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The purpose of Axum was that it is believed that they were intended as markers for the elaborate tombs of the powerful Axumite kings, which are located nearby.

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Axum is a wealthy African civilization that has thrived for centuries, controlling a large territorial state and access to vast trade routes linking the Roman Empire to the Middle East and India.

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Lower Nubia is the northernmost part of Nubia, downstream on the Nile from Upper Nubia. Sometimes, it overlapped Upper Egypt stretching to the First and Second Cataracts, so roughly until Aswan.

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In the 700s B.C., the Nubian kingdom of Kush conquered all of upper and lower Egypt. In 751 B.C., Piankhi attacked the Egyptian city of Memphis. About 36 years later, Piankhi had gained control of Egypt. From this point on, two periods make up the history of Kush. Each period is based on the location of the capital and king’s tomb. The city of Napata was the capital during this first period. Meroë was the capital during the second.

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Egypt controlled parts of Nubia between 2000 and 1000 B.C.
During these centuries, Nubia was a source of goods for Egypt. But as Egypt declined, a Nubian kingdom called Kush became a power in the region.

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Like Egypt, Nubia was divided
into upper (southern) and lower (northern) areas. In southern Nubia, unlike in Egypt, a climate that provided greater moisture meant farming was not limited to the Nile valley.

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Nubia extended from the southern boundary of Egypt southward to include present-day Sudan. Its southern boundary was south of the Nile River’s sixth cataract. Like the Egyptians, the people of Nubia lived along the Nile.