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Why are people willing to give up their own priorities like school work to fit in that is widely accepted and appreciated in that school?

What is the difference between secondary socialization for example socialization in school and resocialization?

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Socialization by interactions

But who?

Socializations start with our family and it is a primary source socializations.

Parents and teachers teach us the small things first, like reading a book.

Gender socializations associated by the person's sex

Race and class or race socialization learn behaviours associated by race.

Class socialization based on out social class, and expected.

Anticipatory socialization

Secondary socialization, the process where children become socialized outside the home and within a larger scale often starts at school.

School is the first introductions with systems of rules.

Hidden curriculum ex = spelling bee. Many hidden lessons.

Only in family only one perspective, in school it teaches more perspective in learning different people.

Peer groups = social groups with members similar in age. Help mold who we are.

Social prescriptions and the expectations.

Who we hung out, it will eventually effect us.

Media we consume is affected by social traits and impact us dramatically.

Total institutions = isolation and control everything is done

Resocialization = breaking down existing to bring a whole new you.

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MORAL = SUBJECTIVE

ETIKA = OBJECTIVE

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6 STAGES IS DIVIDED TO 3 STAGES (PRE, CON, POST)

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6 STAGES IS DIVIDED TO 3 STAGES (PRE, CON, POST)

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STAGE 1 = obedience and punishment = good or bad is determined by punishment and driven by fear. How can I avoid punishment?

STAGE 2 = self interest. What's in it for me?

STAGE 3 = interpersonal accord and conformity. Conforming with ethics in community. What do others think of me.

STAGE 4 = authority and maintaining social order or else chaos breaks out for a functioning society. How can I maintain law and order.

STAGE 5 = social contract. Does the rule truly serve all members in a community.

STAGE 6 = universal ethical principles. What are the abstract ethical principles that serve my understandings of justice?

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changes it self could stimulate by a person, sociology focus on how many people in a society affect a person and psychology focuses on how an individual thinks.

How a person reacts to something (nervous, happy) could be determined from their tone, or their actions as an outcome or a reaction.

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Psychological Perspective on Self Development

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Psychological Perspective on Self Development

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We can see someone developed or not in the mind by asking questions. You cannot see anyone's development unless you see their existence in society.

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Water and pak oky drinking

Pak Oky is the self, because he is empty and the water tumbler is society.

How me accept something outside of me, aku yang tidak ada sama sekali ada di masyarakat.

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When Noel was fifteen, they saw a flyer about joining the volunteer ambulance corps. Noel was intrigued: They had an interest in pursuing medicine, and liked volunteering, but ambulance work seemed like something for older people with professional training. At the information session, Noel learned that junior members of the ambulance corps could help with supplies and communications, and were allowed to ride on ambulance calls to assist the Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). Noel was thrilled and signed up right away.

Noel was amazed by how confidently the EMTs-some just a few years older than Noel-made consequential decisions. The EMTs relied heavily on their training and guidelines, but they did so quickly. And upon arriving at the hospital with a patient, Noel was similarly impacted by the efficiency of the nurses, doctors, and other staff. Noel developed a deep level of respect for that level of decisiveness and the expertise it required.

Over their college years, Noel found themselves drawn toward the more strategic aspects of medicine, and pursued a degree in healthcare administration. Meanwhile, they did get an EMT certification and joined the college emergency services team; later on, while in grad school, Noel was a part-time professional EMT in a small city. With good grades and varied experience, Noel was recruited into a great job several states away.

After interning in an urban hospital and spending years as an EMT, Noel had come to expect a degree of urgency in medicine. Hospital administration was certainly not an ambulance facility, but the slow pace of Noel's job was agonizing. Every inventory list, bill of lading, email reply, and even meeting schedule went through at several people for approval. Noel enjoyed the job, but was used to working more quickly.

One day, Noel was looking over an equipment bill and noticed a serious error that no one else had caught. Nearly $250,000 in overpayment was about to be paid to a supplier. Noel immediately called the accounting department. No answer. Then they sent a group Slack message and fired off an email to their boss and a few other people involved with the billing and payment process. Noel was about to head across the building to address the issue in person, but finally a message popped up: "Good eye, Noel. We'll hold this payment until we clear things up."

Toward the end of the day, Noel received a message from their manager, Tracy, asking them to stop by. Tracy's office was crowded with three other people, including the director of accounting. Expecting to be congratulated, Noel was shocked when Tracy began outlining all the things Noel had done wrong.

