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What is TB? | Infectious diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Nursing Process

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Anatomy of the Respiratory System | An Overview | Biology Playlist

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Pharmacology NCLEX Review Question: Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids Asthma Nursing

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Pneumonia Symptoms, Pathophysiology, Nursing | Respiratory Disorders NCLEX Lecture Part 1

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Chronic Bronchitis vs Emphysema Pathophysiology, Treatment, Nursing, Symptoms | COPD NCLEX Review

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Pneumonia Treatment, Nursing Interventions, Antibiotics Medication | NCLEX Respiratory Part 2

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Lung Assessment Nursing | Lung Auscultation | Assessing Lung Sounds Part 2

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1.The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels.
2.The parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

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1.Performing comprehensive respiratory assessments can detect problems before they become emergencies.
2.In hypoxic patients or those with airway obstructions, a respiratory assessment provides important information about the patient's status and clues about next treatment steps.

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1.asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages. It is caused by inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, which makes it harder to breathe
2.Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.

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1.Acute bronchitis is caused by an infection, such as a cold. It's one of the most common illnesses people get.
2.Your cough can last for several weeks and patients are most likely to get it in the winter.

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1.It is sometimes called emphysema or chronic bronchitis
2.In COPD the lungs can get damaged or clogged with phlegm.

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1.Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness in people of all ages.
2.Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can all cause pneumonia

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1. pneumonia is serious, you may be treated in a hospital so you can get antibiotics and fluids through an intravenous (IV)
2.You may also get oxygen therapy to increase the amount of oxygen in your blood. If your pneumonia is very serious, you may need to be put on a ventilator

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1.Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.
2.It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year.

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1.Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through the air.
2.TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. A person with TB can die if they do not get treatment.

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1. The main function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen into the body and take carbon dioxide out of the body.
2. Respiratory system includes ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transport, and peripheral gas exchange.

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1. A focused respiratory assessment includes vital signs, inspection of the patient's breathing pattern, skin color, and respiratory status, palpation to identify abnormalities, and auscultation of lung sounds using a stethoscope.
2. Respiratory assessment helps to determine the adequacy of respiration and enables the identification of changes to respiratory function.

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1. Asthma is chronic disease in which the bronchial airways in the lungs become narrowed and swollen, making it difficult to breathe.
2. Asthma patients could be prescribed a bronchodilator which helps open the airways of the lungs making it easier to breathe, a steroid to stimulate hormone effects, often to reduce inflammation, or an anti-inflammatory which prevents swelling in joints and tissues.

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1. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic. Bronchitis is a condition that develops when the airways in the lungs, called bronchial tubes, become inflamed and cause coughing, often with mucus production.
2. Emphysema is a disorder affecting the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs.

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1. Symptoms for a COPD patient include frequent coughing or wheezing, excess phlegm or sputum, shortness of breath, and trouble taking a deep breath.
2. COPD is diagnosed using a simple breathing test called spirometry.

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1. Flu symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches, and fatigue.
2. The flu, also called influenza, is a respiratory infection caused by viruses.

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1. Skin test and blood test will determine the exposure.
2. You should be on airborne precautions for Tuberculosis.

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1. Pneumonia is an infection that affects one or both lungs. It causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may cause pneumonia.
2. Pain can be sharp in the chest

Whole body: fever, chills, dehydration, fatigue, loss of appetite, malaise, clammy skin, or sweating

Respiratory: fast breathing, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing

-coughing or fast heart rate

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1. Oxygen therapy, suctioning, coughing, deep breathing, adequate hydration, and mechanical ventilation.
2. Drink warm beverages, take steamy baths and use a humidifier to help open your airways and ease your breathing.

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the respiratory system is used to maintain the acid-base balance, vocalization, & defense against pathogens

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for a lung assessment we are looking & listening (auscultation). we listen to the lungs as a whole, both the upper and lower lobes. looking for abnormal sounds like wheezing & crackles. and we are watching for use of accessory muscles.

