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1. "il-" and "im-" Prefixes:

Negation: Words with the "il-" or "im-" prefix often indicate negation or the opposite of the root word's meaning.

Example: "legal" (lawful) → "illegal" (not lawful)

Example: "mature" (fully grown) → "immature" (not fully grown)

Usage: "il-" is used before words starting with "l," and "im-" is used before words starting with "m," "p," or "b."

Precision: Pay attention to the root word's meaning; the prefix changes the word's sense to its opposite.

2. "in-" and "ir-" Prefixes:

Negation or Not: The "in-" or "ir-" prefix can denote negation, not, or lack of something.

Example: "complete" (finished) → "incomplete" (not finished)

Example: "rational" (reasonable) → "irrational" (not reasonable)

Usage: "in-" is used before words starting with most letters, and "ir-" is used before words starting with "r."

Clarity: The prefix adds clarity about the absence or opposite of the quality denoted by the root word.

Tips for Using Prefixes:

Root Understanding: First, understand the meaning of the root word. Then, the prefix's addition should create a logical opposite or negate the root's meaning.

Word Formation: Observe how the prefix changes the word's sense and consider how the new word fits into sentences.

Consistency: Maintain consistent spelling and apply the correct prefix based on the word's starting letter.

Context: Use the prefix words in contexts where their negation or opposite meaning fits naturally.

In vs Un

If a word has a prefix attached to it, such as "un-" or "in-," be aware of common prefix usage. For example, "un-" is often used to create the opposite of a word, while "in-" might indicate negation or absence of something.

"Inhabitants" vs “Uninhabitants”:

Definition: "Inhabitants" refers to the people who live in a particular place or area.

Etymology: The word "inhabitants" comes from the Latin word "inhabitare," which means "to dwell in" or "to live in."

Usage: The prefix "in-" here indicates being within or inside a specific place, not the absence of something.

Prefix "in-" for Location:

The prefix "in-" is often used to indicate being within or inside something.

Example: "incarcerate" (to imprison), "inflate" (to fill with air), "inscribe" (to write within)

Prefix "in-" for Negation or Lack:

While "in-" can indicate being within, it can also indicate negation or lack of something in different contexts.

Example: "inaccurate" (not accurate), "inactive" (not active)

Examples:

Legal → Illegal: The activity is illegal in this country.

Moral → Immoral: Stealing is considered immoral.

Possible → Impossible: It's impossible to complete the task in one day.

Patient → Impatient: He became impatient while waiting for the results.

Complete → Incomplete: The puzzle is still incomplete.

Correct → Incorrect: Your answer is incorrect.

Adequate → Inadequate: The resources provided were inadequate.

Regular → Irregular: The pattern is irregular in this sequence.

1. Illegitimate: Unlegitimate (Incorrect)

2. Impossible: Ilpossible (Incorrect)

3. Inconsiderate: Unconsiderate (Incorrect)

4. Unintentional: Inintentional (Incorrect)

5. Impenetrable: Unpenetrable (Incorrect)

6. Incoherent: Uncoherent (Incorrect)

7. Unpredictable: Impredictable (Incorrect)

8. Illogical: Unlogical (Incorrect)

9. Unconscious: Inconscious (Incorrect)

10. Immeasurable: Unmeasurable (Incorrect)

Additional vocabulary

Avoid:

Definition: To prevent or stay away from a change or its potential negative consequences.

Example: Regular exercise and a healthy diet can help avoid health problems associated with lifestyle changes.

Bring about:

Definition: To cause or make a change happen.

Example: The new government policies aim to bring about positive economic changes and foster growth.

Cope with:

Definition: To deal with or manage the challenges or effects of a change.

Example: After the loss of her job, she sought therapy to cope with the emotional and financial changes.

Go through:

Definition: To experience or undergo a change, often involving challenges or difficulties.

Example: Moving to a new city can be challenging, but many people go through similar adjustments and eventually settle in.

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1. Have a Sharp Tongue:

Definition: To speak in a critical or harsh manner.

Example: She has a sharp tongue, which sometimes leads to misunderstandings with her colleagues.

2. Have a Way with Words:

Definition: To be skilled at using language effectively or persuasively.

Example: His ability to comfort people in difficult times shows that he has a way with words.

3. Love to Hear Oneself Talk:

Definition: Someone who enjoys talking a lot and often without considering the needs or interests of others.

Example: During the meeting, he kept talking, and it seemed like he loved to hear himself talk, without letting others contribute.

4. Stick to the Point:

Definition: To focus on the main topic or issue in a conversation or discussion.

Example: When giving a presentation, it's important to stick to the point and not get sidetracked by unrelated details.

5. Talk Around the Point:

Definition: To avoid addressing the main issue and instead discuss peripheral or irrelevant topics.

Example: Instead of answering the question directly, he tends to talk around the point, which can be frustrating.

6. Talk Behind Someone's Back:

Definition: To discuss someone when they are not present, often in a negative or gossipy way.

Example: It's not polite to talk behind someone's back; if you have concerns, it's better to address them directly.

7. Talk Someone Into Something:

Definition: To persuade or convince someone to do something.

Example: She talked him into joining the hiking trip, even though he was initially hesitant.

8. Talk Someone's Ear Off:

Definition: To talk for a long time, often without letting the other person speak.

Example: At the party, he talked her ear off about his recent travels, and she barely had a chance to say anything.

9. Common Ground:

Definition: Shared beliefs, interests, or opinions that people can agree upon.

Example: Finding common ground in a negotiation is essential for reaching a mutually beneficial agreement.

10. Muster:

Definition: To gather or collect something, often referring to strength, courage, or support.

Example: She mustered the courage to speak in front of a large audience at the conference.

11. Belonging(s):

Definition: Personal possessions or items that someone owns.

Example: Before moving, she packed up all her belongings and prepared for the journey.

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1. Elegant: Characterized by sophistication, refinement, and tastefulness.

2. Chic: Stylish and fashionable, with a modern and trendy appeal.

3. Classic: Timeless and enduring, reflecting traditional or well-established designs.

4. Contemporary: Reflecting current trends and modern influences.

5. Edgy: Bold and unconventional, pushing the boundaries of traditional style.

6. Minimalistic: Simplistic and clean, with a focus on essential elements and minimal ornamentation.

7. Retro: Evoking the style and trends of the past, nostalgic in nature.

8. Bohemian: Free-spirited and unconventional, often incorporating eclectic and artistic elements.

9. Glamorous: Characterized by luxury, opulence, and a sense of allure.

10. Casual: Relaxed and informal, suitable for everyday wear or informal occasions.

11. Avant-garde: Innovative, experimental, and pushing the boundaries of conventional style.

12. Vintage: Reflecting the style and aesthetics of a particular era in the past.

13. Eclectic: Mixing various styles, influences, and elements to create a unique and diverse aesthetic.

14. Grunge: Reflecting a rough, rebellious, and non-conformist style, often associated with rock music.

15. Sophisticated: Refined, polished, and displaying an elevated sense of taste.

16. Chic: Stylish and fashionable in a sophisticated and understated way. Chic often implies a sense of elegance and simplicity.

17. Classic: Timeless and enduring in style, design, or fashion. Classic items are characterized by their enduring appeal and suitability for various occasions.

18. Conservative: Tending to favor traditional, restrained, and modest styles. Conservative fashion often avoids bold or extravagant choices.

19. Elegant: Characterized by tasteful refinement and sophistication. Elegant attire or design conveys grace and beauty.

20. Fashionable: In line with current trends and popular styles. Being fashionable means staying up-to-date with the latest fashion choices.

21. Flashy: Bold and attention-grabbing in a flamboyant and ostentatious way. Flashy clothing or accessories often feature vibrant colors and eye-catching details.

22. Formal: Suitable for serious or official occasions, often characterized by structured and refined attire. Formal attire adheres to established dress codes.

23. Frumpy: Unstylish and outdated in appearance, often lacking in fashion sense. Frumpy clothing is typically associated with a lack of effort in personal style.

24. Functional: Designed primarily for practical use and efficiency rather than fashion. Functional items prioritize usability over aesthetics.

25. Funky: Stylish in a unique and unconventional way, often featuring bold patterns, colors, and eccentric design elements.

26. Quirky: Characterized by unconventional, whimsical, or eccentric style choices. Quirky fashion often includes unexpected or playful details.

27. Retro: Inspired by or reminiscent of styles from the past, often associated with a specific era or time period.

28. Sloppy: Unkempt and disheveled in appearance, lacking attention to neatness and tidiness.

29. Stuffy: Overly formal and rigid, often associated with a conservative or traditionalist approach to fashion.

30. Stylish: Exhibiting a sense of fashion and trendiness, characterized by well-coordinated and attractive clothing choices.

31. Trendy: In vogue and aligned with the latest fashion trends. Trendy items are popular and fashionable at the moment.

Outward appeareance

1. Arrogant: Showing an exaggerated sense of self-importance or superiority in one's appearance and behavior.
Example: He walked into the room with an arrogant stride, his chin held high.

2. Dignified: Having a composed and noble appearance, displaying a sense of self-respect and poise.
Example: The dignified gentleman entered the room, wearing a tailored suit and carrying himself with grace.

3. Eccentric: Having a unique and unconventional appearance, often characterized by unusual clothing or accessories.
Example: The eccentric artist had wild, colorful hair and wore mismatched clothing that turned heads wherever he went.

4. Innocent: Displaying a pure and harmless appearance, often associated with a lack of knowledge or experience.
Example: The innocent child had wide, curious eyes and a bright smile that captured everyone's attention.