"Your frantic messaging and over-the-top language was incredibly disruptive...almost irresponsible," Tracy said.

"But I was right," Noel replied in a louder voice than they intended.

"Right or wrong," Tracy said, "you should have told your contact in accounting and waited to see the outcome. Instead, you panicked."

"I did call accounting, but when I didn't hear back, I needed to take the next step. I wasn't panicking; I was being decisive." As Noel said this, they were thinking of all the times they had saved someone's life by making good decisions.

Tracy sighed. "Decisiveness isn't good when it's disruptive. You caused five people to drop everything and start investigating. A few thought it was their fault." Noel started to protest but Tracy shook her head. "I understand that you are coming from a faster-paced environment, and I can tell you've been frustrated. But if you're going to work here, you're going to have to work within our culture. Instead of pushing against how we do things, try to appreciate them. Otherwise, no one will be happy, least of all you." Tracy told Noel to take the evening to think about it and come back for a talk the next morning.

Who was correct in this situation? Noel saved the hospital hundreds of thousands of dollars, or at least the hours of managing the refund process. Tracy, with broader responsibilities, was considering the long-term impacts of Noel's style, and how Noel, as a talented member of the team, will function within the team.

Tracy was concerned about the organization's culture. Culture, as discussed in the chapter on the topic, is the shared beliefs, values and practices of a group. Countries, societies, religions, and sports teams all have culture, and companies do, too. When you interview for a job, it will likely come up. Researchers who study organizations find that when workers aren't properly incorporated into the corporate culture, they begin a cycle of mutual disappointment, where workers are likely to reject company values and ultimately leave or be fired (Cebollero 2019).

Why didn't Noel enjoy the job, and why were people put off by Noel's approach? For the most part, Noel wasn't prepared for the pacing and style; their previous experience was in opposition to the culture of the hospital. Company culture is easier to learn if someone is predisposed to it, while others might need time to unlearn past behaviors (Schein 1988). Experts indicate that the responsibility for such adaptation is shared between the new employee and the company.

How could Noel have learned, and what could Tracy have done to help? Company culture is learned the same way that other types of culture are learned: through observing and adapting to the norms and values, understanding and applying beliefs, and, in general, seeking to be productive as a member of the group. Just like a child learns how to behave during a play-date or school day, people learn to be productive partners through an ongoing process called socialization.

Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values. Socialization is not the same as socializing (interacting with others, like family and friends); to be precise, it is a sociological process that occurs through socializing.

While Noel's story is about a relatively advanced stage of life, socialization is crucial for early childhood. Even the most basic of human activities are learned. Learning to crawl and then walk are major milestones, but as any parent, guardian, or family member of a toddler knows, other minor accomplishments can be life-altering for the child: climbing stairs, safely getting out of bed, sitting in a regular chair, and drinking from a regular cup. Likewise, family behaviors and values must be learned, sometimes through observation and sometimes through active instruction.

In the following sections, we will examine the importance of the complex process of socialization and how it takes place through interaction with many individuals, groups, and social institutions. We will explore how socialization is not only critical to children as they develop but how it is also a lifelong process through which we become prepared for new social environments and expectations in every stage of our lives. But first, we will turn to scholarship about self-development, the process of coming to recognize a sense of self, a "self" that is then able to be socialized.

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Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept ...

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Psychology = Focus on human mind

Sociology = Focus on the interactions in society.

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Horticulture = agriculture revolution

Beginning of industrial revolution = steam engine

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provide recources and mediate (netral)

A buffer state is a country geographically lying between two rival or potentially hostile great powers. Its existence can sometimes be thought to prevent conflict between them

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Gender division of labour

Men hunted, made war, and performed heavy labour

Woman gathered nuts, berries, and plants; prepared food; maintained home; and tended children

Some historians believe woman and men were basically equal.

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SOcial organization during Paleolithic Age

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SOcial organization during Paleolithic Age

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Family unit

Extended families clustered together, forming clans bound by ties of kinship

Larger groups such as bands and tribes

Social groups sustained themselves by hunting and gethering (foraging)

Most hunter-gatherer societies were mobile or nomadic

Coordination and teamwork were needed to hunt large creatures and wage war.

