, the #Safewordsociety podcast, Podcast of Color, the Is it Transphobic Podcast, and serves as the cohost of the Topics Include Podcast. In the summer of 2017, Ianne was selected out of over 500 applicants to be one of the 15 US Fellows for Humanity in Action's 2017 John Lewis Fellowship. During this fellowship, Ianne studied and organized with contemporary and historic civil rights leaders in Atlanta, GA exploring the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement and its roots in present day social justice movements. Since then, Ianne has developed a theatrical consulting and teaching artist practice which spans from talkback facilitation to teaching artistry to community outreach and organizing. Spaces that have benefited from Ianne's practice include: The Alliance of Resident Theatres, Lincoln Center Theater, MCC Theater, Playwrights Horizons, Rattlestick Playwrights Theatre, Heartbeat Opera, Music Theatre Factory, NYC charter schools, and the Rose M. Singer Center on Riker's Island.

NYLA SAMPSON (she/her)

(Financial Advisor (BTSF), Co-Facilitor)

Nyla is a New York-based artist and community organizer who created the Black Trans Solidarity Fund (BTSF) , a reparations group that shifts economic resources into the hands of Black Trans people. Nyla is also a Black, Queer, theatre artist, writer, singer, and community organizer advocating race/gender/food justice. She is an organizer with BYP100, where she serves as the co-Chair of Social Affairs. She is also the Founding Artistic Director of The Black Box Project, a theatre company dedicated to radical and innovative new works by Black playwrights.

NALA SIMONE TOUSSAINT (She/Her/Goddess)

Community Coordinator

Brooklyn born with an Afro-Caribbean background, Nala Toussaint works to advance the social and economic well-being of African Descendants, with an urgent focus on queer, same-gender loving people, transgender, and non-binary people, and ultimately the entire community. Nala Toussaint currently is the TGNB Health Advocacy Coordinator at Callen-Lorde Community Health Center. She engages and mobilizes transgender and gender non-binary (TGNB) patients and their allies - as well as external community members - to advocate for policies that will expand access to gender-affirming health care and services. In 2017, Nala founded her organization called Reuniting of African Descendants (R.O.A.D) to shape the equitable, personal and collective development, and achievement of African descendants. Each year, her organization seeks to mobilize at least 10 individuals to work collaboratively to transform queer and trans communities in Africa through cultural exchange.

JAMARI THOMAS (he/him)

Bartender

Jamari is Jamaican American raised in Queens, NY. He is a recent graduate from Monmouth University, where he pushed for trans inclusivity on campus and gender neutral restrooms on campus. Jamari is currently a skills coach for the New York Foundling and a part of their Pride Committee. Within the pride committee he aims to create an inclusive and supportive work environment as well as educate the youth and foster parents that they work with about the LGBTQ+ community. In the future Jamari is focused on helping black LGBTQ+ children and survivors of CSA, along with trans community organizing for health & wellness.

Community Shout Out
We wanted to give a special shout out to Kino Cornish who helped us get our community development work off the ground! We are so sad to lose them to other projects but they are always a part of The Okra Project Fam!
KINO CORNISH

(they\them)

Kino is an AfroPinx NonBinary Trans community organizer, whose work highlights strong engagement in uplifting the unsung voices, lived experiences and narratives of marginalized communities. As a Black and Filipinx Queer kid raised by their Filipina mother and grandparents, Kino's core and guiding principle resides at the intersectionality of race, gender and immigration.

Follow Them on Instagram @oldboikino

We also wanted to shout out Marcuz James who helped us launch our residency in Philadelphia and assisted us with social media.

MARCUZ JAMES
(he/him/they/them)

Chef Marcú is what we'd like to call a Jack of all trades, although his inspiration comes from his mothers african traditions. He brings us an array of Soul food , Seafood, and good ole' american faves with a Twist! Marcuz studies theatre and is currently Employed as a Seasonal professional actor at Terror Behind The Walls: Eastern State Penitentiary. America's #1 Haunted House! When he's not cooking or scaring the socks off people for fun , you can catch him singing, directing ,and walking his precious puppy Bea!

Follow them on Instagram: @chef_marcu

Huge shout out to Isa Sanchez who worked as the Community Coordinator after Kino and worked tirelessly to bring food and resources to our community! We are so grateful to Isa for everything they did to support our work and reach the community!

Isa is a queer GNC abolistionist activist and fashion designer who focuses most of their work on TQGnCIA+ justice, black and brown liberation, anti-gentrification, anti-borders, and disaster relief efforts. They are a core member of BashBack, and collaborates to support many other BLM and abolitionist collectives nationwide and abroad.