5. Intense: Possessing a focused and concentrated appearance, reflecting strong emotions or deep concentration.
Example: The intense athlete's furrowed brow and determined expression showed his dedication to the game.

6. Intellectual: Having an appearance that suggests intelligence and scholarly pursuits.
Example: The intellectual professor wore glasses and was always seen with a book in hand, exuding an air of wisdom.

7. Sinister: Having a dark and threatening appearance, often associated with suspicion or evil intentions.
Example: The sinister figure wore a long black coat and had a menacing grin that sent shivers down everyone's spine.

8. Smug: Displaying an overly self-satisfied and complacent appearance, often accompanied by a condescending smile.
Example: The smug businessman crossed his arms and wore a self-assured smirk, believing he had outsmarted everyone.

9. Sympathetic: Showing a compassionate and understanding appearance, reflecting an openness to others' emotions and concerns.
Example: The sympathetic counselor had a warm, caring expression that immediately put her clients at ease.

10. Trustworthy: Having an appearance that inspires confidence and reliability, giving the impression of being dependable.
Example: The trustworthy police officer had a calm and reassuring presence, instilling a sense of safety in the community.

11. Fickle: This adjective describes someone who is indecisive or likely to change their opinions, loyalties, or interests frequently.
Example: Sarah's fickle nature made it difficult for her friends to predict her preferences, as she would often change her mind about her favorite hobbies.

12. Gullible: It refers to someone who is easily deceived or tricked, often due to a tendency to believe things without sufficient evidence or critical thinking.
Example: Tom's gullible nature made him susceptible to falling for scams and believing everything he read on the internet.

13. Cantankerous: This adjective describes someone who is grumpy, irritable, and prone to complaining or being argumentative.
Example: The cantankerous old man would often yell at kids for playing near his property and was known for his constant grumbling.

14. Plucky: It refers to someone who is courageous, determined, and resilient in the face of challenges or adversity.
Example: Despite facing numerous setbacks, the plucky young entrepreneur remained optimistic and continued to pursue her dreams.

15. Quirky: This adjective describes someone or something that is unconventional, peculiar, or characterized by unusual habits, behaviors, or mannerisms.
Example: Samantha has a quirky sense of fashion, often combining mismatched patterns and accessories to create unique and eye-catching outfits.

16. Uncouth: It refers to someone who lacks manners, refinement, or social grace, often displaying behavior that is considered crude or rude.
Example: The uncouth guest at the party belched loudly without apology and spoke in a vulgar manner, making others uncomfortable.

17. Unflappable: This adjective describes someone who remains calm, composed, and poised, even in stressful or challenging situations.
Example: Despite the chaos and urgency surrounding the project, the team leader remained unflappable, providing guidance and reassurance to the team.

18. Aloof: It refers to someone who is emotionally distant, reserved, or detached, often keeping a distance from others and showing little interest or involvement.
Example: The aloof professor rarely interacted with students outside of class, maintaining a professional but distant demeanor.

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1. Animals and Plants:

Some people believe that if a black cat crosses your path, it brings bad luck.

According to folklore, finding a four-leaf clover is said to bring good luck.

It is said that harming a spider brings bad luck, as some believe they are omens of misfortune.

2. Dates, Days, or Months:

Many consider Friday the 13th an unlucky day, as some believe it is associated with bad luck.

Some individuals hold the superstition that getting married in May brings bad luck.

According to superstition, starting new projects or making major decisions on Mondays can result in negative outcomes.

3. Household Objects:

Breaking a mirror is believed to bring seven years of bad luck, as some superstitions suggest.

Some believe that opening an umbrella indoors invites bad luck.

Placing shoes on a table is considered unlucky, according to superstition.

4. Clothing:

Wearing clothes inside out is believed by some to bring good luck.

Superstition dictates that putting a hat on a bed brings bad luck.

Some people associate the color green with luck and prosperity, so wearing it can be seen as fortunate.

5. Food:

It is considered unlucky to spill salt, but some believe that tossing a pinch over your shoulder can reverse the bad luck.

According to superstition, eating black-eyed peas on New Year's Day brings good luck and prosperity.

Breaking a wishbone from a cooked chicken and making a wish is a popular superstition.

6. Colors:

Red is believed to bring luck and good fortune in many cultures.

Wearing yellow is associated with wealth and happiness, according to some beliefs.

Some superstitions suggest that wearing black to a wedding is unlucky.

7. Money:

Finding a penny on the ground is considered lucky by some.

Carrying a rabbit's foot is believed to bring good luck and prosperity, according to superstition.

1. Superstition: A belief or practice based on irrational fear of the unknown or supernatural forces.

2. Belief: An acceptance that something exists or is true, especially without proof.

3. Omen: A sign or event believed to foretell or indicate the future, often considered to be of a superstitious nature.

4. Folklore: Traditional stories, customs, and beliefs passed down through generations within a particular culture.

5. Taboo: A social or cultural prohibition against certain actions, behaviors, or beliefs due to superstition or tradition.

6. Curse: An expression of a wish or intent to bring harm or misfortune upon someone or something.

7. Ritual: A set of established actions or ceremonies performed in a particular order, often associated with religious or cultural practices.

8. Amulet: An object, often worn as jewelry, believed to bring good luck, protection, or ward off evil.

9. Talisman: An object believed to possess magical or protective powers, often used as a charm or amulet.

10. Jinx: A supposed curse or spell that brings bad luck or misfortune to a person or situation.

11. Lucky charm: An object or symbol believed to bring good luck or fortune to its owner.

12. Hex: A curse or spell believed to bring bad luck or misfortune to someone.

13. Fate: The concept of predetermined events or outcomes beyond human control, often associated with destiny or fortune.

14. Prophecy: A prediction or foretelling of future events, often associated with religious or supernatural origins.

15. Karma: The belief in the consequences of one's actions, resulting in positive or negative outcomes in this life or future lives.

16. Misfortune: Bad luck or an unfortunate event or circumstance.

17. Paranormal: Pertaining to phenomena or events that are beyond scientific explanation and considered to be outside the realm of normal experience.

18. Mystic: Related to spiritual or supernatural experiences, often involving a sense of mystery or hidden knowledge.

19. Witchcraft: The practice of magic or sorcery, often associated with supernatural powers or abilities.

20. Supernatural: Beyond the natural laws or forces of the physical world, often associated with phenomena that cannot be explained scientifically.

Adjectives to describe Truth:

1. Credible: Worthy of belief or trust; reliable.

2. Well-founded: Based on solid evidence or reasoning; justified.

3. Convincing: Persuasive and compelling; likely to be accepted as true.

4. Plausible: Seemingly reasonable or believable.

5. Reliable: Dependable and trustworthy; consistently accurate.

6. Accurate: Correct and precise; free from error or distortion.

7. Genuine: Authentic and true; not counterfeit or fake.

8. Valid: Sound and logical; based on good reasoning or evidence.

9. Factual: Concerned with facts or reality; based on actual events or information.

10. Authentic: Genuine and true; conforming to the original or real version.

Adjectives to describe Fabrication:

1. Dubious: Doubtful or questionable; not to be relied upon.

2. Fishy: Suspicious or lacking credibility; likely to be deceitful.

3. Misleading: Giving a false or deceptive impression; leading astray.

4. Phony: Fake or counterfeit; not genuine or authentic.

5. Silly: Foolish or ridiculous; lacking seriousness or truth.

6. Far-fetched: Highly improbable or unlikely; straining credibility.

7. Iffy: Uncertain or questionable; not entirely trustworthy.

8. Doubtful: Not likely to be true or accurate; causing doubt or skepticism.

9. Questionable: Open to doubt or suspicion; not reliable or trustworthy.

10. Fabricated: Invented or concocted; not based on truth or reality.

Examples For Truth:

1. Credible: The witness provided a credible account of the incident.

2. Well-founded: The conclusions drawn from the extensive research were well-founded.

3. Convincing: Her argument was so convincing that it swayed the entire audience.

4. Plausible: The explanation offered by the scientist seemed plausible based on the available evidence.

5. Reliable: The reliable source of information ensured that the details were accurate.

6. Accurate: The journalist's accurate reporting helped uncover the truth of the matter.

7. Genuine: The genuine emotions expressed in her speech resonated with the audience.

8. Valid: The valid reasoning behind the decision was understood by all stakeholders.

9. Factual: The article presented a factual account of the historical event.

10. Authentic: The authentic artifacts on display provided a glimpse into the past.

Examples For Fabrication:

1. Dubious: The witness's dubious claims raised suspicions among the investigators.

2. Fishy: The sudden change in his story seemed fishy to the detectives.

3. Misleading: The advertisement's misleading information resulted in customer dissatisfaction.

4. Phony: The document turned out to be a phony, created to deceive the authorities.

5. Silly: His silly excuses failed to convince anyone of his innocence.

6. Far-fetched: The far-fetched plot of the movie made it difficult to suspend disbelief.

7. Iffy: The reliability of the anonymous source was considered iffy by the journalists.

8. Doubtful: The defendant's doubtful alibi weakened his case in court.

9. Questionable: The politician's questionable statements were scrutinized by the media.

10. Fabricated: The fabricated evidence was exposed during the trial, leading to the defendant's acquittal.

Knock on wood

We haven’t missed a deadline yet, knock on wood.

Hopefully, knock on wood, Lieby is going to be in there most of the time.

I haven’t had a cold all winter, knock on wood.

I’ve never had a computer virus, knock on wood.

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1. Aware of: Having knowledge or perception about something.

"I am aware of the latest technological advancements in artificial intelligence."

"She is aware of the potential security risks associated with online shopping."

