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We often use the passive:

1. When we prefer not to mention who or what does the action (for example, it's not known, it's obvious or we don't want to say)

2. So that we can start a sentence with the most important or most logical information

3. In more formal or scientific writing.

Ex:a ,p 142
1. The costumes for the show are being made by hand. (passive)
2. The story inspired him to make a film. (active)
3. This castle hasn't been inhabited for nearly a century. (passive)
4. His latest film is set in France in the 1960s. (active)
5. The film will be shot in the autumn. (passive)
6. The actors aren't recording the dialogue until next week. (active)
7. The house wasn't being used by the owners during the winter. (passive)
8. The make-up artist has transformed the actor into a monster. (active)
9. They hadn't owned the company for very long before they went bankrupt. (active)
10. The photo was taken by my husband on the balcony of our hotel. (passive)

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-learn new vocabulary

-improve reading and speaking skills

-distinguish the rules

-find new friends

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sequel - a film which continues the story of an earlier film

The highly anticipated sequel to the blockbuster film promises to continue the epic story with even more twists and turns.

script - the words of film

The screenwriter spent months crafting the perfect script for the upcoming movie, ensuring every line of dialogue captured the essence of the characters and the story.

review - an article which gives an opinion a new

Critics praised the film for its captivating storyline and stellar performances, earning it glowing reviews from audiences around the world

critics-a person who writes films reviews for the press

Despite mixed reviews from critics, the indie film gained a cult following for its unique storytelling and thought-provoking themes

set - the place where film is being shot

The elaborate set design transported audiences to a fantastical world filled with vibrant colors and intricate details, adding depth to the film's visual appeal.

special effects - images often created by the computer

The movie dazzled audiences with its cutting-edge special effects, bringing to life breathtaking action sequences and awe-inspiring creatures.

audience - the people who watch a film in the cinema

The theater was packed with an enthusiastic audience eager to experience the magic of cinema unfold before their eyes

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Might -possibly true

Can't - can't true

Must-sure smt is true

Ex:b , p:143

A:What does Pete's new girlfriend do?

B:I'm not sure, but she might be a doctor. I think she works at

the hospital.

1 .A: Do you know anyone who drives a Ferrari?

B :Yes, my nephew. I don't know his salary, but he must earn a fortune!

2 .A: Why don't you buy this dress for your mum?

B :I'm not sure. She might not like it. It's a bit short for her.

3 .A :My sister works as an interpreter for the EU.

B :She must speak a lot of languages to work there.

4 .A :Did you know that Andy's parents have split up?

B :Poor Andy. He can’t be very happy about that.

5 .A :Are your neighbours away? All the curtains are closed.

B: I'm not sure. I suppose they might be on holiday.

6 .A: Where's your colleague today?

B :She must be ill. She called to say that she was going to

the doctor's.

7 .A: I'm looking forward to seeing Jane! | haven't seen her for years.

B :You can’t recognize her - she's lost a lot of weight.

8. A: My daughter has failed all her exams again.

B :She might not be working very hard.

9 .A :Why is Tina so happy?

B: I'm not sure, but she might have a new partner.

10 .A :Where does your boss live?

B :I don't know, but he might live near the office because

he commutes every day by train.

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redundant-No longer needed or useful, often because something similar or equivalent exists or because it has been replaced by a more efficient alternative

Due to recent technological advancements, many manual tasks have become redundant in the workplace.

permanent-Lasting or intended to last indefinitely without change, expiration, or termination; not temporary or transient.

The couple decided to make their love official by getting matching tattoos as a symbol of their permanent commitment to each other.

contestants-Individuals or groups participating in a competition, contest, or challenge, typically striving to win a prize or recognition

The game show attracted contestants from all walks of life, each eager to showcase their skills and win the grand prize.

entrepreneurs-Individuals who start and manage businesses, taking on financial risks in pursuit of opportunities, innovation, and the creation of value.

Successful entrepreneurs often attribute their achievements to a combination of hard work, innovation, and a willingness to take calculated risks

dread-A strong feeling of fear, apprehension, or anxiety, often accompanied by a sense of foreboding or anticipation of something unpleasant.