Follow them on Instagram: @nokq12

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The Okra Project is a collective that seeks to address the global crisis faced by Black Trans people by bringing home cooked, healthy, and culturally specific meals and resources to Black Trans People wherever we can reach them. During the Middle Passage, our African ancestors snuck okra onto captive ships to sustain themselves and plant in the new world.

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The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is a coalition of over 50 organizations, including the Black Lives Matter Network, the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, and the National Conference of Black Lawyers, united to advance Black liberation and justice. Formed in 2014, M4BL articulates a comprehensive policy agenda known as the "Vision for Black Lives," which encompasses demands for reparations, divestment from policing, economic justice, community control, and political power.

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VISION FOR BLACK LIVES

Black humanity and dignity requires Black political will and power. Despite constant exploitation and perpetual oppression, Black people have bravely and brilliantly been the driving force pushing the U.S. towards the ideals it articulates but has never achieved.

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Black humanity and dignity requires Black political will and power. Despite constant exploitation and perpetual oppression, Black people have bravely and brilliantly been the driving force pushing the U.S. towards the ideals it articulates but has never achieved.

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Color Of Change is the nation's largest online racial justice organization, founded in 2005 by James Rucker and Van Jones in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. With over 7 million members, it leverages digital tools and grassroots mobilization to advocate for systemic change across various sectors, including criminal justice, economic equity, media representation, and political accountability . The organization has led impactful campaigns such as the #BeyondTheStatement initiative, urging corporations to move beyond symbolic gestures and commit to structural reforms that benefit Black communities.

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Florida Housing Complex Forced to Stop Illegally Evicting Black Families

Last January we launched a rapid response campaign following a wave of evictions at Holly Court Apartments in Tampa. Victoria Lee, a tenant there, used our OrganizeFor platform to mobilize thousands of members and amplify tenant demands to fix the plumbing, honor leases, and support tenants who'd been illegally pushed out. Many families were given eviction notices on New Year's Eve for no reason at all and given just 30 days to find a new home. One mother reported having to go to the corner store to use the bathroom as raw sewage backed up in her tub. Management all but ignored calls for help and she had to call out of work for days because she couldn't shower. After the online petition and a sleep-in protest, Palm Communities agreed to honor residents' leases, provide temporary housing for displaced residents, and resolve maintenance issues. Housing is a human right, but far too often greed and profit trump the needs of Black and low-income residents who live in buildings owned by private equity firms. Your calls and text messages kept residents in their homes!

AT&T Pulls Funding from White Nationalist Network

With your help, we pressured AT&T to stop funding the far-right network One America News. OAN was a major vehicle for Trump, and has continued to provide a "friendly" platform for his allies. We've seen correspondents use racial slurs, call for the execution of election officials, suggest shooting unhoused people - all without consequence. OAN consistently promotes hate-filled content, and disseminates dangerous misinformation about the 2020 elections and safety of the COVID-19 vaccine, with the goal of provoking their audience. Research revealed a major reason for the network's success was support from AT&T. AT&T should know better. So thousands of Color Of Change members wrote to AT&T CEO John Stankey, and we were heard. One America Network has been removed from DirectTV. This is another step towards making sure the media isn't allowed to amplify racist lies that lead to real-world violence against Black people.

Biden Grants Clemency to 70 People on Home Confinement

Throughout the pandemic, we've fought to get incarcerated people who pose no risk to their communities but could fall deathly ill with COVID sent home. On April 26, 2022, nearly 150,000 Color Of Change members helped convince President Biden to free 70 people on home confinement. That means they can live independently, pursue their dreams, spend time with friends and family without electronic monitors or other dehumanizing conditions of confinement. It is historic for a president to grant so many clemencies in their first term. But thousands more people deserve to be free - and risk being sent back due to minor technicalities or bureaucratic errors. People on home confinement have had to turn down jobs or miss funerals because they're outside of the range they're allowed to travel. Biden promised he'd end mass incarceration and cut the prison population in half. Help us hold him to that.

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Color Of Change - Color Of Change helps you do something real about injustice.

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Last January we launched a rapid response campaign following a wave of evictions at Holly Court Apartments in Tampa. Victoria Lee, a tenant there, used our OrganizeFor platform to mobilize thousands of members and amplify tenant demands to fix the plumbing, honor leases, and support tenants who'd been illegally pushed out.

