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- Transcendentalism was a movement that promoted individual self realization, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Emerson influenced many people such as Henry David Thoreau who searched for justification for independent thinking,  Margaret Fuller, who explored freedom for women, and Walt Whitman, who wrote poems about self realization
- Emerson also influenced novels like "The Scarlet Letter" and "Moby Dick"

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- In 1770, Mother Ann believed she was an incarnation of Christ and established the Shakers, who worshipped her as the second coming of Christ after she died
- Shakers' believed that God was both male and female, and disdained sexual intercourse, making the majority of Shaker children adopted
- Oneida was inspired by the Shakers and was created by John Humphrey Noyes, who focused on perfectionism and a perfectionist community

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- Founded by Joseph Smith Jr. , hostility towards Mormons caused him to die and have Mormons move west
- 6,500 Mormons moving west were lead by Brigham Young, Joseph Smtih's leading disciple
- Mormonism started in Fayette, New York, relocated to greater Utah area, Mexico, and north modern U.S.

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- Large cities were populated by the 1860s, which led to an increase in prostitution and commercialized because of the lack of jobs in big cities and the need for money
- Many men believed that prostitution was a right that they should have, young people would constantly change partners until they found their ideal person
- Minstrelsies were shows where white actors would put on blackface and would put on a racist act of an African American, as well as promoting the importance of being a white person

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People Immigrating to New York through Ellis Island

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People Immigrating to New York through Ellis Island

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- By 1850, nearly 300,000 Irish and German men and women lived in New York City
- Because of the amount of immigrants in New York City, natives created a nativist movement that called to stop immigration and started an assault on foreign people
- The Republican Party and the Whigs won the city election in 1844 by focusing on cultural issues like nativism

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- Dorothea Dix went around the country looking at prisons and pushed for asylums for the mentally ill
- Inspired by Dix, many women advocated for improving public education
- From 1837 to 1848, Horace Mann extended the school year, and reading, writing, and arithmetic were required
- By the 1850s, the majority of teachers were women

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- The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival throughout the United States in the 1790s that resulted in a variety of evangelical denominations being created
- Charles Finney was a Presbyterian who believed that God created free will for humanity, who had the choice to be saved or not
- Finney would preach around the country and successfully converted many people by helping them find similarities to God

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- The Seneca Falls Convention discussed women's rights in the Declaration of Sentiments based off the Declaration of Independence, which stated that all men and women are created equal and stated the wrongs that men had done against women
- Most men dismissed the Seneca Falls Convention and called inonsense, many women also rejected the activists

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A Drawing of the Seneca Falls Convention

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A Drawing of the Seneca Falls Convention