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Download this Note taking template and make it your own.

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Foundation year students. Download the session in academic reading here.

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FY3000 How to approach academic reading (1)

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Declare your use of AI in your assignments. Download this cover sheet, complete and submit along with your assignments.

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London Metropolitan University library has a comprehensive range of study skills handbooks available online. A reading list has been collated, simply click on the link to access the list.

https://rl.talis.com/3/londonmet/lists/0FC68469-F144-9E80-0AB4-F875B9823D44.html?lang=en-GB

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© London Metropolitan University -- Please send staff reading list queries to readinglists@londonmet.ac.uk

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Follow this simple flow chart when reading texts for your assignments: it provides an overview of the process in six manageable stages. This scaffolded approach allows you to read, absorb and analyse academic reading materials, and then, encourages you to consider how you might use your analysis in the assignment.

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developing an analytical approach to reading

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PGCE Supporting academic literacies for the research project

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Another infographic produced by Tom Edwards SSSP, this resource provides an easy to follow overview of the referencing process.

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This infographic, produced by Tom Edwards SSSP, offers a break down of the PEEL method of writing paragraphs and is supported with examples.

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This infographic, produced by Tom Edwards SSSP, offers a six helpful tips for paraphrasing.

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BERA Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research 2024

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BERA Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research 2024

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Access and download the updated version of BERA's ethical guidelines for educational research here. This is a useful document to reference when writing up the methodology section of your dissertation.

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Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research, fifth edition (2024)

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Contents Letter from the President Fundamentals Aspirations of educational researchers Guidelines Responsibilities to participants Consent Transparency Right to withdraw Incentives Harm…

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Level 4 students, access these slides from the session on assessment 2. There is a worked example of how to explore a theme through a critically analytical lens.

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This resource provides an outline of the supervision process, what to expect and how to prepare for them.

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Reading Room Sessions: Writing from notes

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Reading Room Sessions: Writing from notes

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PGCE Primary: Findings, data analysis and discussion

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PGCE Primary: Findings, data analysis and discussion

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These slides produced by ITE's Rachel Booth, provide an overview to the Findings section of the research report.

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PGCE Primary: Writing the methodology for your research report

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PGCE Primary: Writing the methodology for your research report

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These slides provide a breakdown of the key areas to cover in the methodology section.

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Following a clear plan is instrumental when completing any project. Download this template and customise it to your own set of resubmissions. Use the template as a planning tool to help you navigate the assignment(s) and the support available to you.

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If you are thinking about preparing for your resubmissions, Take a look at this resource. It offers suggestions on how to organise your workload.

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These slides provide an overview of structuring a presentation, planning the delivery, and formatting slides to reflect an academic, scholarly approach.

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Access slides from the session delivered on the 25th January 2024.

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Access slides from the session delivered on the 25th January 2024.

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Students download these slides of the ARC workshop dated 1st December 2023. You can also access the link for the feedback survey, which you will need to complete at the end of the session.

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Level 6 students, access the slides from the session (29/11/2023) here.

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Level 5 Education students. Access the slides on the theoretical frameworks workshop. If you missed the workshop, try the exercise.

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SS5021 Checklist - selecting journal articles

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SS5021 Checklist - selecting journal articles

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Level 5 students. Access the slides here for the criteria when selecting appropriate journal articles for your research project. Use the information on reading abstracts to help you to determine whether an article meets the criteria.

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Level 4 Education students. Access the slides for the workshop here.

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Calling all students.

Are you using or have you used this padlet? Have you viewed or downloaded any of the resources available on this board? If so, please take a moment to let me know what you think of the materials. Your feedback helps me to plan and devise resources that hopefully meet your study needs.

I would be interested to know:

What has worked well for you?

What could be improved?

What kind of resources you would like to see in the future?

Your feedback will be anonymous so it is totally safe to state your opinions (you might find that other people agree with you!).

You can either add your comments under this post or add them under the posts where you have accessed the resources.

I look forward to hearing from you soon!

Thank you. 🙂

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This resource considers expectations for level 7 academic writing and how to establish effective notes that support the writing process. The examples in this resource are based on level 7 writing but could also be useful for levels 5 and 6.

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AE4017 Preparing a literature review for assignment 1

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AE4017 Preparing a literature review for assignment 1

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Level 4 BA Primary. Students you can access and download the session slides from here. Additionally, review other material posted on this padlet for more details on how to document your reading.

