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These were probably some of the most interesting but the following Chapters stood out me.

The Importance of Being Beautiful, Fraternities and rape on campus, The racist mind and The poor pay all. This is a summary of all these readings.

It talks about how what we consider "normal" is decided by society and how people feel pressured to fit in. It also covers the gaps between rich and poor, different races, genders, and education levels, and how these gaps are kept in place by institutions. The book also discusses how much importance society places on looks and how this affects people's lives, and it examines why some people hold racist beliefs and how being poor often benefits the rich.

The book also looks at fraternities on college campuses and their connection to sexual violence. It explains how certain aspects of fraternity life, like drinking and promoting extreme masculinity, can make sexual assault more likely. It talks about how these issues affect victims, how colleges respond, and what this means for campus safety.

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This article explores how skin color affects people's socioeconomic status, focusing on colorism—the idea that lighter skin is often associated with better outcomes even within the same racial group. Using data from large surveys, the study looks at how skin color impacts college graduation rates, personal earnings, and family income among White, Black, and Hispanic individuals in the U.S. It finds that darker skin generally correlates with worse educational and economic outcomes within these groups. However, clear evidence of skin color directly causing these differences is limited, seen mainly in the college attainment of Whites and family income of Hispanics. For Black individuals, the study suggests that being Black, in general, has a more significant impact than variations in skin tone. The article also emphasizes using specific methods to better understand these effects and account for other factors that might influence the results.

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Mauricio Bucca

Sociological Science June 10, 2024
10.15195/v11.a19

Studies of colorism-the idea that racial hierarchies coexist with gradational inequalities based on skin color-consistently find that darker skin correlates with lower socioeconomic outcomes. Despite the causal nature of this debate, evidence remains predominantly associational. This study revisits the colorism literature by proposing a causal model underlying these theories. It discusses conditions under which associations may reflect contemporary causal effects of skin color and evaluates strategies for identifying these effects. Using data from the AddHealth and NLSY97 surveys and applying two identification strategies, the study estimates the causal effects of skin color on college degree attainment, personal earnings, and family income among White, Black, and Hispanic populations in the United States. Results show that darker skin correlates with poorer educational and economic outcomes within racial groups. However, evidence of contemporary causal effects of skin color is partial, limited to college attainment of Whites and family income of Hispanics. For Blacks, results suggest a generalized penalty associated with being Black rather than gradation based on skin tone. Methodologically, the article advocates using sensitivity analyses to account for unobserved confounders in models for skin color effects and uses sibling fixed-effects as a secondary complementary strategy.

Mauricio Bucca: Department of Sociology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail: mebucca@uc.cl.

Acknowledgements: I wish to thank Fabrizio Bernardi, Kendra Bischoff, Lucas Drouhot, Matias Fernandez, Vida Maralani, Mario Molina, Ben Rosche, Daniela Urbina, Sebastian Urbina, Kim Weeden as well as audiences at the 2021 Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meeting and the Comparative Life Course and Inequality Research Centre (CLIC) at the European University Institute in Florence for helpful comments and criticisms on earlier versions of the article. I am also grateful for financial support from FONDECYT Iniciación grant project No. 11221171 and ANID Milenio Labor Market Mismatch - Causes and Consequences, LM2C2 (NCS2022045). Direct correspondence to Mauricio Bucca, mebucca@uc.cl

Data: This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other fed- eral agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/addhealth). No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. Access to restricted data through the National Institutes of Health Grant R01HD091125, led by Principal Investigator Kelly Musick.

Citation: Bucca, Mauricio. 2024. "Colorism Revisited: The Effects of Skin Color on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States." Sociological Science 11: 517-552.

Received: February 23, 2024

Accepted: March 26, 2024

Editors: Ari Adut, Maria Abascal

DOI: 10.15195/v11.a19

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Colorism Revisited: The Effects of Skin Color on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States

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Article: Colorism Revisited: The Effects of Skin Color on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States | Sociological Science | Posted June 10, 2024

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The question of how much money is enough is tricky and personal, varying from person to person. Our drive for more money often comes from deeper needs for security and status, making it an endless cycle. Society and consumer culture push us to believe we need more to be happy, even though more money doesn't always lead to greater happiness. Life's unpredictability adds to the complexity, as financial needs can change suddenly. Ultimately, no amount of money is ever truly enough, and true contentment comes from looking beyond material wealth.

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These were some interesting reads this week, from the Textbook.

1. Religion and Morality in Weight Loss Groups 2. The Sociology of... 3. The Lives of Homeless Women by Elliot Liebow 4. Handling the Stigma of Handling the Dead 5. Deviance and Social Control 6. The Survivors 7. Becoming a Hit Man by Ken Levi 8. The Saints and the Roughnecks by William J. Chambliss 9. The Pathology of Imprisonment by Philip G. Zimbardo 10. What is Normal?

These essays examine the roles of religion and morality in weight loss groups, the lives and challenges of homeless women, and the stigma faced by those working with the dead. They delve into theories of deviance and social control, the experiences of survivors of traumatic events, and the psychological and social factors that lead to becoming a hitman. The book also includes studies on social class and perception through Chambliss’s "The Saints and the Roughnecks," the situational forces in Zimbardo’s "The Pathology of Imprisonment," and questions the concept of normalcy in society. These works collectively provide deep insights into various aspects of human behavior and societal structures.

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It's crazy how much of a pivotal role mass media plays in shaping public opinion, by disseminating information, framing issues, and influencing perceptions. These roles can shape social norms and values, shape political opinions. The real scary part is the media ownership and potential biases in reporting also raise concerns about the information being relayed to the public.

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This week I learned about the research methods as related to Sociology. These techniques like interviews and surveys help analyze data to understand social behaviors and structures. The choice of method depends on the research question and goals mixed with methods offering comprehensive insights.

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Insights into Sociological Research & Soc. Issues

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Insights into Sociological Research & Soc. Issues

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Today, I learned about several important topics in sociology thru my textbook. These included understanding how sociologists conduct research, as detailed in Chapter 4. I also explored Chapter 5, which delves into the perspectives of convicted rapists and their descriptions of the rewards of rape, providing a controversial yet critical insight into criminal psychology. Chapter 6 discussed the societal implications and considerations of hiring ex-convicts. Finally, Chapter 7 examined the methods and challenges involved in conducting research with streetcorner crack dealers. These chapters offered a diverse and thought-provoking overview of sociological research and its applications in understanding complex social issues.

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This was a very interesting assignment, I had never written down about who I really am. Discovering who I am has been a journey of learning about myself through different experiences. I've figured out my values and beliefs by watching and interacting with others at home, in school, and in social settings. Understanding the rules and norms of society has helped me see what matters to me and how I fit into the world. By recognizing my strengths and passions and the influences around me, I've gotten a better idea of my identity and what I believe in. This ongoing process has helped me grow and change while staying true to myself.

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I always knew about norms through various experiences and settings in my daily life. But I had never wrote examples of these Norms, they are the unwritten rules that guide how we behave in different situations.

They can be learned at home, at school, in social gatherings, or even through media and observation of others.

Norms are used in everyday interactions to ensure smooth and respectful communication and behavior. They help maintain order and harmony in various social settings, from casual gatherings to formal events.