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In many areas tribes would burn off trees, farm the area until the soil was depleted and then move on (slash and burn argiculture)

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Suggestions for the causes of agriculture

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Suggestions for the causes of agriculture

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A gradual rise in population beyond the capacities of hunter gatherer economies

A rapid rise in population density caused by the post-glacial rise in sea-level and flooding of large coastal areas

Sudden population increase contingent on increase sedentism among hunter gatherer at the end of the last glaciation

Climatic changes marked by desiccation

Social competition between hunter gatherer communities driven by desire to gain status and social power.

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dikit orang karena dingin

Ratio of food determine reproduction

Pas es leleh jadi air tawar banyak abis itu jadi banyak sampe susah jadi subur ada tanah juga keliatan

penduduk mulai datang

You as a child is a property to your parents in processing the land

Pre agriculture = ada competition

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Early tools

Tools provided shelter, protection, clothing and food

Tools are used to build tents, huts, wooden and stone structures

Paleo = tua

Pake batu

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Horticultural - evolved and improved them selves to agriculture =

better technology

larger scale->more crops

staple foods

the soil is not fertile so they evolve -> sewers or plumbing or saluran air

-> air ada unsur unsur yang bisa dipakai sebagai pupuk

the population is becoming dense and increasing year by year so they need to improve them selves like Africa.

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A horticultural society solves the subsistence problem primarily through using simple tools to grow plants.

The shift from hunting and gathering to horticulture, or gardening, led to more permanent settlements.

The family is even more vasic to horticultural societies than to hunting and gathering societies.

In horticultural societies, primary emphasis is on the survival of family members and all family members to food production.

Gak bisa ngolah tanah, pas uda gabisa pake lagi.

lebih lama karena tanah dibanding pastoral

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In pastoral societies, food is obtained primarily by raising and caring for domesticated or tamed animals such as cattles, camels, goats and sheep.

Although migration is key feature of pastoral societies, some have long term villages and simply move their herd animals to different pastures within a given area at different times a year.

-> nomad = migration

These societies are male dominated

like horticultural societies pastoral societies produce surplus and have social inequality as a result.

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Pastoral = Society based on domestication of animals for survival.

Horticultural = Society forming settlements through stable crop cultication

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Weaknesses = no backup food, vulnarable, sustainability is low

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Hunting and Gathering Societies.

Horticultural

Agriculture

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The different ways in which societies meet their members' basic needs, such as the needs for food and shelter, form the basis of a system that anthropologists often use to classify societies.

Preindustrial societies can be independent and selfsufficient.

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The culture and social structure of a society are greatly affected by the way the society provides for basic needs.

A society is any group of people who live in defined territorial borders and share a common culture.

All societies share patterned and predictable social relationships that are passed from generation to generation.

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Digital technology is the steam engine of information societies and computer moguls such as Steve Jobs and Bull Gates are its John D. Rockerfellers and Cornelius Vanderbilts. Since the economy of information societies is driven by knowledge

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In the 18th century, Europe experienced a dramatic rise in technological invention, ushering in an era known as the Industrial Revolution. What made this period remarkable was the number of new inventions

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Before the industrial revolution and the widespread use of machines, societies were small, rural, and dependent largely on local resources. Economic production was limited the amount of labor a human being could provide, and there were few specialized.

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In sociologocial terms, society refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture. On a broadr scale, society consists of the people and instituitions around us, our shared beliefs and our cultural ideas. Typically more-advanced societies also share a political.

Sociologist Gerhard Lenski defined cosieties in terms of their technological sophistication. As a society advances, so does its use of technology. Societies with rudimentary technology depend on the fluctuations of their environments, while industrialized societies have more control over the impact of their surroundings and thus.

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-ide cerita yang menarik

-> yang ada pesan jelas

-tulis narasi pende yang akan menjelaskan ide atau karakter dari film.

-> gimana menjelaskan film lewat narasi

-> tau tone mau serius atau lucu

-daftar syuting

-> shooting

-bersiaplah

-> predict apa halangan yang akan terjadi

-> berapa lama, cuaca

-persiapan pra syuting

-> steady jangan goyang

-mulai syuting

-> awal, tengah dan akhir

-> wide shot, medium shot and close shot untul lebh menarik

-> cukup cahaya

-> minimal 10 detik

-wawancara

-> susun pertanyaan

-> mengkomunikasi kesan yang ingin disampaikan

-> jujur, dan jelaskan film supaya nyaman

-> tenang

-daftar rekaman

-> tonton

-> transcript

-> bagian terbaik untuk film

-edit film

-sebarkan film

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-term cultural lag refers to the time that passes between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its social acceptance. Culture lag can also cause tangible problems. The infrastructure of the US, built a hundred years ago or more, is having trouble supporting today's more heavily populated and fast paced life. Yet there is a lag in conceptualizing solutions to infrastructure problems. Municipalities struggle with traffic control, increased air pollution, and limited parking, which are all symptoms of cultural lag. Although people are becoming aware of the consequences, overuse, or lack of resources, addressing these needs take time