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Level 5 BA Primary students. Access the slides from session held on Thursday 12th October 2023. Remember to cross reference the information against the guidance material provided by your module tutor.

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SE4006 Introduction to Academic Reading Circles

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SE4006 Introduction to Academic Reading Circles

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Level 4 Early Childhood Studies. Students, you can access and download the session slides from here.

If you have photos of the work we carried out in class, please share in this thread.

Thank you.

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An overview of key theoretical frameworks

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An overview of key theoretical frameworks

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This site, HelpfulProfessor.com, provides an entry point into the area of theoretical frameworks.  Use the information to give you an overview, but remember to delve deeper into the thinking behind each theory.  Refer back to the reading lists and content on your module to expand your understanding.

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A theoretical framework is a theory that can be applied to interpret and understand data in your research study.
A useful working definition comes from Connaway and Radford (2021):

"...a theoretical framework utilizes theory/theories and their constituent elements as the presumed 'working model' that drives the investigation and analysis of a social phenomenon." (Connaway & Radford, 2021)

There are a range of theories that each look at the world through different lenses. Each will shape how we look at and interpret our data.

For example:

Feminists look at the world through the lens of power and oppression of women.

Functionalists look at the world and see how the concepts and ideas in our societies have a role in maintaining social order.

Behaviorists look at the world and see how incentives - rewards and punishments - shape human behavior.

Postmodernists look at the world and see how language and discourse shape belief systems.

When selecting a theoretical framework, we're making a conscious decision about our approach and focus. For example, 'feminism' and 'critical theory' are theoretical frameworks that will focus on how power functions in society. This might be useful in a sociological or cultural studies analysis. But they won't be so useful in a study of classroom learning, which might best be served by 'behaviorism' or 'constructivism' as your theoretical frames.

Theoretical Framework Examples

1. Constructivism

Scholarly Fields: Psychology, Education
Constructivism is a theory in educational psychology about how people think and learn.
It states that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.

When new information challenges past beliefs, cognitive dissonance occurs, which is overcome through processes of assimilation and accommodation until we develop a new understanding of what we observe, which is ideally a closer approximation of the truth.

It challenges the previously dominant concept in psychology, behaviorism, that states we learn best through rewards, punishments, and forming associations between concepts.
Example of Constructivism in the Classroom
A researcher examines how students learn about the concept of gravity in a physics classroom. The study would observe the process as the students first encounter basic information, then explore related concepts through hands-on experiments and classroom discussions. The focus of the study would be on how students construct their understanding utilizing prior knowledge and evolving their understanding through experience and reflection.

2. Behaviorism

Scholarly Fields: Psychology, Education
Behaviorism is a learning theory in behavioral psychology that holds that behaviors are learned through association, trial and error.
This theory takes a principled stance that learning needs to be measurable. Inner cognitive states are not taken into account because thoughts are, to behaviorists, not possible to be measured. Therefore, the theory suggests that behavior must be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.

A famous behaviorist study is Pavlov's study of how his dog learned to salivate when he heard a bell ringing, because the dog associated the bell with food. This is now known as a Pavlovian response.

Similarly, B.F. Skinner found that rewarding and punishing rats can lead them into learning how to navigate mazes at faster and faster speeds, demonstrating the observable effects of rewards and punishments in learning.

If you were to use Behaviorism as your theoretical framework, it would likely inform both your research question - where you may want to focus on a situation where you will measure changes in behaviors through rewards and punishments - as well as your research methods, where you'll likely employ a quantitative research method that measures changes in behaviors, such as application of pre-tests and post-tests in an educational environment.
Example of a Study Using a Behaviorist Theoretical Framework
In a study using a behaviorist framework, a psychologist might investigate the effects of positive reinforcement on the classroom behavior of elementary school children. The experiment could involve implementing a rewards system for a selected behavior, such as raising a hand before speaking, and observing any changes in the frequency of this behavior. The behaviorist theoretical framework would guide the researcher's expectation that the reinforcement (reward) would increase the occurrence of the desired behavior.

3. Psychoanalytic Theory

Scholarly Fields: Psychology, Social Work
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theories, originally proposed by Sigmund Freud, posit that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.
This theory might be used by a psychology student in their research project where they test patients' behaviors, comparing them to Freud's (or, for that matter, Carl Jung's) theoretical ideas about stages of development, interaction between id, ego, and superego, or the power of the subconscious to affect thoughts and behavior.