2. Curious about: Having a strong desire to know or learn about something.

"I am curious about the process of developing virtual reality games."

"He is curious about the impact of social media on society."

3. Sick of: Feeling tired, annoyed, or frustrated with something.

"I am sick of dealing with constant software glitches."

"She is sick of seeing the same advertisements pop up everywhere online."

4. Fed up with: Feeling extremely frustrated or annoyed with something.

"I am fed up with the slow internet connection in my area."

"He is fed up with the frequent system crashes on his computer."

5. Familiar with: Having knowledge or experience of something.

"I am familiar with programming languages like Java and Python."

"She is familiar with using cloud-based storage services for data backup."

6. Suspicious of: Having doubts or mistrust about something.

"I am suspicious of emails from unknown senders asking for personal information."

"He is suspicious of websites that require excessive personal data for registration."

7. Intimidated by: Feeling fearful, anxious, or overwhelmed by something.

"I am intimidated by complex coding algorithms."

"She is intimidated by the idea of setting up and troubleshooting home networks."

8. Knowledgeable about: Having a high level of knowledge or expertise in a particular area.

"I am knowledgeable about cybersecurity best practices."

"He is knowledgeable about mobile app development frameworks."

9. Crazy about: Having a strong passion or enthusiasm for something.

"I am crazy about virtual reality gaming and own multiple VR headsets."

"She is crazy about the latest smartphone releases and always keeps up with the trends."

10. Reliant on: Depending on something or someone for support or assistance.

"I am reliant on my smartphone for managing my daily tasks and communication."

"He is reliant on cloud storage services to access his files from different devices."

11. Grateful for: Feeling thankful or appreciative for something.

"I am grateful for the convenience of online shopping and fast delivery services."

"She is grateful for the availability of online educational resources and e-learning platforms."

12. Leery of: Feeling cautious, wary or untrusty about something.

"I am leery of downloading software from unknown sources due to potential malware."

"He is leery of sharing personal information on social media platforms."

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2nd

1. Have a Good Time:

"We had a good time at the amusement park."

"I hope you have a good time at the party."

2. Have a Hard Time:

"She had a hard time solving the complex math problem."

"I had a hard time adjusting to the new city."

3. Have an Easy Time:

"He had an easy time learning the new software."

"She had an easy time making friends in her new school."

4. Have Difficulty:

"I have difficulty understanding this foreign language."

"They have difficulty managing their busy schedules."

5. Have Fun:

"We had so much fun on our vacation."

"Let's have fun at the carnival!"

6. Have Problems:

"He's been having problems with his computer all day."

"They had problems with the plumbing in their house."

7. Spend Time:

"I love to spend time with my family on weekends."

"She spends a lot of time reading books."

8. Waste Time:

"Don't waste time procrastinating; start your work now."

"I felt like I wasted my time watching that movie."

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Adjectives:

1. Admirable:

Definition: Deserving of respect and admiration due to excellent qualities or actions.

Example: Her dedication to volunteering at the local shelter is truly admirable.

2. Beneficial:

Definition: Producing positive results or promoting well-being.

Example: Regular exercise is beneficial for maintaining good health.

3. Clashing:

Definition: In conflict or disagreement with each other.

Example: Their clashing personalities often lead to heated arguments in the workplace.

4. Empathetic:

Definition: Showing understanding and sensitivity towards the feelings and experiences of others.

Example: The therapist's empathetic approach helped the patient feel heard and supported.

5. Enduring:

Definition: Having the ability to last or continue for a long time.

Example: Their enduring friendship has spanned over three decades.

6. Harmonious:

Definition: Marked by agreement, compatibility, or peaceful coexistence.

Example: The team's harmonious collaboration resulted in a successful project.

Verbs:

1. Admire:

Definition: To regard someone or something with respect, approval, or affection.

Example: I admire her dedication to her studies; she works hard every day.

2. Benefit:

Definition: To gain an advantage or improvement from something.

Example: Employees often benefit from additional training opportunities provided by the company.

3. Clash:

Definition: To come into conflict or disagreement with someone or something.

Example: Their differing opinions on the project caused them to clash during the meeting.

4. Empathize:

Definition: To understand and share the feelings or experiences of another person.

Example: I can empathize with what you're going through because I've been in a similar situation.

5. Endure:

Definition: To withstand or persist through difficult circumstances or challenges.

Example: They had to endure many hardships during their journey, but they finally reached their destination.

6. Harmonize:

Definition: To blend or combine elements in a way that creates a pleasing or unified effect.

Example: The choir members practiced diligently to harmonize their voices for the upcoming performance.

The prefix "re-" is a common prefix in English that is added to verbs to indicate repetition or the idea of doing something again.

1. Rebuild: To build again or reconstruct.
Example: They had to rebuild the old bridge after it collapsed.

2. Recall: To remember or bring back to mind.
Example: I'm trying to recall the name of the movie we watched last week.

3. Reconnect: To establish a connection again.
Example: After years of being apart, they decided to reconnect and become friends again.

4. Redefine: To give a new or different meaning to something.
Example: The company decided to redefine its mission statement to better reflect its values.

5. Rehash: To discuss or present again in a slightly different way.
Example: The team had to rehash their plans after the unexpected changes.

6. Rekindle: To revive or bring back a feeling or relationship.
Example: They managed to rekindle their love after spending some quality time together.

7. Replace: To put something new or different in the place of something old or broken.
Example: We need to replace the old lightbulbs with energy-efficient ones.

8. Resurface: To appear again or come to the surface.
Example: The memories of that event resurfaced when I visited my childhood home.

9. Revisit: To visit again.
Example: Let's revisit the museum and see the new exhibits.

10. Rewind: To wind or go back to a previous point.
Example: Can you rewind the video so we can watch it again?

11. Rebuild: To build again or reconstruct.
Example: After the fire, they had to rebuild the entire house.

12. Reorganize: To organize again or rearrange.
Example: We need to reorganize our files to make them more accessible.

13. Recharge: To charge again or replenish the energy of.
Example: I need to recharge my phone because the battery is low.

The prefix "re-" is generally added at the beginning of a verb to modify its meaning by indicating repetition or doing something again. However, it's important to note that not all verbs can take the prefix "re-". The use of the prefix depends on the specific verb and its meaning.

1. Rebuild:

Definition: To construct or restore something that has been damaged or demolished.

Example: After the earthquake, the community came together to rebuild their homes and lives.

2. Recall:

Definition: To remember or bring back to mind something previously learned or experienced.

Example: She struggled to recall the details of the conversation they had last week.

3. Reconnect:

Definition: To reestablish a connection or relationship with someone or something.

Example: After years of being apart, they decided to reconnect and rekindle their friendship.

4. Redefine:

Definition: To revise or change the meaning or definition of something.

Example: The company decided to redefine its mission statement to better reflect its values.

5. Rehash:

Definition: To present or discuss something again, often without significant changes or improvements.

Example: The boss didn't appreciate when the team rehashed the same ideas without offering fresh insights.

6. Rekindle:

Definition: To revive or reawaken something, such as a feeling, interest, or relationship.

Example: Their romantic weekend getaway helped them rekindle their love for each other.

7. Replace:

Definition: To put something or someone in the position of another, typically as a substitute.

Example: They decided to replace the old, malfunctioning computer with a brand-new one.

8. Resurface:

Definition: To come back into view or attention, often after a period of being hidden or forgotten.

Example: The issue resurfaced during the meeting, prompting a discussion among the team.

For phrasal verbs:

https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/features/Class/Take_an_English_Class_with_Sian_Phrasal_verbs.pdf

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1. Be a big hit: To achieve great success, especially in the entertainment industry.
Example: The new movie became a big hit, grossing millions of dollars at the box office.

2. Be a has-been: Refers to a person who was once successful or famous but is no longer relevant or successful.
Example: The former pop star is now a has-been, struggling to regain the popularity she once had.

3. Be discovered: To be noticed or recognized for one's talent or potential by someone influential in the industry.
Example: The aspiring actor was discovered by a talent scout while performing in a small theater production.

4. Make it big: To achieve great success, often referring to becoming famous, wealthy, or influential.
Example: The young entrepreneur worked hard and eventually made it big, establishing a successful tech company.

5. Be washed up: Describes someone who was once successful but has now fallen out of favor or lost their skills.
Example: The retired athlete is now washed up and struggling to find a new career path.

6. Pay your dues: Refers to the process of working hard and gaining experience before achieving success.
Example: The aspiring musician played in small venues and worked odd jobs to pay his dues before signing a record deal.

7. Get your big break: To have a significant opportunity or breakthrough that leads to success.
Example: After years of auditions, the aspiring actress finally got her big break and landed a leading role in a major film.

8. Make a comeback: To regain success or popularity after a period of decline or obscurity.
Example: The singer made a comeback with her new album, receiving critical acclaim and topping the charts once again.

9. Be a one-hit wonder: Describes a person or group who achieves great success with only one popular song or work but fails to replicate it.
Example: The band had a massive hit with their debut single but remained a one-hit wonder and never achieved similar success.

10. Break into the business: To enter or establish oneself in a particular industry or field, especially one that is competitive or difficult to enter.
Example: The aspiring fashion designer is determined to break into the business and showcase her unique designs.

11. Make a name for yourself: To become well-known and respected in a particular field or industry.
Example: The young journalist made a name for herself by reporting on important social issues and winning prestigious awards.

12. Get your foot in the door: To secure an initial opportunity or position that allows you to start a career or gain access to a particular industry.
Example: The aspiring actor took on small roles in independent films to get his foot in the door of the film industry.

13. Climb the ladder: Refers to the process of gradually advancing or progressing in a career or industry.
Example: The ambitious young professional worked hard to climb the corporate ladder and eventually became a top executive.