She felt a sense of dread as she approached the haunted house, unsure of what terrifying experiences awaited her inside.

gate-An opening or entrance in a wall, fence, or barrier, typically fitted with a movable barrier such as a door, gate, or gatehouse, used for access or passage.

The farmer opened the gate to allow the cows to graze in the pasture during the sunny afternoon.

resign-To voluntarily give up or relinquish a position, job, duty, or responsibility, often formally and with prior notice, typically due to personal reasons or dissatisfaction.

After years of service, the CEO announced his decision to resign from his position, citing a desire to spend more time with his family.

passionate-Having or expressing strong emotions, intense enthusiasm, or deep conviction about something, often accompanied by fervent dedication or commitment.

Sarah was a passionate advocate for animal rights, dedicating her time and energy to volunteering at shelters and organizing awareness campaigns.

chimney-. A vertical structure, typically made of brick or metal, installed on the exterior of a building to carry smoke or gases from a fireplace, stove, furnace, or boiler out of the building and into the atmosphere.

Smoke billowed from the chimney of the cozy cabin, signaling that a warm fire was roaring inside on the chilly evening

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fabulous- Extremely good or remarkable; extraordinary

The sunset over the ocean was truly fabulous, with vibrant hues of orange and pink painting the sky.

impression: A feeling, understanding, or opinion about something or someone, especially one formed without conscious thought or on the basis of little evidence.

Despite meeting him only briefly, she formed a favorable impression of his character due to his kindness and sincerity.

conversation-An informal exchange of ideas or information, typically between two or more people.

The conversation at the dinner table flowed effortlessly, with laughter and lively discussion filling the room.

pub- Short for "public house," a place where alcoholic drinks are served and where people can socialize.

After work, they decided to unwind at the local pub, enjoying a cold beer and some snacks while catching up on the day's events.

chin up-An idiom used to encourage someone to remain cheerful and optimistic in the face of adversity or disappointment.

Despite facing setbacks in her career, she always maintained a positive attitude, reminding herself to keep her chin up and persevere.

interpretation- The action of explaining the meaning of something; understanding or explaining the significance of something.

The novel lends itself to multiple interpretations, allowing readers to delve deeper into its themes and symbolism.

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First conditional sentences: if + present simple, will /won't + infinitive

1.We use first conditional sentences to talk about a possible /

won't + infinitive

probable future situation and its consequence.

2.We can also use an imperative instead of the will clause.

3.We can use unless + present simple [+ instead of if...not

Ex:a, p 144

1.That girl will get into trouble if she doesn't

wear her uniform.

2.If you give in your homework late, the teacher won’t mark it.

3.Don't write anything unless you will be  sure of the answer.

4.Gary will be expelled if his behaviour improve

5.They'll be late for school unless they will hurry

6.Ask me if you don’t know what to do.

7.Johnny will be punished if he will shout at the teacher again.

8 My sister will finish university this year if she passes all her exams.

9. I won’t go out tonight unless I finish homework quicky.

10 Call me if you will need some help with your project.

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pupil-small black part of eye

The doctor shone a light into my eye to examine my pupil's reaction to changes in light.

iris-color of eye

Her eyes were a striking shade of green, with her iris shimmering like emeralds in the sunlight

eyelid-

She gently closed her eyelids, blocking out the bright sunlight that streamed through the window.

sciera-white part of eye

The sclera of his eyes were unusually bright, contrasting starkly against the deep blue of his irises.

philtrum-connect nose and mouth

The philtrum, that small indentation above the upper lip, adds character to each person's face

bridge-contour of nose

She adjusted her glasses, pushing them up the bridge of her nose to keep them from slipping.

dimples-appear when you smile

When she smiled, adorable dimples appeared on her cheeks, adding to her charm.

pimples-appear when you get older

As teenagers, many struggle with pimples and acne, but with proper skincare, these blemishes often improve over time.

thumb-big finger

He pressed his thumb firmly against the screen, unlocking his phone with a touch of his fingerprint.

index finger-first finger

She pointed at the map with her index finger, indicating the location of the hidden treasure.

shin-part after knee

He accidentally bumped his shin against the coffee table, wincing at the sharp pain.

calf-back part after knee

She stretched her calf muscles after a long run, feeling the satisfying burn of a good workout

toe-finger of foot

He stubbed his toe on the corner of the bed, causing him to hop around in pain for a moment.