This theoretical frame is rarely used today, although it acts as a foundation to subsequent theories that are held in higher esteem, such as psychosocial theory, explained next.
Example of a Study Using a Psychoanalytic Theoretical Framework
A researcher using a psychoanalytic framework might study the influence of early childhood experiences on adult relationship patterns. Through in-depth interviews, the study would examine participants' recollections of their early relationships with their parents and the unconscious conflicts and defenses that may have arisen from these experiences. The study would then look for patterns in the participants' current relationships that might reflect these early experiences and defense mechanisms.

4. Psychosocial Theory

Scholarly Fields: Psychology, Social Work
Psychosocial theory builds upon (and, in some ways, rejects) Freud's psychoanalytic theory. This theory maintains that subconscious thoughts affect behavior, but focuses on how early social interactionsaffect outcomes later in life.
Erik Erikson, a central figure in the history of psychosocial theory, theorized that humans go through roughly set-in-stone stages of life, where in each stage, we must overcome challenges like industry vs inferiority (where we need to learn to embrace an industrious and creative personality or else risk having an inferiority complex later in life).

Psychosocial theory can be applied in the study of how people develop psychological complexes in their lives and helps them overcome them by exploring the origins of these complexes.
Example of a Study Using a Psychosocial Theoretical Framework
A study based on a psychosocial framework could explore individual patients' core challenges and relate them to Erikson's psychosocial states. The psychosocial theory would guide the interpretation of the results, suggesting that past events, such as being berated by parents, can lead to increased psychological stress.

5. Feminist Theory

Scholarly Fields: Sociology, Cultural Studies, and more
Feminism is a social and political framework that analyzes the status of women and men in society with the purpose of using that knowledge to promote women's rights and interests.
Generally, a person applying a feminist framework would have at the core of their research question an interest in how women are positioned in society in relation to men, and how their lives and personal agency is shaped and structured by a manufactured gender hirearchy.

Of course, within Feminism, there are a range of conflicting views and perspectives. The intersectional feminists are highly concerned with how black, working-class, and other marginalized women face compounding disadvantages; whereas other feminists might focus exclusively on gender in the workforce, or even how women's rights intersect with, and are possibly impacted by, trans* rights.
Example of a Study Using a Feminist Theoretical Framework
A researcher could use a feminist theoretical framework to investigate gender bias in workplace promotions within a large corporation. The study might involve collecting and analyzing qualitative data and quantitative data on promotion rates, gender ratios in upper management, and employee experiences related to promotion opportunities. From a feminist perspective, the study would aim to identify any potential systemic inequalities and their impact on women's career trajectories.

7. Conflict Theory

Scholarly Fields: Sociology, Cultural Studies
Conflict theory is a framework derived from Marxism's teachings about the operation of power through economic and cultural apparatuses in a society.
It generally works to highlight the role of coercion and power, particularly as it relates to social class and possession of economic capital.

Generally, this approach will involve an examination of the ways the economy, policy documents, media, and so forth, distribute power in a capitalist context. Other conflict theorists might examine non-capitalist contexts, such as workers' cooperatives with the intention of exploring possibilities for economic and cultural life in a post-capitalist society.
Example of a Study Using a Conflict Theory Framework
A sociologist might utilize conflict theory to study wealth and income disparities within a specific urban community. This study might involve the analysis of economic data, alongside a consideration of social and political structures in the community. The conflict theory would guide an understanding of how wealth and power disparities contribute to social tensions and conflict.

8. Functionalism

Scholarly Fields: Sociology (see the separate concept: Functionalism in Psychology)
Functionalism, based on the works of Durkheim. Merton and their contemporaries, is an approach to sociology that assumes each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole.
Functionalism often leans on the analogy of the human body to describe society. Just as the human body has organs which each have a purpose (i.e. a function), each social institution also serves a function to support the whole.

So, a functionalist theoretical framework aims to examine social institutions and social structures (e.g. economic conditions, family relationships, religious practices, media outlets, etc.) to explore how they do or do not fulfill their purposes.

Building on Merton's work in functionalism, many functionalist studies in sociology also explore how institutions have both manifest functions (intended purposes and consequences) and latent functions (unintended purposes and functions).

