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The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992

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The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992

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Its main objective is to: achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.

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The Kyoto Protocol encourages the use of energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases. Avoiding fossil fuels and using more hydroelectric, solar and wind power are actively encouraged. Some countries (for example, France) have adopted nuclear power as a method of “clean energy” generation, although the problems of disposal of the radioactive waste mean that this method of energy generation remains controversial. Incidents such as the Fukushima Daiichi disaster have made nuclear power less attractive for many.

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The conference resulted in the Paris Agreement on the reduction of climate change. One hundred and seventy-four countries signed the agreement. The key objective is to limit global warming to 2°C compared with pre-industrial levels. It also seeks for zero net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions between 2050 and 2100. To achieve a 1.5°C goal would require zero net emissions by 2030–50. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, there are no country-specic goals or a detailed timetable for achieving the goals.

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2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP22)

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2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP22)

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COP22 focused primarily on financial-centric decisions that attending parties made to finance and plan the actions to meet the targets of COP21. In particular, COP22 attempted to encourage the highest political commitment in combatting climate change, with developing countries affirming to commit to finance climate-focused steps with a budget of $100 billion.

Furthermore, with regards to climate financing, COP22 resulted in several decisions addressing global funds and committees relating to finance. One of the most significant decisions was the adoption of a report from the Standing Committee on Finance, which is the main committee considering financial steps for countries and signatories to coordinate climate change financing, the mobilisation of financial resources, and the measurement, reporting, and verification of support provided to developing parties

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Governments are meeting at COP23 to advance the implementation of the Paris agreement. The focus is on the development of guidelines on how the Paris agreement’s provisions will be implemented across a wide range of issues including transparency, adaptation, emission reductions, provision of finance, capacity-building and technology. The aim is make progress in all these areas so that the guidelines can be completed by the time the next COP summit takes place in Poland next year.

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A core objective for countries at COP24 is to agree on the guidelines that govern the Paris Agreement, and to create a set of rules to help countries implement their national contributions and meet their targets.

Issues on how countries are able to manage and adapt to the impending impacts of climate change are also key to discussions. In particular, this is a priority for developing countries who are being hit hard by impacts but have limited capacity or resources to adapt.

Finally, countries will also be negotiating issues of finance, in light of the agreed goal of mobilizing US$100 billion every year by 2020 to support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.

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COP25 aimed to develop guidelines on how international carbon markets will work (Article 6 of the Paris Agreement). Other focus areas were adaptation to climate impacts, loss and damage suffered by developing nations due to climate change, and finance for decarbonization.

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A focus of COP26 was to secure agreement between all the Paris signatories on how they would set out their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to reduce emissions. The finalised Rulebook, includes agreements on: An enhanced transparency framework for reporting emissions