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A chronic lung disease, reversible airway obstruction from inflammation and muscles constricting. we monitor the ABG's of the person, their O2. as well as the knowledge of the person of their triggers, relievers, and knowledge of medication use.

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we only do a Pulmonary function test when they are WNL

it is a combo of emphysema (destruction of alveoli) and bronchitis (affecting small airways),

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1. Alveoli have two functions: gas exchange and secrete surfactant. Gas exchange is to get oxygen in the body and carbon dioxide out. Surfactant is anti-surface tension that prevents lung collapse
2. the lung's main job is to get carbon dioxide out- not to get oxygen in.

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1. Right lung has three lobes- left lung only has 2 lobes
2. Listening for full cycle for inspiration and expiration, also listening for extra sounds such as crackles or wheezes, etc.

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1.) The respiratory system moves oxygen throughout the body for gas exchange
2.) Maintains the acid base balance

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1.) Respiratory assessment helps determine how your lungs are functioning
2.) Right lung=3 lobes, left lung=2 lobes

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1.) Asthma is inflammation that causes constriction of the airway
2.) Bronchodilator may be used to open the airways

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1. Give bronchodilator first- then the corticosteroid, wait at least 5 minutes in between medications.
2. Corticosteroids decrease inflammation that prevent symptoms of Asthma. Bronchodilators are short acting that promote more air flow by opening the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.

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1. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema are both categorized under COPD, have respiratory acidosis, incurable, some patients can have both, and the main cause is due to the inhalation of an irritant such as smoking.
2. Main issue with Chronic Bronchitis is inflammation of bronchioles and excessive mucus production. Main issue with emphysema is damage to the alveolar space

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1. Pulmonary Function Tests (done after a bronchodilator is given):
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)/Vital Capacity ratio= <70% means airway obstruction.
2. Maintain 02 saturation between 88-92%. Patient may struggle to complete full sentences and show nasal flaring

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1. Pneumonia is a lower respiratory infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli sacs.
2. Risk factors are prior infection, weak immune system, being immobile, lung problems (COPD/smoker), post op (abdominal/ chest surgery)

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1. Monitor respiratory system (lung sounds, O2/RR, color of skin, ABG results) also collect sputum as ordered, suction as needed, assess need for breathing treatment by respiratory therapists.
2. Incentive spirometer usage 10x every 2 hrs, stay hydrated, immobile pts need HOB above 30 degrees and turn frequently, up-to-date vaccines, stop smoking, avoid sick people and crowds during flu season, and frequent hand washing.

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1. Symptoms 4 days after exposure and may last a week, cough may persist for 2 weeks.
2. children under 5 and adults over 65, pregnant woman, and people with chronic heart or lung disease are at higher risk for developing a secondary bacterial infection.

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1. Most common way of transmission is person to person through air.
2. Active TB: SYMPTOMS: ( constitutional: fever/ chills, night sweats, weight loss. lower respiratory tract: cough, bloody sputum, chest pain). DURATION: >3 weeks

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1. Gas exchange is used to get oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out.
2. Getting Co2 out is more important because it is responsible for the pH of body, if it decreases below you're gone

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1. Doing respiratory assessments can show problems before becoming medical emergencies.
2.Lung Assessments are important to listen for abnormal sounds, wheezing or no sounds at all. During the assesement it is also important to view any use of accessory muscles

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1.Corticosteriods bring inflammation down and prevents symptoms like asthma.
2.Asthma is caused by inflammation and muscle constriction in airways causing it hard to breathe

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1. Bronchitis and emphysema are both categorized under COPD. These conditions limit airflow
2. overtime lungs become hyperinflated and is irreversible

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COPD is a long term inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

causes an increase of mucous which obstructs the air way and also causes chronic productive cough

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1. Germ could be a bacteria a virus or a fungi. It is best to cover mouth when coughing and doing good Hand hygiene as it is droplet.
2. Organisms enter through inhalation of infected droplets or aspiration from oropharynx

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1. O2 therapy and suctioning
2. encouraging deep breathing and coughing and using the incentive spirometry

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1. Is a contagious infection that is rapidly spread from one person to another.
2. There are 3 types of Flu's A,B,C. AB are responsible for annual regional epidemics. C may lead to mild illness but not from annual epidemics.