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cushion-a soft pillow or pad usually used for sitting, reclining, or kneeling.

She nestled comfortably against the soft cushion, enjoying the cozy warmth of the fireplace.

entrance-by which you can enter a building or place

The grand entrance to the palace was adorned with intricate carvings and towering columns, welcoming visitors with regal splendor.

ceiling-the overhead surface or surfaces covering a room

The chandelier hung elegantly from the high ceiling, casting a soft glow over the opulent ballroom below.

agency-a business, firm, or organization that provides a specific service

The travel agency helped us plan our dream vacation, arranging flights, accommodations, and excursions with ease.

spacious-having ample space.

The airy loft apartment boasted spacious rooms and expansive windows, offering breathtaking views of the city skyline.

occasion-a special event or ceremony

The wedding was a joyous occasion, filled with laughter, tears, and heartfelt vows exchanged beneath a canopy of flowers.

accommodation-the act of accommodating someone or something

The hotel provided luxurious accommodations, including plush beds, marble bathrooms, and panoramic views of the ocean.

accuse-to charge with a fault or offense

He felt a surge of anger when his coworker tried to accuse him of stealing credit for the project's success.

accent-a way of speaking typical of a particular group of people and especially of the natives or residents of a region

Her Southern accent was unmistakable, infusing each word with a warm drawl that echoed the charm of her hometown.

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Second conditional sentences: if + past simple, would / wouldn't + infinitive

We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical imaginary present or future situation and its consequence.

We can also use could instead of would in the other clause.

After if, we can use was or were with I, he, and she.

We often use second conditionals beginning If I were you, I'd... to give advice. We don't normally use If I was you...

Ex:b, p 145

1.My kids kids would get up if they did not go to bed so late

2.Where will you live if you go to university?

3. If you did not pass your exams , what will you do?

4.I'd buy a bigger house if I were sure we could afford it

5.We couldn't have a dog if we wouldn't have a garden

6. How will you get to work if you sell your car?

7.If we sit in the shade , we will not get sunburnt

8.If you could change one thing in your life, what would it be?

9.He won't be able to pay next month's rent if wouldn't find a job soon

10.If she made less noise ,her neighbours wouldn't complain so often

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We normally use third conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical / imaginary situations in the past, i.e. how things could have been different in the past. Compare:

Yesterday I got up late and missed my train. (= the real situation)

If I hadn't got up late yesterday, I wouldn't have missed my train. (= the hypothetical or imaginary past situation)

• To make a third conditional, we use if + past perfect and would have + past participle. NOT If I would have known you had a problem...

• The contraction of both had and would is 'd.

If I'd have known you had a problem, I'd have helped you.

• We can use might or could instead of would to make the result less certain.

If she'd studied harder, she might have passed the exam.

Ex:b, p:148

If you hadn't taken me to the station , I wouldn't have missed my train

We woudn't have won the match If the referee hadn't given us a penalty

You would have enjoyed the weekend if you had come with us

If I hadn't buy the theatre tickets online , they would have been more expensive

Mike would have forgotten his wife's birthday, If she hadn't reminded

If the police had arrived five minutes later , they woudn't have caught the thief

If you hadn't lent me money , I wouldn't have been able to go away for the weekend

That girl would have fallen in the river if you hadn't caught her arm

We wouldn't have found the hotel if we hadn't seen the signpost

If I had known about the job,I would have apply for it

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Common verbs that are followed by a gerund

admit,advise,avoid,be used to,consider,deny,discuss,dislike,end up,enjoy,finish,forget,imagine,keep,mention,mind,miss,recommend,remember,quit,spend time,stop,suggest,understand