14. Network: The act of establishing and maintaining professional relationships with others in your industry to gain opportunities and support.
Example: Attending industry conferences and events is a great way to network with influential professionals.

15. Forge connections: Similar to networking, it means building relationships or making valuable connections within a specific industry.
Example: The aspiring filmmaker forged connections with experienced producers and directors to gain access to better projects.

16. Establish a reputation: To develop a particular image or perception in the industry based on your skills, work, and professional conduct.
Example: The renowned chef established a reputation for excellence through his innovative culinary creations.

17. Breakthrough: Refers to a significant achievement or success that propels someone forward in their career or industry.
Example: The breakthrough performance in her latest film garnered critical acclaim and opened doors for future opportunities.

18. Gain recognition: To be acknowledged or noticed for your talent, skills, or accomplishments in a particular field.
Example: The talented young artist gained recognition for her unique artistic style and was featured in prominent art galleries.

19. Rise to stardom: Describes the process of becoming a highly successful and famous figure, especially in the entertainment industry.
Example: The talented actor rose to stardom after winning an Academy Award for his outstanding performance.

20. Prove yourself: To demonstrate your abilities, skills, or worth through actions or accomplishments.
Example: The young entrepreneur had to prove herself by successfully launching and managing her own business.

21. Stand out: To distinguish oneself from others and be noticed or recognized for unique qualities or talents.
Example: The singer's powerful and distinctive voice allowed her to stand out among the competition during the auditions.

22. Seize opportunities: To take advantage of favorable circumstances or chances that arise in your career or industry.
Example: The ambitious entrepreneur was always ready to seize opportunities and turned them into successful business ventures.

Music:

1. Soothing rhythm: A calming and gentle pattern of beats or sounds.

Description: You might see this phrase in a review of a meditation app, describing the relaxing and calming effect of the background music.

Example: "The soothing rhythm of the ambient music helped me unwind and find inner peace."

2. Monotonous beat: A repetitive and unvarying pattern of beats or sounds.

Description: This phrase can be used when describing a song or music piece that lacks variation and can become repetitive or dull.

Example: "The monotonous beat of the techno track made it difficult to stay engaged and interested."

3. Exhilarating tempo: An exciting and energizing pace or speed.

Description: You might encounter this phrase in a concert review, describing the fast and invigorating rhythm of a live performance.

Example: "The band's exhilarating tempo had the crowd dancing and jumping with excitement."

4. Evocative music: Music that stirs or brings forth specific emotions or memories.

Description: This phrase can be used to describe a film score or a song that elicits strong emotional responses or creates a vivid atmosphere.

Example: "The evocative music in the movie's climactic scene intensified the sense of anticipation and drama."

5. Frenetic pace: A fast and chaotic rhythm or tempo.

Description: You might encounter this phrase in a description of a high-energy dance routine or a fast-paced electronic dance track.

Example: "The dancers moved with a frenetic pace, matching the energetic beats of the music."

6. Haunting melody: A poignant and lingering tune that leaves a lasting impression.

Description: This phrase is often used to describe a song or piece of music that is deeply emotional or has a hauntingly beautiful quality.

Example: "The haunting melody of the violin resonated in my mind long after the performance ended."

7. Mellow sounds: Soft, gentle, and relaxing sounds.

Description: You might encounter this phrase in a review of a spa or relaxation playlist, describing the calm and soothing nature of the music.

Example: "The mellow sounds of the piano and gentle nature sounds created a serene atmosphere in the spa."

8. Catchy tunes: Melodies or songs that are easily memorable and can quickly get stuck in one's head.

Description: This phrase is often used to describe popular songs or jingles that have a memorable and addictive quality.

Example: "The radio played catchy tunes all day, and I couldn't help but sing along to every song."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfTampjlba8&ab_channel=RollingStone

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Prepositions following "work": can change the meaning and context of the verb, allowing for different shades of interpretation depending on the specific preposition used.

1. Work against:

This phrase suggests opposition, hindrance, or resistance to a particular goal or objective.

Present tense: The strong winds work against our progress during the hike.

Past tense: The new regulations worked against the company's expansion plans.

Future tense: The lack of funding may work against the success of the project.

2. Work around:

This phrase refers to finding a solution or alternative approach to overcome an obstacle or limitation.

Present tense: We need to work around the schedule conflict to arrange a meeting.

Past tense: The team worked around the technical issues to deliver the project on time.

Future tense: They will have to work around the restricted budget to execute the plan.

3. Work for:

This phrase indicates employment or working in favor of someone or something.

Present tense: She works for a multinational corporation.

Past tense: He worked for the same company for over a decade.

Future tense: They will work for a non-profit organization starting next month.

4. Work off:

This phrase means to eliminate or reduce something (e.g., weight, stress) through effort or physical activity.

Present tense: She is working off the extra calories at the gym.

Past tense: He worked off his frustration by going for a long run.

Future tense: They plan to work off their debt by taking on additional freelance projects.

5. Work toward:

This phrase indicates making progress or taking steps to achieve a specific goal or objective.

Present tense: The team is working toward launching the new product by the end of the year.

Past tense: They worked toward improving their communication skills during the training program.

Future tense: She will be working toward obtaining her master's degree in the coming years.

6. Work on:

This phrase suggests focusing on or dedicating effort to a particular task or project.

Example: She is currently working on a new book.

7. Work through:

This phrase implies dealing with or resolving a problem or difficulty systematically.

Example: They need to work through their differences and find a compromise.

8. Work with:

This phrase indicates collaborating or cooperating with someone or something.

Example: The team works with various stakeholders to implement the project.

9. Work towards:

This phrase implies making progress or taking steps in order to achieve a specific goal or objective.

Example: He is working towards becoming a professional musician.

10. Work into:

This phrase suggests incorporating or integrating something into a plan, schedule, or narrative.

Example: They managed to work their vacation plans into their busy schedule.

11. Work from:

This phrase refers to working remotely or conducting work activities away from a traditional office setting.

Example: She prefers to work from home a few days a week.

12. Work at:

This phrase indicates making an effort towards achieving something or improving a skill.

Example: He has been working at perfecting his golf swing.

13. Work beyond:

This phrase implies going above and beyond what is expected or required.

Example: The team worked beyond their regular working hours to meet the deadline.

Subject verb inversion examples for conditional sentences

1. "Into the woods went the brave little girl."

This inversion of the subject "the brave little girl" and the verb "went" creates a poetic and dramatic effect, placing emphasis on the action of entering the woods.

2. "Down the rabbit hole fell Alice."

Here, the subject-verb inversion places the emphasis on Alice's descent into the rabbit hole, giving a sense of immediacy and drawing attention to the action.

3. "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit."

This famous opening line from J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit" employs subject-verb inversion, with the verb "lived" preceding the subject "a hobbit."

4. "Through the looking-glass went Alice."

This inversion is found in Lewis Carroll's "Through the Looking-Glass" and emphasizes Alice's action of entering the looking-glass.

5. "In the beginning was the Word."

This inversion is from the Bible, specifically the Gospel of John, and highlights the significance of the Word at the start of creation.

1. Be Adaptable:

Definition: Able to adjust and thrive in different situations or environments.

Example: In today's fast-paced business world, it's essential to be adaptable to new technologies and changing market conditions.

2. Be Conscientious:

Definition: Being diligent, thorough, and careful in one's work.

Example: Her conscientious approach to project management ensures that tasks are completed accurately and on time.

3. Be Innovative:

Definition: Having the ability to generate new ideas, methods, or solutions to problems.

Example: The company encourages its employees to be innovative and come up with creative solutions to customer issues.

4. Be Optimistic:

Definition: Having a positive outlook and expecting favorable outcomes.

Example: His optimistic attitude in the face of challenges inspires the team to stay motivated and focused on their goals.

5. Be Trustworthy:

Definition: Being reliable, honest, and worthy of trust from colleagues and employers.

Example: Trustworthy employees are often given more responsibilities because they can be relied upon to keep their commitments.

6. Have Charisma:

Definition: Having a magnetic and engaging personality that attracts and influences others.

Example: Her charisma makes her an effective leader who can inspire and motivate her team.

7. Have Good Communication Skills:

Definition: Being able to convey information, ideas, and thoughts effectively to others.

Example: Strong communication skills are crucial in building relationships with clients and colleagues.

8. Have Self-Discipline:

Definition: The ability to control one's behavior and stay focused on tasks, even in the face of distractions or temptations.

Example: Self-discipline is essential for meeting deadlines and accomplishing long-term career goals.

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A. overview of passives

The passive voice is a way of constructing sentences where the subject of the sentence is acted upon by the verb. It emphasizes the action being done to the subject rather than the subject performing the action.

Pattern: Passive = subject + auxiliary verb (be) + past participle (+ by + agent).

1. Simple Present Passive:

Structure: Subject + is/are/am + past participle (+ by + agent).

Usage: Simple present passive is used to describe actions that are happening now or general truths.

Example: The cake is baked by Mary. (Mary is the agent, and she bakes the cake regularly.)

2. Past Simple Passive:

Structure: Subject + was/were + past participle (+ by + agent).

Usage: Past simple passive is used to describe completed actions in the past.

Example: The book was written by Mark Twain. (The writing of the book happened in the past.)

3. Present Continuous Passive:

Structure: Subject + is/are/am + being + past participle (+ by + agent).

Usage: Present continuous passive is used to describe actions that are happening right now or around the present time.

Example: The project is being completed by the team. (The team is actively working on it.)

4. Past Continuous Passive:

Structure: Subject + was/were + being + past participle (+ by + agent).