Key social institutions explored in functionalism in sociology include: the education system, hospitals, workplaces, factories, religion, and families.
Example of a Study Using a Functionalist Theoretical Framework
A key question in functionalism is: "What is the role of this institution in upholding society, the status quo, and social hierarchies?" Following this approach, an educational researcher using a functionalist framework might study the role of schools in preparing students for various roles in society. They might collect data on curriculum, teaching methods, student performance, and post-graduation outcomes. Using a functionalist lens, the researcher would be interested in how each aspect of the education system contributes to the socialization process and preparation of individuals for adulthood and societal roles.

9. Symbolic Interactionism

Scholarly Fields: Sociology (see: symbolic interactionism in sociology)
The symbolic interaction theory states that the meaning we ascribe to objects, processes, ideas, concepts, and systems are subjective. They are constructed through language, words, and communication, and differ from context to context and culture to culture.
Symbolic interactionism is very common in qualitative research in the social sciences, especially work that involves interviews as a research method.

Symbolic interaction is a theoretical frame that challenges that of functionalism by focusing on microsociology rather than macrosociology.

Whereas functionalists are generally concerned with how social structures, institutions, and concepts have meaning on a social level, symbolic interactionists are concerned with how people make their own meanings of things in their surroundings.

For example, symbolic interactionism argues that people derive their understanding of their world through social interactions and personal experiences and interpretations.
Example of a Study Using a Symbolic Interactionist Framework
A researcher applying symbolic interactionist theory might investigate how medical patients and doctors negotiate understandings of illness during medical consultations. The study would likely involve observations and perhaps recordings of consultations, focusing on the language and symbols used by both parties. A symbolic interactionist approach would highlight how shared meanings and interpretations are built in these interactions, impacting the patient-doctor relationship and treatment decisions.

10. Postmodernism

Scholarly Fields: Sociology, Cultural Studies, Media Studies
Postmodern theory critiques social narratives, beliefs, and definitions, arguing that they're historically, culturally and socially situated.
A key concept in postmodernism is , which refers to how knowledge is constructed through language. The ways people talk about something constructs normative ideas about it (i.e. ideas, like gender, a socially constructed).

Postmodernists are therefore skeptical of truth-claims made about anything. Their research aims to demonstrate how truth-claims, such as "men are natural-born leaders" emerge through language and social narratives that normalize such as belief.

Postmodernism's role, therefore. Is to highlight the relativity of truths and social narratives propagated by media and culture.
Example of a Study Using a Postmodern Theoretical Framework
A researcher using a postmodernist framework might conduct a study analyzing the portrayal of reality in contemporary television news. They might examine the selection and presentation of stories, the use of imagery and language, and the underlying assumptions about truth and objectivity. From a postmodernist perspective, the study would not be looking for an objective reality represented in the news but would explore how the news constructs multiple, subjective realities.

List of Additional Theoretical Frameworks

In Economics

Keynesian Economics

Neoclassical Economics

Marxist Economics

Behavioral Economics

Monetarism

Conclusion

Choosing a theoretical framework is an early step in developing your research study. Once it is selected, it will go on to inform your research methodology and methods of data collection and analysis. Furthermore, in your analysis chapters of your dissertation, you will be regularly leaning upon the ideas and concepts within your chosen theoretical framework to shed light on your observations. Academic research that uses theoretical frameworks is all about using theory to interpret the world and shed new light on phenomena. With theory, we can develop a cohesive understanding of our subjects and construct detailed, well-thought-out arguments throughout our work.

References

Anfara Jr, V. A., & Mertz, N. T. (Eds.). (2014). Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. Sage publications.

Borsboom, D., van der Maas, H. L., Dalege, J., Kievit, R. A., & Haig, B. D. (2021). Theory construction methodology: A practical framework for building theories in psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(4), 756-766.

Connaway, L. S., & Radford, M. L. (2016). Research methods in library and information science. Los Angeles: ABC-CLIO.

Given, L. M. (Ed.). (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Sage publications.

Gelso, C. J. (2006). Applying theories to research. The psychology research handbook: A guide for graduate students and research assistants, 455.

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31 Theoretical Framework Examples (2023)

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A theoretical framework is a theory that can be applied to interpret and understand data in your research study.

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Understanding and managing the assignment process: an overview

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Understanding and managing the assignment process: an overview

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When it comes to completing an assignment, it may be useful to map out key stages over the course of the semester.  This helps with spreading the workload whilst giving time to process complex ideas and concepts.  Take a look at the diagrams in this resource and consider:

How does the model relate or mirror your own ways of working? How might it differ?