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When pace of innovation increases, it can lead to generation gaps. Technological gadgets that catch on quickly with one generation are sometimes dismissed by an older generation that is skeptical or struggles to adopt them.

The older generation might tune into a musician performing on public television while the younger generation prefers a livestream.

A culture's objects and ideas can cause not just generational but cultural gaps. Material culture tends to diffuse more quickly than nonmaterial culture ; technology can spread through society in a matter of months but it can take generations for the ideas and beliefs of society to change including methods for researching or learning information (library vs internet search)

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Cultures continually change because new items are added to material culture every day and in turn, meanings are assigned to them (non-material), which affects other cultural components. For example, a new technology, such as railroads or smartphones, might introduce new ways of travelling or communicating. New ideas, such as flash mobs or crowdfunding, enter a culture. Sociologists identify two broad categories of change as innovation (new) and diffusion (to spread out). Material culture change happens when new items are discovered or invented or enter a culture as a result of globalization.

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in contrast to subculure, which operate relaively smoothly within the larger society, countercultures might actively defy larger society by devoloping ther own set of rules and norms to live by, sometimes even creating communities that operate outside of greater society.
Counterculture members are 'againts' the dominant ruling culture and want to install their own values. sub-culture members may want to change some things but established procedures are followed. Cults, a word derived from culture, are also considered counterculture groups.

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-smaller cultural group within a larger culture. People of subculture are part of the larger culture but also share a a specific identity within a smaller group

Some subculture are formed by people who possess traits or preferences that differ from the majority of a societies population. The body modification community embraces aesthetic additions to the human body, such as tattoos, piercing, and certain forms of plastic surgery. But even as members of subculture band together, they still identify with and participate in the larger culture.

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-Pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in lowest class segments of a society

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-cosplayer is distinct subculture in USA

-DC comics character big culture-> cosplay small

-Sub culture = samller culture group within a larger culture

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Pop culture are often meant primarily to be objects of entertainment and commodity for profit, although there are cases where cultures (pop or otherwise) are overtly designed to make political statements and may be celebrated or banned as such

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this could be considered stereotyping by economic class rather than y race or gender, but sociologist use the term high cultures to desribe the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest in elite class segments of society.
People often associate high culture with intellectualism, political power, prestige.
In america, high culture also tends to be associated with wealth. Events considered high culture can be expensive, formal and exclusive - attending a ballet, seeing a play, listening to a live symphony oerfirmance ir attending a prestigious (something).

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Fluid indentities in post authoritarian politics

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Product of an industrialized society where both the signifying practices and their observable products (culture) are produced or performed in a great number often the assistance of technologies of mass production, distribution and duplication, making them highly accessible to the populace.

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Product of an industrialized society where both the signifying practices and their observable products (culture) are produced or performed in a great number often the assistance of technologies of mass production, distribution and duplication, making them highly accessible to the populace.

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-norms without any underpinnings
-rather folkways direct appropriate behaviour in the day to day practices and expressions of a culture
-traditions = things we do because we always have

example = indicate whether to shake hands or kiss on the cheek when greeting another person. Folkways are action that people everywhere take.

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People also communicate without words. Non verbal communications is symbolic and as in the case of language, is learned through one's culture. Some gestures are nearly universal and some or not. Smiles often indicate positive reinforcement in the USA, wheres in some cultures it is rude as you do not know the person.

A thumbs up in Russia and Australia is an offensive curse.

Others gerstures vary in meaning depending on the situation and the person. A wave of the hand can mean many things, depending on how it's done and for whom. It may mean "hello" "goodbye" "no thank you" or "Im roayalty".
A wink convey a vary of messages including "We have a secret" Im only kidding" or  "Im atrracted to you". From a distance a person may read the emotional situation of people just by watching their body language and facial expressions. However many cultures communicate with lots of physciality, which people outside thath culture may interpret as an argument. So for example you might believe two people are arguing when, in fact ehy are simply having a regular conversation.