Usage: Past continuous passive is used to describe actions that were ongoing in the past.

Example: The house was being painted when it started raining. (The painting was in progress.)

5. Present Perfect Passive:

Structure: Subject + has/have been + past participle (+ by + agent).

Usage: Present perfect passive is used to describe actions that have been completed and have relevance to the present.

Example: The report has been prepared by the research team. (The report is ready now.)

6. Future (Going to) Passive:

Structure: Subject + is/are/am + going to be + past participle (+ by + agent).

Usage: Future passive with "going to" is used to talk about future actions or events.

Example: The new building is going to be constructed by the construction company next year. (Future construction plan)

7. Modals in Passive:

Modal verbs like "can," "should," "must," etc., can be used in the passive voice.

Structure: Subject + modal (can, should, must, etc.) + be + past participle (+ by + agent).

Example: The package must be delivered by 5 PM. (Necessity or obligation in passive voice.)

8. Past Modals in Passive:

Past modal verbs like "could have," "should have," "must have," etc., can be used in the passive voice.

Structure: Subject + past modal (could have, should have, must have, etc.) + been + past participle (+ by + agent).

Example: The keys could have been taken by mistake. (Past possibility in passive voice.)

Using the Passive Voice:

1. Focus on the Action: Passive voice shifts the focus to the action itself rather than the doer.

2. Emphasis on the Receiver: Passive voice emphasizes the entity affected by the action.

3. Unknown or Unimportant Doer: Sometimes the doer is unknown or not important, and passive voice is used.

4. Formal Writing: Passive voice is often used in formal writing to convey objectivity.

Short answers with modals verbs: like "can," "could," "may," "might," "must," etc., are often used in short answers in the passive voice to indicate possibility, permission, or obligation.

Example:

"Can the cookies be eaten?" -

"Yes, they can.”

This short answer in the passive voice shows that the cookies can be eaten.

Question: Can the report be submitted tomorrow?

Short Answer: Yes, it can.

Question: Should the presentation be rehearsed before the meeting?

Short Answer: Yes, it should.

Question: Could the package have been delivered earlier?

Short Answer: No, it couldn't.

Question: Will the event be canceled due to the weather?

Short Answer: Yes, it will.

Question: Must the application be completed online?

Short Answer: Yes, it must.

Question: May the documents be signed by anyone?

Short Answer: No, they may not.

Question: Would the task be finished by the end of the week?

Short Answer: Yes, it would.

Question: Is the room supposed to be cleaned after the event?

Short Answer: Yes, it is.

Question: Has the reservation been confirmed for tomorrow?

Short Answer: No, it hasn't.

Question: Could the issue be resolved by the technical team?

Short Answer: Yes, it could.

Using modals in the passive voice allows you to ask questions and give short answers while indicating the possibility, necessity, permission, or other modal nuances in a passive construction.

1. Get Acquainted:

Active: We should get acquainted with the details of the project.

Passive: The details of the project should be familiarized by us.

1. Get Excited:

Active: The announcement got everyone excited.

Passive: Everyone was gotten excited by the announcement.

2. Get Arrested:

Active: The police got him arrested for the crime.

Passive: He got arrested by the police for the crime.

3. Get Dressed:

Active: She gets dressed for the party.

Passive: For the party, she gets dressed.

4. Get Married:

Active: They are getting married next month.

Passive: Next month, they are getting married.

5. Get Scared:

Active: The unexpected sound got the children scared.

Passive: The children got scared by the unexpected sound.

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A. Review of verb patterns:

Verb patterns are the different ways that verbs can be used in a sentence. They help us understand how verbs work with other words.

1. Verb + Gerund:
Use a gerund (verb + -ing) when the verb acts as the subject or object of a sentence or when it follows prepositions. For example:

Smoking is harmful to your health. (gerund as the subject)

She enjoys dancing. (gerund as the object)

He is good at playing the guitar. (gerund after a preposition)

2. Verb + Infinitive:
Use an infinitive (to + base form of the verb) after certain verbs or expressions. For example:

I want to learn Spanish. (infinitive as the object)

They decided to go on vacation. (infinitive as the object)

She needs to finish her homework. (infinitive after "need")

3. Verb + Object + Infinitive:
Some verbs are followed by an object and then an infinitive. For example:

She asked me to help her.

We want the team to win.

4. Gerunds after prepositions, verb+object+preposition+ing:
Gerunds are commonly used after prepositions. For example:

I'm interested in learning new languages.

They apologized for arriving late.

"We are considering the idea of renovating our kitchen."

5. Expressions with infinitives:
Certain expressions are commonly followed by infinitives. For example:

I hope to see you soon.

It's important to study regularly.

She is eager to start her new job.

Verbs followed by gerunds:
Certain verbs are commonly followed by gerunds. Here are some examples:

1. Enjoy: I enjoy playing tennis.

2. Mind: Do you mind helping me with this?

3. Recommend: She recommends studying abroad.

4. Practice: They practice speaking English every day.

5. Consider: Have you considered joining the team?

Verbs followed by infinitives:
Other verbs are typically followed by infinitives. Here are some examples:

1. Want: I want to learn how to play the piano.

2. Decide: We decided to go on a trip.

3. Need: She needs to finish her assignment.

4. Plan: They plan to visit the museum tomorrow.

5. Agree: He agreed to help me with the project.

Verbs that can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives:
Some verbs can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives, but the meaning may change. Here are some examples:

1. Start: She started studying French. (gerund - the action has begun)
She started to study French. (infinitive - the action is about to begin)

2. Love: They love dancing. (gerund - general enjoyment)
They love to dance. (infinitive - expressing the idea of a specific action)

3. Begin: We began learning Spanish. (gerund - the action has started)
We began to learn Spanish. (infinitive - the action is about to start)

4. Continue: He continued studying medicine. (gerund - the action is ongoing)
He continued to study medicine. (infinitive - expressing the idea of persistence)

It's important to note that there are some verbs that can only be followed by gerunds or infinitives, and their usage may not always follow strict rules.

Verb + Object + Infinitive: Sometimes, a verb is followed by an object (the thing or person affected by the verb) and then an infinitive (the base form of the verb preceded by "to"). Here are some examples:

Advise: "Advise" means to give suggestions or recommendations. For example, "I advise you to study for the test."

Allow: "Allow" means to give permission for something. For example, "My parents allow me to stay up late on weekends."

Authorize: "Authorize" means to give official approval or permission. For example, "The principal authorized the field trip."

Cause: "Cause" means to make something happen. For example, "Eating too much candy can cause tooth decay."

Convince: "Convince" means to persuade or make someone believe or agree with something. For example, "I convinced my friend to join the club."

Encourage: "Encourage" means to give support, confidence, or motivation. For example, "My teacher encourages me to do my best."

Instruct: "Instruct" means to give directions or orders. For example, "The coach instructed us to stretch before exercising."

Persuade: "Persuade" means to convince or influence someone to do something. For example, "She persuaded her parents to buy her a new bike."

Urge: "Urge" means to strongly recommend or advise someone to do something. For example, "I urge you to try your best in the competition."

Permit: "Permit" means to allow or give permission. For example, "The teacher permitted us to leave early."

1. Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund/Noun: Sometimes, a verb is followed by an object, a preposition, and then a gerund (an "-ing" verb form acting as a noun) or a noun.

Blame for: "Blame for" means to hold someone responsible for something. For example, "They blamed me for breaking the vase."

Dissuade from: "Dissuade from" means to persuade someone not to do something. For example, "I tried to dissuade my friend from skipping school."

Forgive for: "Forgive for" means to pardon or stop being angry at someone for something. For example, "I forgave her for forgetting my birthday."

Interest in: "Interest in" means to have curiosity or attraction towards something. For example, "He showed a great interest in science."

Keep from: "Keep from" means to prevent or stop someone from doing something. For example, "I kept my brother from eating all the cookies."

Suspect of: "Suspect of" means to believe or have doubts about someone's involvement in something. For example, "The detective suspected him of stealing the necklace."

Thank for: "Thank for" means to express gratitude or appreciation to someone for something. For example, "I thanked my teacher for helping me with my project."

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A. Double comparatives

Double comparatives are used to compare two things or actions and show that as one thing increases, the other decreases. They are formed by using "the" followed by a comparative adjective or adverb.

1. "The More, The Fewer, The Less":

"The more" is used when we want to say that as one thing increases, another thing also increases.

For example: "The more you practice, the better you'll become at playing the piano." This means that the more you practice, the more skilled you will become.

"The fewer" is used when we want to say that as one thing decreases, another thing also decreases.

For example: "The fewer hours you sleep, the more tired you will feel." This means that if you sleep fewer hours, you will feel more tired.

"The less" is used when we want to say that as one thing decreases, another thing increases.

For example: "The less you eat, the more hungry you will be." This means that if you eat less, you will feel more hungry.

1. Shorter Forms:

Instead of using "the more/fewer/less," we can use "more/less/fewer" followed by a noun or a gerund (-ing form) to compare two things.

For example: "She has more friends than I do." This means that she has a larger number of friends compared to me.

Example with gerund: "I enjoy swimming more than running." This means that I prefer swimming over running.

We can also use "more/less/fewer" followed by a noun/gerund and a clause to compare two things and describe the difference between them.

For example: "There are more students in my class than in yours, which means it's more crowded." This means that there is a greater number of students in my class, resulting in a more crowded environment.

Remember, double comparatives are used to compare two things and show how one thing affects another

1. The more, the less: "The more she practiced singing, the less nervous she felt before performing."

2. The more [adjective] + clause, the more [adjective] + clause: "The more intricate the melody became, the more captivating the song felt."