What steps can you take to ease the assignment load? How can you create your own effective plans?

What support can you access to help with your assignment workload?

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Understanding the structure of a literature review

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Understanding the structure of a literature review

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This resource gives an overview of the literature review process. It outlines the key stages involved in preparing and writing a literature review. Use this resource as a basic guide and cross-reference it against the guidance given in your research modules, which will be more detailed and specific according to the subject area.

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The British Council offer several online exercises to follow.  This one focuses on grammar and is suitable for all learners.

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Revise and practise your grammar to help you increase your confidence and improve your language level.

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English as an additional language: developing conversational English

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English as an additional language: developing conversational English

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If you are interested in the nuances of the English language or would like to navigate the "everyday speak" of Londoners, in different contexts, explore this free BBC app.

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The official BBC Learning English app brings together all of your favourite lessons and presenters in one fantastic, simple-to-use package. It's the best way to keep your English up to date! Whether you want to study grammar, improve your pronunciation, develop your English through topical news stories or learn the latest phrases to use in your everyday conversations, our app has the series for you.

Take us with you; we'll always be there to help you become a brilliant English speaker.

Learning English

The best way to learn a language to is to practise a little bit every day. Our app helps you do that with daily updates of amazing, fun and topical lessons, transcripts and quizzes. Watch your English grow!

Features that will help you learn

Watch or listen to each programme without using the text support. Then watch or listen again using the built-in transcripts and subtitles. Once you've practised your listening and reading skills, use the quizzes to test your understanding. The app will remember your scores so you can keep trying until you get the result you want.

When you're listening to an audio lesson, the programme will keep playing in the background even if the screen is turned off. So you can be on the bus, travelling by train, flying, walking, running or even swimming* and still have the perfect lesson in your ear.

*This feature requires a waterproof phone

You can also download our audio programmes and listen to them when you are not connected to the internet.

Other Features

Lessons available first on this app - even before our website

New lessons daily

Notifications to help you continue your learning

Easy-to-find programmes listed by series name or category: (Everyday English, Learn English with the News, Business English, Grammar, Vocabulary and Pronunciation)

Follow your favourite series

Share your favourite programmes to your social networks, or email/SMS to a friend

Which programmes are available?

All of our most popular programmes are here, including

The English We Speak

6 Minute English

English at Work

English in a Minute

The award-winning Tim's Pronunciation Workshop

LingoHack

News Review

Stories for Children

The Teachers Room

Dramas and many more

Find out about our app functionality
A guide to using our app

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BBC Learning English - Find Out About Our App

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The official BBC Learning English app brings together all of your favourite lessons and presenters in one fantastic, simple-to-use package. It's the best way to keep your English up to date! Whether you want to study grammar, improve your pronunciation, develop your English through topical news stories or learn the latest phrases to use in your everyday conversations, our app has the series for you.

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Academic Reading Circles (ARC): reading as a collaborative act.

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Academic Reading Circles (ARC): reading as a collaborative act.

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At the heart of a good assignment is the reading that informs it.

Reading is an essential part of study and everyone in academia is expected to read and engage with academic papers.  It’s our way of discussing or being in dialogue about matters that emerge within our disciplines.

Yet, there is often an expectation that we “get on with it” and read in private spaces.  What happens when the reading doesn’t make sense? Or the language is just too difficult to comprehend? What does that do for our self-esteem?

Academic reading is challenging…but it needn’t be.

Academic Reading Circles (ARC) offer spaces to tackle academic reading in a positive, social way.  ARC is based on students coming together to read, deconstruct and critically analyse academic material from different lenses.

Download and read the attached resource if you are interested in setting up an academic reading circle for you and your peers.

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PGCE: SDQ018 Research report support materials

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PGCE: SDQ018 Research report support materials

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Use this guide, alongside module support material, to help structure your research report.

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SDQ018  Writing your research report 2025

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Bloom's Taxonomy: levels of critical writing

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Bloom's Taxonomy: levels of critical writing

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This is a useful application of Bloom's taxonomy when considering your essay writing.  An excellent piece of writing will answer the question by utilising all of the modes in the triangle, whilst a good piece of writing may reflect some modes but not all.  For example, facts and statistics might demonstrate your ability to remember key information associated with the topic; when keywords and terms are defined, you demonstrate understanding; when you examine how a concept operates within a given context, you demonstrate analysis.
Take a closer look at the slide and familiarise yourself with the modes of thinking. Consider what that might look like in your own writing.