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-Sociologists believe that language can have broad and lasting impact on perception.
(In 2022, Lera Boroditsky and her colleagues conducted experiments on native German and Spanish speakers in English. Unlike English, these languages assign genders to nouns. In German, for example the word "sun" , die Sonne is feminine, but the word for moon, der mond, is masculine. The team chose a set of nouns, with opposite genders in German and Spanish and asked participants to provide adjectives to describe them. They found that German speakers used more masculine adjectives than Spanish speakers when describing a noun that was grammatically masculine in German but feminine in Spanish. For example, the word "key" is masculine in German but feminine in Spanish. German spearkers described keys as hard, heavy, jagged, metal, serrated, and useful, whyile Spanish speakers used the adjectives golden, intricate, little, lovely, shiny and tiny. The team soncluded that gender perceptions acquired in a person's native language carry forward to how they seet he world even when they switch to a language without grammatical genders.

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All language systems contains the same basic elements that are effective in communicating ideas, object, subject and action. A written language system consists of symbols that refer to spoken sounds.

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Language is a system that uses symbols with which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. Letters (which make up words), pictographs and hand gestures are all symbols that create a language used for communications. Sign language, for example requires an intimate knowledge not only of an alphabet but also of signs that represent entrire words and the meaning indicated by certain facial expressions or postures. Its grammar differs from the spoken language. As spoken language is different across regions, nations, and cultures. And can even differ by the age of the person so too does sign language.

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Some symbols represent only one sign of the story and elicit strong emotions, which can lead to social unrest, Their presence is a reminder of a nation's worst times and not something to celebrate. Many of these symbols are targets of vandalism as the destruction of there representations are symbolic. Effigies representing public figures are curned to demonstrate anger at certain learders. In 1989, crowds tore down the Berlin Wall, a decades old symbol of the division between East and West Germany, communism and capitalism. In the United States beginning in 2019, statues associalted with slavery and the Civil War were removed from state capitols, college campuses and public parks. In Germany any display of Hitler or Nazi memorabilia or to deny the holocaust is illegal.

While different cultures have varyfing systems of symbols, one system is common to all: language, whatever its form people learn from social and cultural norms through it.

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Symbols often get noticed when they are out of context. Used unconventionally, they convey strong messages. A stop sign placed on the door of a college building makes apolitical statement, as does a camouflage military jacket worn in an antiwar protest. Together the semaphore signals for "N" and "D" represent nucleur disarmament and form the well known peace sign. Some college students wear pajamas and bedroom slippers to class, clothing that was formerly associated only with privacy and bedtime. By wearing the outfit, students are defying traditional cultural norms.

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-not always represent gestures or pictures sometimes words.
ex =  bhineka tunggal ika
Symbols such as gestures, signs, objects, signals and words help people inderstand the world

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-norms without any underpinnings
-rather folkways direct appropriate behaviour in the day to day practices and expressions of a culture
-traditions = things we do because we always have

example = indicate whether to shake hands or kiss on the cheek when greeting another person. Folkways are action that people everywhere take.

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example =
1. concept gotong royong, is deeply ingrained in indonesian mores. Gotong royong refers to the spirit of mutual cooperation and helping one another. It is evident in community activities such as communal leaning, building projects, or tratidional events, reflecting the value of soladirity and collective responsibility.
2. Respect for the insittution of marriage is an example of mores. In many culture, fidelity and commitment within a marital relationship are deeply ingrained values. Violating these mores may lead to severe consequences and stigmatization

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-norms may be further classified as either mores or folkways.
-Mores are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group
-Religious foundations
- Violating-> consequences
- Strongest mores are protected with laws and other formal sanctions
-Most societies, example, homicide is conddidered immoral and punishable by law ( a formal law)
-But more often mores are judged and guarded by public sentiment (informal norms)
- People who violate mores are seen as shameful and they can even be shunned or banned in some groups.

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- Formal norms are established, written rules existing in all societies. They support many social institutions, such as military, criminal justince and healthcare systems and public schools. Functionalists may questions what purpose tese norms serve, conflict theorists might be interested in who creates, benefits and suffers under these formal norms and symbolic interactionists wonder about how a group that benefits interacts. Laws are formal norms, but so are employee manuals, college entrance exam requirements, and "no running" signs in swimming pools. Formal norms are the most specific and clearly stated of the various types of norms, and they are the most strictly enforced.