3. The more [adverb] + clause, the more [adverb] + clause: "The more softly he played the piano, the more hauntingly beautiful the music sounded."

4. The more + noun / gerund + clause, the more + noun / gerund + clause:

"The more instruments they added to the ensemble, the richer the musical texture became."

"The more they practiced harmonizing their voices, the smoother their singing sounded."

B. Will and would for habits and general truths

Will for Habits and General Truths:

"Will" is used to talk about habits or actions that are expected to happen regularly in the present or future. It expresses something that is true most of the time or a general truth.

For example: "She will always brush her teeth before going to bed." (habit) or "Cats will always land on their feet." (general truth)

Would for Past Habits:

"Would" is used to talk about past habits or repeated actions that are no longer true or have stopped happening. It shows that something happened regularly or frequently in the past.

For example: "When I was younger, I would eat ice cream every day." (past habit)

Would vs. Used to:

Both "would" and "used to" can be used to talk about past habits. "Used to" is more common when discussing habits.
"Would" can also be used for past hypothetical or conditional situations.

For example: "He would always play soccer on weekends." (past habit) or "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world." (hypothetical situation)

Stative Verbs with "Would" and "Used to":
Stative verbs describe states or qualities rather than actions:

Be: "She would be happy when she saw her friends." (past habit)

Have: "I used to have a pet dog when I was a child." (past habit)

Like: "He used to like chocolate, but now he prefers vanilla." (past general truth)

Live: "We used to live in the city, but now we live in the countryside." (past habit)

Love: "They would love to go to the beach during the summer." (present general truth)

Mean: "That word used to mean something else." (past general truth)

Own: "My grandparents used to own a farm." (past habit)

While "would" is commonly used with dynamic verbs to indicate past habits or repeated actions, it is not typically used with stative verbs in the same way. Stative verbs describe states or conditions rather than actions, and their usage with "would" can vary. "Used to" is typically the preferred construction when discussing past habits or states with stative verbs.

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1. Credit Limit:
The maximum amount a credit card holder can borrow, like Jane's $5,000 limit.

2. Bargain Hunter:
Someone who seeks discounts avidly, like Mark who hunts for sales and coupons.

3. Compulsive Shopper:
A frequent shopper driven by emotions, like Sarah who shops unnecessarily.

4. Buyer's Remorse:
Regret after a purchase, like John feeling he overpaid for a gadget.

5. Impulsive Buy:
A thoughtless purchase for instant gratification, like Lisa buying chocolates in line.

6. Bid on an Item:
Offering money to buy something in an auction, like Susan bidding on a vintage watch.

7. Shopping Spree:
A period of extravagant shopping, like Tom buying various items after a bonus.

8. Window Shopping:
Browsing products without buying, like Lisa trying on clothes at the mall.

9. On the cutting edge: Being at the forefront of innovation in your industry. Example: "Our company's new product puts us on the cutting edge of technology."

10. Hit the target: Successfully reaching the desired audience or achieving a goal. Example: "The advertising campaign really hit the target audience, leading to a spike in sales."

11. Ride the wave: Taking advantage of a trend or popular movement to promote a product or service. Example: "They rode the wave of sustainable living trends by launching eco-friendly packaging."

12. Cash cow: A product or service that consistently generates substantial profit. Example: "Their smartphone line has been a real cash cow for the company."

13. Catchy slogan: A memorable and attention-grabbing phrase used in advertising. Example: "The company's catchy slogan quickly became associated with their brand."

14. Bite the bullet: To face a difficult situation or decision head-on. Example: "We had to bite the bullet and invest in a new marketing strategy to stay competitive."

15. Break the ice: To initiate a conversation or interaction in a social or business context. Example: "Using humor in the presentation helped break the ice and engage the audience."

16. In the loop: Being informed or included in important discussions or decisions. Example: "As a marketing team member, I always make sure to keep everyone in the loop about new campaigns."

17. Jump on the bandwagon: To follow a trend or adopt a popular practice. Example: "Many companies jumped on the bandwagon of influencer marketing to reach younger audiences."

18. Ahead of the curve: Being ahead or advanced compared to others in the industry. Example: "Their innovative marketing approach kept them ahead of the curve for years."

19. Put all your eggs in one basket: Relying too heavily on a single strategy or approach. Example: "Diversifying marketing efforts is essential; you don't want to put all your eggs in one basket."

20. Cutting corners: Trying to save time or money by taking shortcuts, often resulting in lower quality. Example: "They regretted cutting corners on the packaging design, as it didn't reflect the brand's premium image."

21. Wheeling and dealing: Engaging in skillful negotiations or business transactions. Example: "He's known for his wheeling and dealing skills, always getting the best deals for the company."

22. The ball is in your court: It's now your responsibility or decision. Example: "We've presented our proposal; now the ball is in their court to decide."

23. Thinking outside the box: Approaching a problem or situation in an unconventional way. Example: "Their marketing team is great at thinking outside the box and coming up with unique ideas."

Free Sample:
Definition: A marketing strategy where a small amount of a product is given to consumers for free to introduce them to the product's quality and benefits.
Example: A skincare company offers free samples of their new moisturizer at a shopping mall to attract potential customers.

Exercise: Write a short paragraph describing the benefits of offering free samples as a marketing strategy.

Coupon Codes:
Definition: Codes provided to customers that can be redeemed for discounts or special offers when making a purchase.
Example: An online clothing store sends out coupon codes via email to subscribers for 20% off their next order.

Exercise: Create a fictional scenario where you use a coupon code to buy a product online and explain the savings you received.

Product Placement:
Definition: Strategically featuring a product in movies, TV shows, or other media to reach a wider audience and increase brand visibility.
Example: A popular soda brand appears in a scene of a blockbuster movie where the main characters are enjoying a refreshing drink.

Exercise: Imagine you're a marketing manager for a beverage company. Describe a TV show where you would like to place your product and explain why.

Comparative Marketing:
Definition: A strategy where a company compares its product or service with that of a competitor to highlight its advantages.
Example: A smartphone manufacturer releases an ad showcasing the faster performance and better camera quality of their phone compared to a rival brand.

Exercise: Write a short advertisement script where you use comparative marketing to promote a new kitchen appliance.

Search-Engine Marketing:
Definition: Promoting a website by increasing its visibility on search engine results pages through paid advertising (PPC) or search engine optimization (SEO).
Example: A travel agency uses Google Ads to appear at the top of search results when people search for "best vacation deals."

Exercise: Pretend you have a small online business selling handmade jewelry. Write two sentences for an ad that would appear on search engines using search-engine marketing.

Celebrity Endorsement:
Definition: A marketing strategy where a famous person promotes a product or service, lending their credibility and popularity to the brand.
Example: A professional athlete appears in commercials for a sports drink, emphasizing its effectiveness for hydration and performance.

Exercise: Choose a celebrity and a product, and write a short paragraph explaining why that celebrity would be a good fit for endorsing the product.

Loyalty Program:
Definition: A system where customers earn rewards, discounts, or other benefits for frequently purchasing from a particular brand.
Example: A coffee shop offers a loyalty program where customers earn a free drink after purchasing nine beverages.

Exercise: Invent a loyalty program for a bookstore. Describe the rewards customers could earn and the actions they would need to take to earn them.

Word-of-Mouth Marketing:
Definition: When customers voluntarily share their positive experiences with a product or service with others, leading to organic growth in customer base.
Example: After having a great meal at a restaurant, a customer tells their friends and family about the delicious food and excellent service.

Exercise: Describe a personal experience where you engaged in word-of-mouth marketing for a product or service you enjoyed.

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1. Beaks: The hard, pointed structures found on the faces of birds and some other animals, used for eating, grooming, and manipulating objects.

Animal: Bald Eagle

Example sentences:

When: "The bald eagle uses its sharp beak when tearing apart its prey."

Whenever: "The bald eagle preens its feathers whenever it wants to keep them clean."

2. Claws: Sharp, curved nails found on the feet or paws of certain animals, used for gripping, digging, or tearing prey.

Animal: Tiger

Example sentences:

When: "The tiger extends its claws when it needs to climb up a tree."

Whenever: "The tiger uses its sharp claws whenever it hunts for food."

3. Fangs: Long, sharp, pointed teeth, typically found in carnivorous animals, used for biting and puncturing prey.

Animal: Snake

Example sentences:

When: "The snake strikes with its venomous fangs when it feels threatened."

Whenever: "The snake sheds its old fangs whenever new ones grow in."

4. Feathers: The lightweight, modified epidermal structures that cover the bodies of birds, providing insulation, flight, and display.

Animal: Peacock

Example sentences:

When: "The peacock displays its colorful feathers when attracting a mate."

Whenever: "The peacock shakes its feathers whenever it wants to dry off after rain."

5. Fins: The flattened, paddle-like structures found on the bodies of fish and some other aquatic animals, used for stability, steering, and propulsion.

Animal: Dolphin

Example sentences:

When: "The dolphin uses its dorsal fin when swimming rapidly through the water."

Whenever: "The dolphin moves its pectoral fins whenever it changes direction."

6. Fur: The dense, soft hair covering the bodies of mammals, providing insulation and protection from the elements.

Animal: Polar Bear

Example sentences:

When: "The polar bear grows a thicker layer of fur when winter approaches."

Whenever: "The polar bear rolls in the snow whenever it wants to clean its fur."

7. Gills: The respiratory organs of fish and some other aquatic animals, used for extracting oxygen from water.

Animal: Trout

Example sentences:

When: "The trout breathes through its gills when submerged in water."