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1. Caused by a mycobacterium that grows really slowly like a fungus.
2. Common ways to spread is person to person through air not really through objects or sharing food

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1.) The respiratory system goes from the nose to the pharynx, to the larynx to the trachea to the bronchi to the bronchioles then to the alveolar ducts to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs and secretion of surfactant happens.
2.) The functions of the respiratory system include: regulation of acid-base balance, regulation of water balance and heat, helps venous return, activation of angiotensin I to II, vocalization, and olfaction.

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1.) The right lung contains three lobs whilst the left lung only contains 2 lobes.
2.) During a focused respiratory assessment, you are listening for a full cycle of inspiration and expiration, paying attention to what type of breath sound it is and if there are any extra sounds such as crackles, wheezing, or stridor.

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1.) Corticosteroids decrease inflammation and prevent symptoms of asthma. Bronchodilators are short-acting and increase airflow by opening the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.
2.) You want to give the bronchodilator first then give the corticosteroid because you want to open up the airways to allow the corticosteroid to flow in and reduce inflammation.

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1.) Chronic Bronchitis is an issue with inflammation of the bronchioles and excessive mucous production by hyperplasia of goblet cells due to damage from the inhalation of an irritant. Signs and symptoms include "Blue Boaters" so cyanosis, shortness of breath, chronic productive cough and edema. Respiratory acidosis.
2.) Emphysema is an issue with damage to the alveolar sacs (lose elasticity and become floppy). Signs and symptoms include "Pink Puffers" so hyperventilation, shortness of breath, weight loss, and barrel chest.

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1.) COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and is long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes and alveolar destruction. Most people diagnosed with COPD have elements of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
2.) Long-term treatment includes smoking cessation and avoidance of triggers. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines should be administered to decrease the risk of respiratory infection. Bronchodilators can be used to ease symptoms and corticosteroids can be used to decrease inflammation in the lungs. Supplemental oxygen is utilized to maintain an oxygen level of 88-92%.

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1.) Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli sacs. They will be inflamed, full of flui9d, WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria.
2.) In pneumonia, the sacs cannot inflate and deflate which isn't letting the cells release carbon dioxide into the respiratory system for exhalation. This will create a respiratory acidosis state. Hypoxemia will ensue.

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1.) Nursing interventions of pneumonia include monitoring the respiratory system: Listening to lung sounds, keeping an eye of respiratory rate and O2 saturation, looking at the color of the skin, monitoring ABG's, collecting sputum, providing suctioning as needed, utilizing bronchodilators, and performing chest percussion.
2.) Education for pneumonia includes incentive spirometer usage (10x every 1-2 hours), making sure they know to stay hydrated, and for immobile patients keeping the head of the bed at greater than 30 degrees and turning them frequently.

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1.) Influenza aka the "Flu" is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. The flu is transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets propelled when talking, coughing, or sneezing. It can also be transmitted when touching a contaminated surface. Most likely to spread the virus 1 day before symptoms until 5-7 days after symptoms have started.
2.) Once you have contracted the virus, the cells multiply and spread throughout the upper respiratory tract then the immune system responds by swelling of the tracheobronchial and redness. Then there is mucus discharge. There are three diagnostic test available: RT-PCR, Rapid molecular assay, and rapid influenza diagnostic test.

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1.) Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis which is the most common cause. There are other causes.
2.) The most common cause of contracting the virus is through air-to-air, person-to-person contact.