Common verbs that are followed by an infinitive

afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,car,decid,demand,expect,fail,forget,hope,learn,manage,mean,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,remember,seem,stop,volunteer,wait,want,wish

Common verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive

begin,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer,start

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Home is a place where every corner gives you happy memories, a feeling of comfort and warmth. Everyone can build their own house so that it is comfortable. To build my dream home, I want it to be big and spacious. I also like it when there are a lot of big windows and beautiful flowers in the room. Since I'm a minimalist, I don't want a lot of unnecessary things in the rooms. I want to make a library next to the balcony. My biggest dream is to make a garden in the yard where I could drink tea and enjoy my beautiful flowers. The most important thing is that it is cozy inside the house, and comfortable for me and people

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Classical Architecture and Vivacious Patterns Mix Artfully in Designer Caroline Gidiere's Home

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marvellous-Something that is wonderful, astonishing, or extremely impressive, often inspiring feelings of admiration or delight.

The sunset over the ocean was truly marvellous, painting the sky in vibrant hues of orange and pink.

bargain-A transaction or agreement in which goods or services are exchanged for a lower price than usual or expected, often resulting in savings for the buyer.

: She found a great bargain on a designer dress at the outlet store, paying only a fraction of its original price.

discount-A reduction in the usual price or cost of something, typically offered as an incentive or promotion to encourage purchases.

The store offered a 20% discount on all electronics during the holiday sale, attracting throngs of eager shoppers.

receipt-A written or electronic document that acknowledges the receiving of goods, services, or money, usually detailing the items received and the amount paid.

Don't forget to keep your receipt in case you need to return the item or claim a warranty.

refund-The return of money to a customer for a product or service that is unsatisfactory, faulty, or not as described, often provided as part of a company's return or satisfaction guarantee.

After discovering the product was damaged, she requested a refund from the online retailer and received her money back promptly.

eccentric-Unconventional or unusual in behavior, appearance, or style, often characterized by peculiar or odd habits or tastes.

The eccentric artist was known for wearing mismatched socks and painting with unconventional materials like coffee and toothpaste.

complaining-The act of expressing dissatisfaction or discontent about something, typically by voicing grievances or objections

Despite the warm weather, he couldn't stop complaining about the humidity ruining his outdoor plans.

executive-A person or group of people having administrative or managerial authority in an organization, responsible for making decisions and overseeing operations.

As a high-ranking executive in the company, she was responsible for making strategic decisions that would shape the future of the business.

irritate-To provoke annoyance, anger, or displeasure in someone, often by actions, words, or behaviors perceived as bothersome or frustrating

The constant tapping of his pen on the desk began to irritate his classmates during the exam.

flattery-Excessive or insincere praise or compliments, often given with the intention of ingratiating oneself with someone or gaining their favor.

She saw through his flattery, recognizing it as a transparent attempt to win her favor before asking for a favor in return.

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Nowadays technology services connect the world. It is noticeable that people can not imagine their life without technology. Digital detox is the most needy theory to help people to live in real life.This essay explores both the advantages and disadvantages of digital detox.

Digital detox helps to concentrate on something .For example when reading books or studying,working. Individuals start to notice things that they did not notice in the past.  The most beneficial is it helps with mental health . People tended to spend more screen time that held insomnia depression. Mobile gadgets are time consuming, we lose our ability to just enjoy with the closest people in real life.

On the other hand, you might disconnect from news, as we read all news on social media.While disconnecting from technology can provide respite from information overload, it can also limit access to important news, resources, or opportunities that are based on digital platforms.

To sum up, achieving a balance between digital interaction and disconnection is the key to taking advantage of technology while mitigating its negative impact on our well-being.

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• We use the gerund (verb + -ing)

1 after prepositions and phrasal verbs.

2 as the subject of a sentence.

3 after some verbs, e.g. hate, don't mind.

• Common verbs which take the gerund include: admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, and some phrasal verbs, e.g. give up, go on, etc.

We use the infinitive + to:

1 after adjectives.

2 to express a reason or purpose.

3 after some verbs, e.g. want, need, learn.