Whenever: "The trout opens and closes its gills whenever it swims to control oxygen intake."

8. Hooves: Hard, horny structures found on the feet of certain ungulates, such as horses, used for support and locomotion.

Animal: Horse

Example sentences:

When: "The horse's hooves strike the ground with force when it gallops."

Whenever: "The horse needs regular trimming of its hooves whenever they grow too long."

9. Horns: Bony, pointed, often curved structures found on the heads of many mammals, used for defense, dominance, or attracting mates.

Animal: Rhinoceros

Example sentences:

When: "The rhinoceros lowers its head and charges with its horns when threatened."

Whenever: "The rhinoceros marks its territory with urine whenever it wants to assert dominance."

10. Paws: The soft, padded feet of animals, especially carnivorous mammals, used for walking, running, and grasping objects.

Animal: Cat

Example sentences:

When: "The cat extends its claws from its paws when it wants to climb a tree."

Whenever: "The cat washes its face with its paws whenever it finishes eating."

11. Scales: The small, overlapping plates that cover the bodies of fish, reptiles, and some other animals, providing protection and reducing water loss.

Animal: Snake

Example sentences:

When: "The snake's scales glisten in the sun when it basks on a rock."

Whenever: "The snake sheds its old scales whenever it outgrows them."

12. Tails: The elongated, flexible appendages extending from the posterior of animals, often used for balance, communication, or locomotion.

Animal: Dog

Example sentences:

When: "The dog wags its tail when it's excited to see its owner."

Whenever: "The dog chases its tail whenever it's feeling playful."

13. Tusks: Long, pointed, often curved teeth found in certain animals, such as elephants and walruses, used for defense, digging, or obtaining food.

Animal: Elephant

Example sentences:

When: "The elephant uses its tusks when uprooting trees to access food."

Whenever: "The elephant sprays water on its body with its trunk whenever it needs to cool down."

14. Wings: The specialized, often feathered structures attached to the forelimbs of birds and bats, enabling flight.

Animal: Eagle

Example sentences:

When: "The eagle spreads its wings when soaring high in the sky."

Whenever: "The eagle flaps its wings whenever it wants to take off into flight."

Nature-related idioms:

A Breath of Fresh Air: Something refreshing or new.

Example: Starting this new job was like a breath of fresh air after years of the same routine.

A Drop in the Ocean: a small, insignificant amount compared to what is needed or expected.

Example: Donating a few dollars to the charity felt like a drop in the ocean compared to their overall fundraising goal.

A Walk in the Park: Something that is easy and uncomplicated.

Example: Completing that assignment was a walk in the park for her since she had studied the topic extensively.

As Clear as Mud: Something that is confusing or not easily understood.

Example: The instructions for assembling the furniture were as clear as mud, and I had no idea where to start.

Set in Stone: Something that is fixed or cannot be changed.

Example: The date of the wedding is set in stone, so we can't make any changes to it now.

The Tip of the Iceberg: A small part of a larger problem or situation.

Example: The financial issues we're facing are just the tip of the iceberg; there are deeper problems we need to address.

Under the Weather: Feeling slightly ill or not at one's best.

Example: I won't be able to attend the meeting today; I'm feeling a bit under the weather and need some rest.

Up in the Air: Something that is uncertain or undecided.

Example: The plans for the weekend are still up in the air; we haven't decided what to do yet.

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Some compound adjectives related to body:

1. Bright-eyed:

Definition: Having lively, alert, or energetic eyes.

Example: Despite the long flight, she arrived at the meeting bright-eyed and ready to work.

2. Empty-handed:

Definition: Having nothing in one's hands, often used to describe a situation where something was expected.

Example: He went to the store but returned empty-handed because they were out of stock.

3. Heavy-handed:

Definition: Using too much force or being overly forceful in one's actions or approach.

Example: His heavy-handed management style often leads to conflicts with his team.

4. Cold-hearted:

Definition: Lacking compassion or empathy, being emotionally distant.

Example: The character in the story was portrayed as a cold-hearted villain who showed no remorse for his actions.

5. Open-handed:

Definition: Generous and willing to give freely, especially with money or resources.

Example: She is known for her open-handed contributions to local charities.

6. Soft-spoken:

Definition: Speaking in a gentle, quiet, or mild manner.

Example: Despite her position of authority, she is remarkably soft-spoken and approachable.

7. Narrow-minded:

Definition: Having a limited perspective, unwilling to consider different viewpoints.

Example: It's essential to be open-minded and not narrow-minded when discussing important societal issues.

8. Short-tempered:

Definition: Easily angered or quick to lose one's temper.

Example: Be careful around him when he's in a bad mood; he can be quite short-tempered.

9. Strong-willed:

Definition: Determined and resolute, with a firm determination to achieve goals.

Example: Her strong-willed nature helped her overcome many obstacles in her career.

10. Long-legged:

Definition: Having long legs, often used to describe a person's physical appearance.

Example: The model had a striking, long-legged elegance that made her stand out on the runway.

phrasal:

1. Check On:

Definition: To verify or investigate the condition or well-being of someone or something.

Example: Can you please check on the kids and make sure they're doing their homework?

2. Face Up To:

Definition: To confront or deal with a difficult situation or problem directly and honestly.

Example: It's time to face up to the fact that we need to make some changes in our business strategy.

3. Get Through:

Definition: To successfully endure or complete a challenging or difficult task or situation.

Example: With determination and hard work, she managed to get through her final exams.

4. Live Up To:

Definition: To meet or fulfill the expectations or standards that others have for you.

Example: The talented young musician had to work hard to live up to the high expectations set by her fans.

5. Look After:

Definition: To take care of or be responsible for someone or something's well-being.

Example: While I'm away on vacation, could you please look after my plants?

6. Look To:

Definition: To rely on or seek guidance, support, or advice from someone or something.

Example: In times of uncertainty, people often look to their leaders for reassurance.

7. Side With:

Definition: To support or align oneself with a particular person or group in a dispute or argument.

Example: During the debate, he decided to side with the team that had the most compelling evidence.

8. Take After:

Definition: To resemble or inherit certain traits or characteristics from one's parents or ancestors.

Example: She takes after her grandmother in terms of her artistic talent; they both loved to paint.

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A. Subject - verb inversion in conditional sentences

Past Unreal Conditional Sentences:

1. Conditional clause with "if":

If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

2. Subject-verb inversion without "if":

Had I studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

In the second sentence, the subject "I" and the auxiliary verb "had" are inverted. This inversion occurs when "if" is removed from the sentence.

Here are some key points to remember about subject-verb inversion in past unreal conditional sentences:

1. In the conditional clause, the subject and the auxiliary verb "had" are inverted.

2. This inversion creates a more formal or literary style of writing.

3. The inversion is used to indicate that the condition is hypothetical or contrary to reality.

4. The main clause typically follows the conditional clause and expresses the result or consequence of the unreal condition.

Here's another example to illustrate subject-verb inversion in a past unreal conditional sentence:

If she had won the lottery, she would have bought a new house.

Had she won the lottery, she would have bought a new house.

In this example, the subject "she" and the auxiliary verb "had" are inverted in the conditional clause.

In negative past unreal conditional sentences, the negative form is created by adding "not" after the inverted subject and auxiliary verb "had." It's important to note that the negative form is not contracted, and "not" is separated from "had." Here's an example:

If I hadn't missed the bus, I would not have been late.

Had I not missed the bus, I would not have been late.

In this example, the negative form "not" is placed after the inverted subject "I" and the auxiliary verb "had." The "not" is separated from "had," and the contraction "wouldn't" is not used.

Here's another example to further illustrate the point:

If they hadn't forgotten the keys, they would not have been locked out.

Had they not forgotten the keys, they would not have been locked out.

Again, in the negative form, "not" is placed after the inverted subject "they" and the auxiliary verb "had," and it is not contracted.

Real Conditions in Present or Future:

In real conditional sentences, we talk about situations that are possible or likely to happen in the present or future. The basic structure is: "if + subject + verb (base form), subject + verb (base form)." For example:

If you study hard, you will succeed.

Should you need any help, let me know.

When we start the sentence with "should" followed by the subject, it adds a sense of formality or emphasis. It is used to express a strong recommendation or offer help. For example:

Should you be interested, I can lend you my book.

Should he arrive late, he will miss the opening ceremony.

Subject-Verb Inversion with "Could" and "Might":

In conditional sentences, we can use "could" or "might" at the beginning of the sentence followed by the subject and the base form of the verb. This structure Can also occur when adverbs like "but" or "just" are used in the sentence. In these cases, the inversion is used to emphasize a particular condition or hypothetical situation.

Here are some examples to help illustrate this:

1. Might she ever find true happiness?

2. He could dream of traveling to distant lands.

3. Might you kindly pass me the salt?

4. We could just as well stay home and watch a movie.

In both examples, the subject-verb inversion with "could" and "might" is used in combination with the adverbs "but" and "just" to emphasize the particular condition or possibility being described.

1. Unreal Sentences with "If" and "Were":
In unreal conditional sentences, we talk about situations that are contrary to reality or hypothetical. Instead of using "if" followed by the past tense of the verb, we use "were" for all subjects. This is called subjunctive mood and is used to express unreal or hypothetical conditions. For example:

If she found the treasure, she would be rich. (Real condition)

Were she to find the treasure, she would be rich. (Unreal condition)

2. When using the subjunctive form with "were," the verb and subject are inverted. This is a grammatical difference from the regular conditional sentence structure.