- Informal norms =
casual behaviours that are generally and widely conformed to. People learn informal norms by observation, imitation and general socialization. Informal norms dictate appropriate behaviours without the need of written rules, and so may be difficult to learn when you are new or not familliar with the culture

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Norms are behaviours that reflect compliance with that cultures and societies have definced as good, right, and important. Most members adhere to tme.

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One of the ways societies strive to maintain its values is through rewards and punishments. When people observe the norms of society and uphold its values, they are often rewarded. A boy who helps an elderly woman board a bus may recieve a smile and "thank you". A business manager who raises profit margins may recieve a quarterly bonus. People sanction unwanted or inappropriate behaviours by withholding support, approval or permission or by implementing sanctions. We may think of "sanctions" as a negative term, but sanctions are forms of social control, ways to encourage conformity to cultural norms or rules. Sometimes people conform to norms in anticipation or expectation of positive sanctions. Recieving good grades, for instance, may mean praise from parents and teachers. Sanctions can also be negative, a boy who shoves an elderly woman aside to board the bus first may recieve frowns or even a scolding from other passengers. A business manager who drives away customers will likely be fired. Breaking norms and rejecting value can lead to cultural sanctions such as earning a negative label like lazy or to legal sanctions, such as a traffic tickets, fines or imprisonment. Utilizing social control encourage most people to conform regardless of whether authority figures (such as law enforcement) are present

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Individual cultures in a society have personal beliefs but also shared collective values.

Values shape a society by suggesting what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly, or sought or avoided.

Values often suggest how people should behave, but they dont accurately reflect how people do behave. Values portray an ideal culture, the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. But ideal culture differs from real culture.

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Values are not static. They change across time and betweenn groups as people evaluate, debate and change collective social beliefs. Values also vary from culture to culture.

For example cultures differ in their values about what kinds of physical closeness are appropriate in public.

- Its rare to see 2 male friends or coworkers holding hands in the United States where

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-value = ideals, or principles and standards members of a culture hold in high regard.

Most cultures in any society hold "knowledge" (education) in high regard.

Values are deeply embedded and are critical for learning a culture's belief.

Beliefs = tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.

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Cultural Imperialism is the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

-contoh badui avoid cultural imperialism

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Xenocentrism is the opposite of ethnocentrism and refers to the belied that another culture is superior to one's own (The greek root word xeno, pronounced "zee-no" means stranger or foreign guest.

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Such attitudes are examples of ethnocentrism, which means to evaluate and judge another cuture based on one's own cultural norms.
Ethnocentrism is believing  your group is the correct measuring standard and if other cultures do not measure up to it, they are wrong.
As sociologist William Graham Summer (1906) described the terms, it is a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric.

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Cultural relativmism is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rathar than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture.

Practicing cultural relativism requires an open mind and a willingness to consider and even adapt to new values, norms and practices.

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Although human societies have much in common. Cultural differences are far more prevelant than cultural universals. For example. while all cultures have language, analysis of conversational etiquette reveals trenendius differences. In some middle eastern, cultures it is common to stand close to other in conversation. Americans keep more distance and maintain a large 'personal space' additionally, behaviours are simple as earing and drinking vary greatly from cuture to culture. some cultures use tool to put the food in the mouth while others use their fingers. if you are a proffessor comes into an early morning class holding a mug of liquid, what do you assume they are drinking? in the U.S it's most likely filled with coffee, not earl grey tea, a favorite in England, or yak butter tea, a staple in tibet.

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When people find themselves in a new culture, they may experience disorientation and frustration. In sociology, we call this cultural shock. Cultural shock may appear because people aren't always expecting cultural differences.

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Although human societies have much in common, cultural differences are more prevalent than cultural universals. For example all cultures have language, analysis of conversational etiquette reveals tremendous differences.
- For example, in middle eastern cultures, it is common to stand close to others in conversations, however Americals keep more distance and maintain a large "personal space".
-Additionally, behaviours as simple as eating and drinking vary greatly from culture to culture.
- Some cultures use tools to put food in the mouth while others use their fingers.
-If your professor comes into an early morning class holding a mug of liquid, what do you assume they are drinking? In the US, it is most likely filled with coffee, not earl grey, a favorite in England or Yak Butter Tea in Tibet.