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The Civil Rights Digital Library (CRDL), launched in 2008 and hosted by the University of Georgia, is a comprehensive online resource dedicated to preserving and sharing the history of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. It serves as a central hub, connecting over 200 libraries, archives, and museums nationwide to provide free access to a vast array of historical materials, including photographs, documents, oral histories, and news footage.

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Some content (or its descriptions) found on this site may be harmful and difficult to view. These materials may be graphic or reflect biases. In some cases, they may conflict with strongly held cultural values, beliefs or restrictions. We provide access to these materials to preserve the historical record, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices, or behaviors found within them. Read more

The Digital Library of Georgia is part of the GALILEO Initiative and located at The University of Georgia Libraries
© 2023 Digital Library of Georgia

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The Civil Rights Digital Library is a GALILEO initiative based at the University of Georgia Libraries that collaborates with Georgia's Libraries, archives, museums, and other institutions of education and culture to provide access to key information resources on Georgia history, culture, and life.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

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The National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), part of the Smithsonian Institution, opened on September 24, 2016, on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It is the only national museum dedicated exclusively to documenting African American life, history, and culture . The museum's mission is to capture and share the unvarnished truth of African American history and culture, connecting stories, scholarship, art, and artifacts from the past and present to illuminate the contributions, struggles, and triumphs that have shaped the nation.

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A People’s Journey, A Nation’s Story | National Museum of African American History and Culture

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Blackpast.org is a comprehensive online resource dedicated to documenting the history of African Americans and people of African ancestry worldwide. Founded on February 1, 2007, by Dr. Quintard Taylor, a professor emeritus at the University of Washington, the platform has grown into one of the largest free digital archives of Black history. It offers over 8,000 entries—including biographies, timelines, primary documents, speeches, and bibliographies—covering topics from ancient Africa to contemporary global movements.

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African American Historical Serials Collection

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African American Historical Serials Collection

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The African American Historical Serials Collection is a digital archive that preserves and provides access to periodicals documenting African American religious life and culture between 1829 and 1922. Developed in collaboration with the American Theological Library Association (ATLA), this collection encompasses over 170 unique titles, including newspapers, magazines, reports, and annuals from African American religious organizations and social service agencies. It offers approximately 60,000 pages of searchable primary source content, featuring materials from denominations such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Zion Church, and various Baptist churches.

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EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | www.ebsco.com

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African American Historical Serials Collection | EBSCO

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The African American Historical Serials Collection is an archive of periodicals that document the history of African American religious life and culture between 1829 and 1922. It includes newspapers and magazines, plus reports and annuals from African American religious organizations, including churches and social service agencies.

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The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent U.S. government agency established in 1934 to preserve and provide access to the nation's historical records. Its mission is to ensure the identification, protection, preservation, and accessibility of historically valuable federal records that document citizens' rights and the actions of federal officials.

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Request military records and learn about other services for yourself or a family member.

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Harriet Tubman, on the far left holding a pan, poses with a group of people whom she helped escape from slavery in the late 19th century.

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The 107th US Colored Infantry stand guard during the Civil War, circa 1865. I find this photo impactful considering not only what it meant for a black individual to fight in a war for their freedom, but the desperateness the Confederacy expressed when trying to utilize the enslaved in their fight.

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Sarah Breedlove, better known as Madam C.J. Walker, drives her new car as the first woman to become a self-made millionaire in the United States, 1911.

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The medalists in the long jump competition salute from the victory stand at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin on Aug. 8, 1936. From left, Japan's Naoto Tajima (bronze); American Jesse Owens (gold), who set an Olympic record in the event and offers an American-style salute with his hand to his forehead; and Germany's Luz Long (silver) giving a Nazi salute.

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Members of the Women's Army Corps pose for a group photo during World War II in 1940.

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Bathed in red light, jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald performs at Mr. Kelly's nightclub in Chicago, 1958.

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Elizabeth Eckford of what became known as "The Little Rock Nine" is followed and threatened by an angry white mob on her way to class, as one of the first black students to attend classes at Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957.

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Rosa Parks sits in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, after the Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the city bus system in 1956. Parks was arrested on Dec. 1, 1955, for refusing to give up her seat in the front of a bus in Montgomery, which set off a successful boycott of the city buses.

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Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X draws various reactions from the audience as he restates his theme of complete separation between white and black Americans in 1963.

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Heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali challenges Sonny Liston to get up during their title fight on May 25, 1965. Ali knocked Liston out in one minute in the first round during their bout at the Central Maine Youth Center in Lewiston, Maine.

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This is my video assignment outlining the importance of the medias portrayal of African Americans in the American society, and the harm it has done.