Ex:a, p:146

1. It's important for me to spend time with my family.

2. Applying to go to university abroad can be complicated.

3. I want to my shopping this morning.

4. My boss wants to open a new office.

5. Be careful not to ask her about her boyfriend - they've split up.

6. We went on working until we finished.

7. Dave is very good at solving problems.

8. The best thing about weekends is not going to work.

9. Layla gave up modelling when she had a baby

10. I went on a training course to learn about the new software

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hitchhike-Hitchhiking is the practice of traveling by soliciting rides from passing vehicles, typically by standing on the side of the road and signaling to drivers.

When her car broke down in the middle of nowhere, she had no choice but to hitchhike to the nearest town.

ferry-A ferry is a boat or ship used to transport passengers, vehicles, and goods across a body of water, especially on a regular basis.

We took the ferry across the channel to reach the island for our vacation.

fascinate-To fascinate means to attract and hold the interest and attention of someone in a compelling way.

The intricate details of the ancient ruins fascinated the archaeologists for hours.

field-A field can refer to an area of land used for a particular purpose, such as agriculture, sports, or research.

The farmers planted wheat in the vast field behind their farmhouse.

vital-Vital means absolutely necessary or essential for life or success.

Good communication skills are vital for building strong relationships.

stroke-: A stroke can refer to a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain, causing damage to brain tissue, or it can mean a single act or movement of striking or hitting something.

He suffered a stroke last year and had to undergo months of rehabilitation.

encounter-: An encounter is a meeting, especially one that is unplanned or unexpected.

During their hike, they encountered a family of deer crossing the trail.

fortune-Fortune can refer to a large amount of wealth or to destiny or fate, especially when it brings good luck or success.

Despite facing many challenges, she considered herself fortunate to have a loving family and supportive friends.

contraction-: A contraction can refer to the shortening or tightening of something, or it can refer to the short form of a word or phrase formed by omitting or combining certain letters or sounds.

The muscles in her abdomen tightened in a contraction as she prepared to give birth.

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plug-A device, typically with metal pins, inserted into an outlet to connect an electrical appliance to a power supply.

Before vacuuming the living room, she checked to ensure that the plug was securely inserted into the wall socket.

Phone stacking- A social game where participants stack their phones on top of each other during a meal or gathering, with the goal of encouraging face-to-face interaction and reducing screen time.

As a way to promote meaningful conversations at the dinner party, they decided to initiate a phone stacking challenge, prompting everyone to disconnect from their devices and engage with each other instead.

remote control- A handheld device used to wirelessly operate electronic devices such as televisions, DVD players, or stereo systems.

He reached for the remote control to adjust the volume of the television, eager to catch the latest episode of his favorite show.

socket- A device into which an electric plug can be inserted to make a connection in a circuit.

She searched the room for an available socket to charge her phone, relieved when she found one conveniently located near the table.

switched it on- Activated or turned on a device or appliance by using a switch or button.

He entered the room and switched on the lights, illuminating the space and banishing the darkness.

pins-Small, slender pieces of metal used for fastening, connecting, or attaching objects together.

She carefully inserted the pins into her hair, securing the elegant updo for the evening gala.

set it- A phrase used to indicate the action of arranging, adjusting, or configuring something to a desired state or setting.

After unpacking the new stereo system, he proceeded to set it up according to the instructions, ensuring optimal sound quality.

vehicle-A device or structure used for transporting people or goods from one place to another, typically with wheels and powered by an engine or other means of propulsion.

The family decided to take a road trip, loading their camping gear into the spacious vehicle before embarking on their adventure.

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We use reported speech to report (i.e. to tell another person) what someone said.

• When the reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the past tense, the tenses in the sentence which is being reported usually change like this: present → past will → would

past simple / present perfect → past perfect
Some modal verbs change, e.g. can → could, may → might, must - had to. Other modal verbs stay the same, e.g. could, might, should, etc.

'I might come back next week.' He said he might come back next week.