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1.) The main function of the lungs is to move Co2 out of the body which is an acid. This can cause Respitory alkalosis.
2.) The respiratory system is designed to help with the water balance in your body. Water vapor escapes through breathing.

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1.) The right lung as 3 lobes, RU,RM,RL and the left lung only has 2 lobes. Listening for inspiration and expiration. Start at the top and work your way down. Compare both sides.
2.) Doing a full assessment your able to catch any complications sooner

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1.) When giving inhalers, you want to give the Bronchodilator first(Albuterol) and then 5 minutes after you will give the Corticosteriod(fluticasone). Your allowing for the lungs to be open, in order for them to receive the maintance medication.
2.)Make sure to have patients swish and spit after they take the medication to prevent thrush in the mouth

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1.)Chronic Bronchitis/Emphysema are both catagorized under COPD. Low O2 and high CO2. Low o2 in the blood and you will have respiratory acidosis. They cant exhale fully and their lungs will become hyper inflated.
2.) Main cause is the inhalation of an irritant such as smoking.

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1.) COPD is a combination of bronchitis and Emphysema. Caused from inhalation on a trigger or environmental substance.
2.) Causes a hyper secretion of mucus that plugs the airway which causes chronic cough.

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1.) The key player in Pneumonia is Germs. Germs can be bacteria, virus and fungai.
2.) Respiratory Acidosis is caused from the sacs not being able to inflate and deflate. This is goign to cause a build up of Co2 in the body

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1.)Antibiotics used to treat Bacterial pneumonia include Vancomycin( can treat resisit bacteria, which can cause ototoxcitiy), Macrolides(zpacks, narrow spectrum antibiotcs, used to treat if allergic to penicillin), Tetracyclins(broad spectrum) NOT FOR USE IN PREGNANT PEOPLE OR BIRTH CONTROL) do not take antacids or diary products, Levoquin(broad spectrum) can cause cdiff, tendon rupture. Cephalosporins(NOT NOT GIVE IF ALLERGIC TO PENICILLIN), Penicillian G

2.) you want to use a spectrum that is best for their bacterial infection to reduce the risk of resistance

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1.) Influenza A/B are responaible for epidemics during flu season.
2.) Spread by respiratory hygeine and frequently touched surfaces. Usually spread in close contact such as schools, nursing homes, public transportation.

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1.) TB is airborne and needs to be in Airborne precautions. Caused by bacteria mycobacterium tb which means fungua in Greek.
2.) You can live with TB in the latent stage for years and it can become active anytime.

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The respiratory system moves oxygen throughout the body for gas exchange. co2 is important for getting the PH for the body. Courtney Mecchella

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respiratory assessment helps determine the function of your lungs. The right lung has 3 lobes, RU,RM,RL Courtney Mecchella

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Asthma is a chronic disease in which the bronchial airway in the lungs become narrow and swollen making it difficult to breath. Bronchodilators may be used to open the airways. Courtney Mecchella

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Acute bronchitis is caused by an infection like a cold. emphysema is damage to the alveolar sacs. Courtney Mecchella

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In COPD the lungs can get damaged or clogged with phlegm. symptoms of COPD include frequent coughing, wheezing, excess phlegm, SOB and trouble taking deep breaths. Courtney Mecchella

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Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness. things that cause pneumonia re viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Courtney Mecchella

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O2 therapy and suctioning, encourage deep breathing and coughing using the incentive spirometer. Courtney Mecchella

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1. A surfactant is anti-surface tension which will help to prevent lung collapse so you can breathe. The main job of the lung is to get carbon dioxide out because life is only possible within a narrow range of pH

2. functions of the Resp System: regulation of acid-base balance, regulation of water balance, regulation of heat, defense against pathogens, helps venous return, activation of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, vocalization, olfaction, thermoregulation

3. The right bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical. So it will be easier for a bacteria to go into the right bronchus than the left one as it is lower than the left.