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Although cultures vary, they also share common elements. Cultural universals are patters or traits that are globally common to all societies.
- example =
family unit :Every human society recognizes a family structure that regulates sexual reproduction and the care of children/ Even so, how that family unit is defined and how its function vary.

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- From different regions to entirely different parts of the world, of course material and non material aspects of culture become dramatically unfamiliar.
- What happens when we encounter different culture?
= As we interact with cultures other than our own, we become more aware of the differences and commonalities between others and our own.
- If we keep our sociological imagination awake, we can begin to understand than accept the difference.
-Body language and hand gestures vary around the world, but some body language seems to be shared across cultures.
-ex=  When someone arrives home later than permitted, a parent or guardian meeting them at the door with crossed arms and a frown on their face means the same in Russia a it does in the US as it does in Ghana.

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Culture is both material and non material. Ex = metro passes or tokens, bus, cars, and physical structures of the bus stop. Material culture is items you can touch they are tangible. Non material culture consists of ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of society. Cant touch or intangible. Beliefs are intangible because they have no physical properties and can be touched. Material and non material aspects of culture are linked and physical objects often symbolize cultural ideas. A metro pass is material object but it represents a for of non material culture, namely, capitalism and acceptance of paying transportation. Clothing, hairstyles and jewelry are part of material culture but apporpriateness of wearing certain clothing for specific events reflects non material culture. A school building belongs to material culture symbolizing education, but teaching methods and educational students are part of educations non material culture.

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Being familliar with unwritten rules help people feel secure and at ease. Knowing to look left instead of right for oncoming traffic while crossing the street can help avoid serious injury and even death. Knowing unwritten rules is also fundamental in understanding humor in different cultures. Humor is common to all societies, but what makes something funny is not. Americans may laugh at a scene in which an actors falls, in other cultures, falling is never funny. Most people want to live their daily lives confident that their behaviours will not be challenged or disrupted. But even an action as seemingly simple as commuting to work evidences a great deal of cultural propriety, that is, there are alot of unexpected behaviours and many interperetations of them.

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-not personal opinion
-social patterns even if against our intuition
-use research method in analyzing observations
-starts with a question
- deciding a question = concepts that we are studying and making sure we both agree the concepts mean
-some things that are obviously objective arent
- more complicated with social science included
-have to define our concepts
2. hypothesis = statement of possible relationship between 2 variable
-variable many values that varies
-define the exact variable to measure and how
-until every person is labelled
-value a variable takes = measurement
-no matter how many categories yang penting VALID
-CONSISTENT
-EVERY PERSON WITH SAME CHARACTHERISTIC HAVE SAME VALUE
-to be valid = actually measures something that reflects the concepts trying to study
-hypothesis educated guess
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE = we think is affecting the change
DEPENDENT = we think are affected by those changes by independent
-hypothesis = they change when independent variable change
CORRELATION NO ALWAYS EQUAL CAUSATION
-correlation = 2 variables move together
(easily misinterpret to conclude that one thing causes the other when it really doesnt)
- example = heat causes people murder and buy icecream(3rd variable is the cause)
3. Collecting data =
EXPERIMENTS =
-1 control group no change
-after it different oucomes = dependent variable
(In experiment, change is predicted happen in experiment group but not for control group-> experiment SUPPORTS hypothesis)
SURVEYS =  respond to prepared questions
- in sample a small group of people from population(represents)
-can be open endded, close,
-structure of survey might bias to respondants answer
PARTICIPANTS OBSERVATIONS = in the field
- researchers observe them by join in daily routines
-ethnography
- try to integrate themselves into community with subjects
-explotary and descriptive
-trying to understand the lifstyle
-benefit = gain insights to peoples behaviour in real world
documentations from lived experience can provide insights and couldnt simply get it from looking at statistic
RESEARCHERS INTERACT WITH ALL PARTICIPANTS SO SUBJECTS NEED INFORMEND CONSENT AND KNOW WHAT IS GOING ON
EXISTING RESOURCEs =
dont need to interact with subjects
-collected by others
-government agensies
-larger and cover more than individual research on their own
-save money and time
4.Turn data to information that answer question of interest or concept
INDUCTIVE LOGICAL THOUGHT = observations and use to build theory
-data-> idea how world works
DEDUCTIVE LOGICAL work is = existing theory to inform hypothesis you test
start with theory-> collect data to test the theory
not mutually eksclusive
can use both