Ex:a, p:147

1. My friend Tim said he was selling all his books.

2. Emma told me she had booked the flights.

3. My mother told me my new dress didn't suit me.

4. Matt said he might not be able to go to the party.

5. Jenny said she wouldn't wear those shoes again.

6. My brother told me he hadn't bought me a present.

7. Luke told me he couldn't find anywhere to park.

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We use quantifiers when we want to give someone information about the number of something: how much or how many.

Sometimes we use a quantifier in the place of a determiner

Ex:a, p 149

1. My husband has too many gadgets.

2. Do you spend much time on social media?

3. My bedroom is a nice size. There's plenty of room for a desk.

4. I know very few people who speak two foreign languages.

5. My brother has downloaded lots of apps onto his new phone.

6. I have some cash on me, but not a lot.

7. Their new TV is too big. It hardly fits in the living room.

8. There aren't any potatoes. I forgot to buy some.

9. My niece isn't old enough to play with a games console.

10. I don't have many close friends.

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We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.
We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause

Ex:a, p:150
1. Rob and Corinna, whose babysitter often need twins, have.
2. Downing Street, where the British Prime Minister lives, is in central London.
3. The sandwich which you made me for lunch was delicious.
4. The woman who lived here before us was a writer.
5. David Bowie, whose songs inspired us for nearly 50 years, died in 2016.
6. My computer is a lot faster than the one I used to have.
7. The Mona Lisa, which has been damaged several times, is now displayed behind glass.
8. Look! That's the woman whose dog bit me last week.
9. On our last holiday, we visited Stratford-upon-Avon, where Shakespeare was born.
10. We all went to the match except Angela, who doesn't like football.
11. That man whom you saw at the party was my boyfriend!
12. That's the park where I learned to ride a bike.

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sensiuous lines- These refer to lines or curves that evoke a strong sensory response, particularly related to touch or visual appeal.

The artist's painting mesmerized viewers with its sensuous lines, drawing them into a world of tactile beauty.

prodigy- A prodigy is a person, especially a young one, who possesses exceptional talent or ability in a particular field. At just ten years old, the young pianist was hailed as a prodigy for her remarkable skill and emotional depth in her performances.

prominent civil-This term typically refers to a person who holds a significant position or is highly respected in civil society or public affairs.

The activist emerged as a prominent civil leader, advocating for social justice and equality in her community.

monk- A monk is a member of a religious community, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in a monastery.

The monk spent his days in quiet contemplation, seeking spiritual enlightenment through prayer and meditation.

transfer-Transfer can mean to move or convey something from one place, person, or position to another.

After completing his degree abroad, he decided to transfer to a university closer to home for his postgraduate studies.

devastate- Devastate means to cause severe and overwhelming shock or grief.

The news of the natural disaster devastated the small coastal town, leaving residents struggling to rebuild their lives.

retreat-Retreat can refer to the act of withdrawing or moving back, especially from a dangerous or challenging situation.

Faced with mounting pressure from enemy forces, the soldiers were ordered to retreat to safer ground.

mockingbird- A mockingbird is a bird known for its ability to mimic the sounds of other birds and even human-made noises.

The melodious song of the mockingbird echoed through the garden, filling the air with its rich and varied repertoire of sounds.

campaigned- To campaign is to engage in organized activities, such as public speaking or advertising, to promote a particular cause, candidate, or policy.

The politician campaigned tirelessly across the country, rallying support for her vision of a better future for all citizens.

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This course helped me not only to reach a new level and also to be confident when I speak. One of the most serious problems I faced before starting this course was that it was difficult for me to distinguish grammatical rules. I wasn't sure if the sentence structure was correct or if I had made a grammatical mistake. This lack of clarity not only prevented me from communicating effectively, but also undermined my confidence in my own linguistic abilities.

Moreover, this course has provided me with an invaluable opportunity to improve my pronunciation skills. I have long been aware of my shortcomings in this area, often having difficulty pronouncing words accurately and clearly. However, through the practice in this book and with the help of a teacher, I began to notice a noticeable improvement in my ability

Looking back on my journey, I feel a deep sense of gratitude for the knowledge and skills gained during this course. This not only provided me with the tools I needed to figure out the complexities of grammar and pronunciation, but also gave me new confidence in my ability to communicate effectively.