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1. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung only has two lobes.
Right Lung: RUL, RML, RLL
Left Lung: LUL, LLL

2. Make sure to listen for extra sounds during your respiratory assessment such as crackles or wheezing

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1. You would first administer the bronchodilator (Albuterol) and then give the Corticosteroid (Fluticasone) 5mins later.
- Corticosteroids decrease inflammation and help to prevent symptoms of asthma (gargle & rinse mouth with water and spit after using)
- Bronchodilator increases airflow by helping to open the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs. Bronchodilators are short-acting.

2. If you had a patient who is only going to be needing a bronchodilator (Albuterol) then you would give one puff of that inhaler (Albuterol) and then 1 minute later give the other since it is the same drug.

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1. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema are both categorized under COPD. - - These both limit airflow (< O2 and >CO2 = resp acidosis)
- There is no cure; cases vary from mild to severe and some pt's can have both
- the main cause is the inhalation of irritant
- (SMOKING #1)

2.  The main issue with chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchioles and excessive mucous production by hyperplasia of the goblet cells due to damage from inhalation of irritant
- S&S: chronic productive cough that lasts >3months, SOB, cyanosis, edema, >lung volume, and hypertension (blue bloaters)
- V/Q mismatch

3. The main issue with Emphysema is damage to alveolar sacs so they lose their elasticity and become floppy. They no longer inflate or deflate properly which means they are trapping air.
- S&S: hyperventilation, barrel chest, SOB, and weight loss (pink puffers)
- Matched V/Q Defect

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1. COPD is characterized by long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes referred to as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Most people diagnosed with COPD have elements of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema

2. Chronic Bronchitis causes an increased production of mucous causing air trapping and chronic productive cough.
- Other S&S = exertional dyspnea, resting dyspnea, fatigue, wheezing & chest tightness
- Diagnosed = client history & physical, PFT's, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
FEV1/FEC <70% = airway obstruction
- Labs: (ABG's) <pH, <Pao2, >PaCO2
- Management: smoking cessation, avoidance of triggers, influenza & pneumococcal vaccines,
- Meds: bronchodilators, corticosteroids, supplemental oxygen (88-92%)

3. Emphysema impairs gas exchange resulting in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. The tripod position makes breathing easier as well as pursed lip breathing to help prolong the expiration of breaths.
- Other S&S = Barrell chest, cyanosis, hypertension, and possibly right-sided heart failure

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1. Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli sacs.

2. Germs, bacteria, virus and fungi are all key players in pneumonia

3. Infants and Elderly, HIV/AIDS, immobile patients, weak immune system, autoimmune medications, underlying lung issue (COPD), Post-Op patients are all at an increased risk for developing pneumonia

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1. the 1st thing to do is monitor the respiratory system!
- auscultate, vital signs, the color of skin, monitor ABG results
- collect sputum culture, suction as needed

2. Education on incentive spirometer usage (10x every 1-2hrs)
-education on staying hydrated (2-3L per day to help secretions thin)
- education on up-to-date vaccines (annual flu; and pneumococcal every 5yrs)
- immobile patients should be turned frequently to keep secretions moving and keep the head of the bed at 30 degrees, especially while eating to prevent aspiration

3. Administering meds as ordered
- Antiypyretics (keep the fever down)
- IV Fluids ( keep them hydrated )
- Antivirals
- Antibiotics (bacterial pneumonia)

4. The drug use depends on the type of bacteria that is causing the infections and if the patient can tolerate it.
ACRONYM FOR ANTIBIOTIC MEDS: VMFTPC
Various Medications Frequently Treat Pneumonia Cases
-Vancomycin
-Macrolides (Z-pack, Zithromax)
-Fluoroquinolones (Levequin)
- Cephalosporins ( Keflax, Rocephin)
- Tetracyclines (Doxycycline)
- Penicillins (PCNG)