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Writing an abstract for your research paper

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Writing an abstract for your research paper

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LMU's Quick guide to Harvard referencing

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LMU's Quick guide to Harvard referencing

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A useful document that models how to reference a variety of sources in the Harvard style.

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Use this checklist to ensure you have incorporated criticality within your assignments.

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This infographic from GrammarCheck sums up the process of proofreading.  It is worth reading and using it as a prompt when you review your drafts.

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The 10-Step Guide to Proofreading Essays Quickly (Infographic)

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Really need that higher grade? Wonder how others write successful admission essays? Then, this infographic is for you. Tune in and find out how to write great essays. Easy.

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Use this prompt sheet to guide you when writing paraphrased notes.

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Read this for more details on the Academic Mentor service.

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Hi there, I'm Nahid, the academic mentor for Education and Early Childhood Studies students.  I work with levels 4, 5, 6, and 7.  I have been working at LMU for some time now and have learned a lot from students over the years.  I have put this knowledge into the development of this padlet board.

You will find a range of resources developed to reflect the type of assignments you might have to complete.  Additionally, I have also shared resources from YouTube and other universities that might be useful to you.

As I develop more resources, I will post them on this board, so, keep an eye on the board for updates.  You can also post a question or email me n.huda@londonmet.ac.uk if you would like an appointment.

Best wishes
Nahid

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This resource details what the SEEC level descriptors mean for your approach to study.

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Follow this simple guide to add important details in your email signature. Having this information in your email signature will make communication with LMU staff easier.
Information needed:

a)Full name (as on ID card)

b)ID Number

c)Year or level of study

d)Course enrolled on

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Try the exercises in this resource to help you explore the feedback you have received on your assignments and consider an action plan for development.

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This short video was produced by Lydia Cheah, Audrey St. John and Becky Wai-Ling Packard of Mount Holyoke College and MetaView Mentors. It outlines the feedback process as a reciprocal one as well as making the point that the way we perceive feedback can affect the way we make use of it.

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Where did that come from? Giving and Receiving Feedback

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Being clear about the role of  subject + verb in a sentence can improve your sentence structure in written work.  Watch the video for more information.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Drv6jD8xWdw

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Grammar Lesson #1 - Tips to Improve Your Sentence Structure

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Understanding when and how to use punctuation is critical to a good piece of writing.  If you are not sure about use, focus on the most common forms of punctuation such as full stops, commas, colons, semi-colons, and hyphens. Watch the video for a simple guide to punctuation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVu-XvULZNg

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13 Basic Punctuation Rules in English | Essential Writing Essential Series & Punctuation Guide

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This infographic outlines the expectations set for each level of study.

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Roadmap Progressing through the levels HE Infographic Graph

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Use this prompt sheet to facilitate modes of thinking.  The combination of keywords, actions and questions associated with each level of thinking help to distinguish between the modes.  Having this kind of understanding allows for a more purposeful or intentional approach when completing assignments.  For instance, knowing when to differentiate between being descriptive and being analytical is crucial for a balanced piece of writing.

Spend some looking at the question structures for each mode of thinking.  How can you incorporate or adapt these questions when researching for your own assignments?

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Whether you have only 5 minutes to spare or an hour, put the time available to good use. Check out this menu of activities/ tasks you can do when tackling assignments.

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What do we mean by referencing and why is it necessary?

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What do we mean by referencing and why is it necessary?

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Whenever, you use someone else’s ideas and data to explain a point in your assignment, you must acknowledge this and give attribution to their work.  This is known as referencing.

Referencing is an academic convention that is used by all academics across the globe.

It contributes towards academic integrity and guards against plagiarism.

Referencing is cited in the body of the work (in text citations) as well as a list at the end of the work.

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Producing good quality notes on the reading you have carried out, provides the foundation for an excellent assignment. The template in this resource outline five areas to focus on: bibliographical details; summary of the main points; thematic points raised in the text; critical responses or questions raised; and implications for practice. When your notes cover these five areas, you have the components to write an analytical essay.

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This resource will give an overview on how to reference books, journal articles, and quotes.  It will also outline the two types of in text citations needed for academic writing.  For a more detailed understanding of referencing, visit the Library on Student Zone https://student.londonmet.ac.uk/library/

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WW Introductions conclusions and building an argument 