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Archytas builds the first known automaton: a steam-powered mechanical pigeon.

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Alan Turing and Donald Michie discuss intelligent computer programs at Bletchley Park.

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Turing publishes Computing Machinery and Intelligence, introducing the Turing Test.

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Arthur Samuel creates a checkers program that learns and plays independently.

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Logic Theorist is developed to mimic human problem-solving.

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John McCarthy coins the term “Artificial Intelligence” at the Dartmouth Conference.

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Frank Rosenblatt creates the Perceptron, an early neural network.

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McCarthy develops LISP, a key AI programming language.

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Unimate, the first industrial robot, begins work at General Motors.

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ELIZA, the first chatbot using natural language, is created.

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Shakey the Robot is built with basic sensors and navigation skills.

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A critical UK report sparks the first “AI Winter” due to unmet expectations.

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XCON, a commercial expert system, saves DEC $40 million/year.

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Ernst Dickmann’s team creates the first self-driving car prototype.

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Jabberwacky chatbot is designed to mimic human conversation.

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IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov.

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Dragon Systems introduces speech recognition into Windows software.

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Roomba robot vacuum becomes the first widely used home AI.

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Geoffrey Hinton advances deep learning with neural networks.

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Generative AI tools like ChatGPT become widely used globally.