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1. There are 3 types of the influenza virus
- types A,B &C
- Types A&B are responsible for the flu season and spans from sep-april with peaks around dec-feb.
-Type C = mild illness but no epidemics

2. The flu is transmitted from person to person
- (respiratory droplets/aerosolized particles)
- improper hand washing/coughing etiquette
- common places the flu is spread: schools, work, nursing homes, public transportation

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1. TB is most commonly spread by person to person via the air (coughing)

2. Active TB - is when the bacteria is multiplying/thriving
Latent TB - is when the immune system has experienced TB but
there is not tons of bacteria multiplying/dividing

3. Symptoms of TB: Constitutional (the whole body)
- Fever/chills, night sweats, weight loss,

4. Symptoms of TB: Lower Resp Tract (voicebox to alveoli in the lungs)
- coughing, possible blood/rust-colored sputum, chest pain, trouble breathing

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Carbon dioxide influences the pH of the blood. This is why it is more important to release CO2 than to take in O2. Too low or too high pH can cause death. There is a small window of pH changes that are healthy within the body.

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Right lung has three lobes, left lung has 2 lobes. Have patient breathe in through nose and out through mouth slowly. Start high up by clavicle. Listening for abnormal sounds within a full respiratory cycle. Move across the body to compare breath sounds bilaterally.

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Corticosteroids decrease inflammation and can prevent symptoms of asthma. Bronchiodilators open up bronchioles to allow more airflow. Asthma is a chronic disease that narrows and inflames the airways/ lungs, causing SOB and difficulty breathing.

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Respiratory acidosis from decreased O2 and increased CO2 waste product built up in the body is seen in both emphysema and bronchitis. Smoking/ inhalation of irritants is normally the cause of both. Bronchitis is inflammation of bronchioles; increased sputum.

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Hypersecretion of mucus, chronic productive cough, collapse of the airways, trapping the air. Tripod position and pursed lip breathing help to release as much air as possible. This is considered use of accessory muscles; takes a lot of energy to breathe.

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Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungus. It is an infection of the lungs (lower respiratory tract infection). Build up of CO2 caused by the alveoli sacs not being able to inflate/ deflate.

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Monitor: ABG, oxygen saturation, lung sounds, sputum culture, signs of cyanosis. Can be treated with IV fluids, antibiotics, oxygen therapy, ventilator, suctioning secretions.

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Influenza A, B, C can infect humans. A and B are responsible for flu season. Flu virus invades respiratory tract and spreads infection. The body responds and causes tracheal swelling, extra mucus and redness to fight off the infection. The mucus is meant to trap the pathogen and expel it from the body when coughing/ sneezing.

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TB is caused by bacteria that grows slowly similar to a fungus. TB can be deadly without treatments. Primarily effects the lungs but can effect other parts of the body as well. Causes fever, chills, weight loss, vomiting, sputum, difficulty breathing.

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1. Functions of the respiratory system include regulation of acid-base balance, regulation of water balance and heat, helps venous return, activation of angiotensin, vocalization, and olfaction. 2. CO2 is important for the PH balance of the body and getting the PH for the body.

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1. A respiratory assessment includes vital signs, respiratory rate, skin color, respiratory status, palpation to hear or feel any abnormalities, and listening to lung sounds.
2. Right lung has three lobes where as left only has two.

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- you're breathing less therefore you're  not removing carbon dioxide from your body therefore carbon dioxide is going to accumulate  in your body
- carbon dioxide is an acid you'll get respiratory acidosis which is dangerous  conversely if you're breathing too fast

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1. Asthma is a chronic lung disease that affects people of all ages. The bronchial airways in the lungs become narrowed and swollen which will make the affected person SOB and make it harder to breath.
2. Bronchodilators are used to open the airways and are short acting.

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- Listening bilaterally to help compare lung sounds to see if they are the same.
-  If listening to them and you hear absent sounds there may be a possible blockage if there wasn't a past lung extraction