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https://www.barrierreef.org/the-reef/threats/climate-change

https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/ocean-impacts

https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/learn/mosquito-borne-diseases

https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/news-stories/stories/explainer-how-climate-change-amplifying-mosquito-borne-diseases

https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/everything-you-need-to-know-about-coral-bleaching-and-how-we-can-stop-it#:~:text=Why%20does%20coral%20bleaching%20matter,people%20and%20wildlife%20depend%2C%20deteriorate.

https://www.forbes5.pitt.edu/article/murdering-mosquitoes-environmental-justice#:~:text=Since%20mosquitos%20tend%20to%20breed,more%20susceptible%20to%20infectious%20disease.

https://www.healthvermont.gov/environment/drinking-water/after-flood-drinking-water-guidance

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Wildfires are increasing in intensity, severity, and duration. Increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events cause longer droughts which create hot and dry conditions which make vegetation and forests (which are already flammable) more readily available to burn because they are drier (Nasa.gov).

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Rising sea levels flood dry land and low-lying wetlands, erode shorelines, cause coastal flooding, and flood estuaries and freshwater systems with salt water (United States Environmental Protection Agency).

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Health (Mosquito-Borne Diseases & Wildfire)

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Health (Mosquito-Borne Diseases & Wildfire)

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When a mosquito bites a person or animal that is infected with a virus or parasite, the infected mosquito can spread the mosquito-borne germ to other people and animals through its bites. Mosquitoes transferring malaria kill two to three million people and infect 200 million or more annually. Tens of millions of people are killed by other mosquito-borne diseases such as filariasis, yellow fever, dengue, and encephalitis (Illinois.gov).

Lack of plumbing water and preservation of water from drought causes households to leave out water containers near their homes which leaves the urban, poor population at greater risk of infectious disease, also considering that poverty is a driving force of poorer health care (Pitt.edu).

Smoke and ash from wildfires can heavily impact those with pre-existent health conditions and respiratory diseases. Firefighters and emergency response teams are highly susceptible to injuries, burns, and smoke inhalation (WHO). Californians specifically have suffered from ingesting unhealthy amounts of pollution from wildfire smoke.

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Human Safety & Economy (Coral Reefs & Flooding)

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Human Safety & Economy (Coral Reefs & Flooding)

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Coral reefs act as a natural barrier against waves, storms, and flooding, helping to keep coastal communities safe. Without them, coastal communities must depend on manmade coastal defenses which are costly and tend to temporarily manage intruding waters. Bleached coral divests fish and crustacean species of a place to hatch their eggs and develop. Fisheries and people depending on these animals as their source of revenue will especially struggle. Lastly, reef tourism produces billions of dollars annually and supports millions of jobs in hotels, restaurants, transportation companies, etc (Worldwildlife.org).

Flooding is also an economic issue, many people don't have ample financial resources to build second stories on their homes, add layering to their ground-level floors, or modify their homes to curtail their exposure to flood occurrences.  During and after flooding, floodwater can carry contaminants such as bacteria, agricultural or industrial waste, and chemicals that if consumed as drinking water can cause severe illness (HealthVermont.org).

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Large quantities of marine animals are reliant on coral reefs for survival, including certain species of sea turtles, jellyfish, sea birds, starfish, crabs, shrimp, and more marine wildlife. Coral reefs supply shelter, breeding grounds, and protection against predators. As coral reef systems disintegrate, organisms at the bottom of the ocean's food chains may face extinction.

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When corals suffer from thermal stress, they eject the microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) in their tissue, making the coral turn white. Corals can survive a bleaching event but are at higher risk of mortality, starvation, and disease.

As the ocean continues to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere it becomes more acidic. Corals build their skeletons from calcium carbonate and may not be able to form under high levels of acidity, it also could cause coral skeletons to dissolve. (Barrierreef.org)

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The ocean has long undergone the impacts of climate change, as one of the planet's biggest carbon sinks, the ocean has been storing and absorbing 90% of the excess heat generated by rising emissions from greenhouse gases due to anthropogenic activity (UN.org).

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As the oceans continue to warm due to rising global temperatures, seawaters expand. In addition, the water from globally melting ice sheets and glaciers is adding water to the ocean (Climate.gov).

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With global temperatures rising and extending mosquito season, the geographic range of where mosquitoes and ticks can survive, reproduce, and spread diseases is expanding into new areas and reappearing in areas where mosquito numbers had tapered off. Extreme climate events such as intense precipitation can also increase the amount of stagnant water where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. (World Mosquito Program).