3. In the past unreal conditional sentences, we use "had" followed by the past participle of the verb. We can also use "were" instead of "had" to express hypothetical or unreal conditions. For example:

If she had been there, she would have seen the accident. (Real condition)

Were she to have been there, she would have seen the accident. (Unreal condition)

Remember, the subject-verb inversion in conditional sentences adds emphasis, formality, or a sense of hypothetical or unreal conditions.

Note: subject-verb inversion with "could" and "might" is not limited to just forming questions. It can also be used to create emphasis or convey a specific meaning, as discussed earlier.

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B. Adverb clauses of condition used to express a condition that must be fulfilled for the main clause to happen. They usually begin with conjunctions like "if," "unless," "provided that," "in case," or "as long as.", "in the event", and describe what needs to happen or be true for something else to occur.

Example: If it rains, we will stay indoors.

1. "Whether or Not" vs. "If:" Condition on Another: both used to introduce conditions that depend on another factor or decision.

"Whether or not" suggests the presence of alternative possibilities or choices.

Whether or not she wins the race, she will be proud of her effort.

"If" is used when the condition relies on a single possibility.

If it snows, we will build a snowman.

1. "Even If": introduces a Condition that is not likely or may seem unlikely. It emphasizes the willingness to accept or proceed despite the given condition.

1. "If only" expresses a strong desire or wish for a specific condition to be true.

Example 1: Even if it takes all night, we will finish the project.
Example 2: If only I could visit Disneyland!

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Different ways of saying 'if': BBC English Class

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Similarities
Similarly… | Equally… In the same way  | Just as... so does.... | Both... and...

Differences In contrast… | However… | On the other hand Alternatively…| In a different way…

Both my Mum and Dad lose their temper sometimes when we misbehave, but in completely different ways.

My Mum usually reacts to everything by losing her temper really quickly and screaming in response to make sure everyone knows just how furious she is. The thing that causes her to react strictly is usually leaving lights on. The quotation, ‘If I have to tell you again to turn those lights off, I will take the bulb out of your bedroom!’ This shows that sometimes she can exaggerate in her reactions.

On the other hand, Dad will hardly ever lose his temper, or raise his voice. Instead, he will just stare at you silently, so you know instantly that you are in trouble. The quotation, ‘Well’ is the single word that he says once he has stared at you for a minute, and this shows that whilst he doesn’t scream and shout like Mum, he gives you a warning of the lecture that he is about to give you.

_____

Experience: I fell out of the Sky

I pulled the brake lines to increase the angle of the wing for extra life. But I forgot that I had tightened them before take-off and made them far more sensitive. I pulled too hard. That, combined with the eddies swirling from the trees and building ahead, caused a break in the airflow under the canopy. Instantly, it began to deflate.

I had just enough time to look up and see the thin material of my wing falling towards me like an enormous bunch of useless laundry. I was dropping like a stone.

Tumbling through the air with no way to stop is a sensation of utter helplessness: a truly stomach churning moment where you know you’re not going forwards or upwards; you’re just falling. There is no time to think. One second became two, two became three. I closed my eyes. Wallop.

Magazine article,The Guardian Weekend, 2014

Extract 2

The injured aeronauts at Buxton

It was now the critical moment - two or three severe bumps were inevitable, the wind blowing in angry gusts, and the car dashed through one wall of about eighteen inches in thickness, making a clear breach, and hurling the stones forward as if they had been pounded by the largest Armstrong missile at present in use. Mr. Coxwell was full strain on the upper valve, which is thirty inches in diameter, but still the mass bore onwards, and a second clean breach was repeated in the next wall.

Away again with renewed vigour, and down for the third time, and once again through another wall, and now the cry was raised by astounded lookers-on, that two fields further lay the Deep Dale or gorge which would surely prove fatal.

Buxton Newspaper article, 1861

Analysis

Here are some similarities and differences between the two texts. In an exam you wouldn’t have to cover all of these points.

Similarities

Purpose - both are informing and entertaining the reader.

They are both about a similar topic, an airborne accident.

Both use a technical

semantic field

-

The Guardian

article refers to “brake lines...take-off…canopy…” The

Buxton

report refers to “aeronauts…upper valve…”.

Both use dramatic, emotive language to excite the reader. The

Buxton

report uses the dramatic verbs “dashed” and “hurling” whilst

The Guardian

article uses phrases like “utter helplessness” and “stomach churning.”

Both structure the last paragraph in the extract with a dramatic phrase. In the news report “..surely prove fatal” and in the article ‘Wallop’.

Both texts use

similes

to make the accidents more vivid for the reader. The

Buxton

report uses “…as if they had been pounded by the largest Armstrong missile…” and the paramotoring article uses “…I was dropping like a stone…”

Differences

Different

form

- extract 1 is a magazine article and extract 2 is a news report.

Headline in the

Buxton

report is informative rather than emotive – the reader knows the men survived. The headline of the modern article is intriguing for the reader – this underlines the astonishing nature of the story.

The

Buxton

report is written from the

perspective

of someone observing the accident, so the reader is presented with the emotions of the onlookers.

The paramotoring article is written from the

perspective

of the man involved in the accident, so the reader is presented with his emotions.

Lots of

multi-clause sentences

in the

Buxton

report to build a sense of anticipation.

In the paramotoring article, lots of

single clause

,

short sentences

build the tension.

In the

Buxton

report, the use of some

present tense

makes it seem as if the incident is happening now. This makes it more dramatic for the reader.

The use of

past tense

in the modern article informs the reader that the writer is recounting a memory – headline and main text

infer

that he survived the accident.

The informality of the word “Wallop” in the paramotoring article is shocking and also perhaps creates an amusing tone for the reader.

The

humour

is also suggested by the simile, “like an enormous bunch of useless laundry…” The

contrast

of this humour with the serious subject matter makes the text very effective.

The

tone

in the

Buxton

report is more grave. The writer

personifies

the wind, “..in angry gusts…”, to suggest the danger of the situation.

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A. Whenever & Wherever

1. Whenever: We use "whenever" to refer to any time or every time that something happens. It suggests a repeated or regular occurrence.

Example: Whenever it rains, I like to stay indoors and read a book.

This means that every time it rains, the speaker prefers to stay indoors and read a book. It emphasizes the repeated action that happens whenever it rains.

1. Wherever: We use "wherever" to refer to any place or every place that something happens. It suggests a location or situation that can occur in various settings.

Example: Wherever I go, I always take my camera with me.

This means that no matter where the speaker goes, they always bring their camera. It emphasizes the idea that the camera is taken to all places the speaker visits.

1. When: We use "when" to refer to a specific point in time or a particular occasion.

Example: I will call you when I arrive at the airport.

This means that the speaker will make a phone call at the specific moment of their arrival at the airport.

1. Where: We use "where" to refer to a specific location or place.

Example: Can you tell me where the nearest grocery store is?

This means that the speaker is asking for the specific location of the nearest grocery store.

When using these expressions, we can also include additional words to add emphasis or convey specific meanings. Here are some examples:

No matter when/where: No matter when/where it happens, it doesn't change the outcome.
Example: No matter when I study, I always do well on the test.

Although, I don't know when/where: Even though I don't know when/where it will happen, I am prepared.
Example: Although I don't know when the party will start, I'm ready to go.

Subject + be + adjective/past participle: This structure is used to describe a specific characteristic or state of the subject.

Example: Whenever she is happy, she sings a song.

This means that every time she feels happy, she starts singing a song.

Explanations and examples:

1. Adjective:

The adjective describes the quality or characteristic of the subject.

Example: The flowers are beautiful. (The adjective "beautiful" describes the flowers.)

2. Past Participle:

The past participle is a verb form used to indicate a completed action or a state resulting from an action.

Example: The cake is baked. (The past participle "baked" describes the state of the cake after it has been cooked.)

Focus adverbs (even, just, right only): are used to place emphasis on a specific point in time or a particular place. They bring attention to the precision or uniqueness of the situation being described. Can also be used after "when" or "where" to emphasize a specific point in time or a particular place

Even:

"Even" is used to emphasize that something unexpected or surprising is true.

Example: She practiced every day for months, and even on the day of the competition, she continued to practice.

Even when it's raining heavily, he still goes for a run. (It means he goes for a run despite the heavy rain, which is unexpected or surprising.)

Even whenever it's raining, she goes for a run. (It means she goes for a run regardless of the weather, even if it's raining.)

Even wherever they travel, they always find something interesting to explore. (It means no matter which location they visit, they consistently discover something intriguing.)

Just:

"Just" is used to emphasize that something happened or is happening very recently or only a short time ago.

Example: I saw him just a few minutes ago. (It means that I saw him a very short time ago.)

Just when we thought the party was over, the music started playing again. (It means the music started playing at the exact moment when we thought the party was finished.)

Just whenever I finish a book, I start reading another one. (It means as soon as I complete one book, I immediately begin reading another.)

Just wherever I go, I always seem to run into old friends. (It means no matter where I go, I frequently encounter people I know.)

Right:

"Right" is used to emphasize a precise moment or time.

Example: The movie starts right at 7 PM. (It means the movie starts exactly at 7 PM without any delay.)

The bus arrived right when we were about to leave. (It means the bus arrived at the exact moment when we were going to depart.)

Right whenever he sees a spider, he screams and runs away. (It means as soon as he spots a spider, he reacts by screaming and running away.)

Right wherever he goes, he makes a positive impact on people's lives. (It means wherever he visits, he leaves a positive impression on others.)

Only:

"Only" is used to emphasize that something is limited to a specific thing or situation and nothing else.

Example: I have only one piece of cake left. (It means I have just one piece and no more.)

She can concentrate on her studies only when she is in a quiet environment. (It means she can focus on her studies exclusively in a quiet environment.)

Only whenever she has free time, she indulges in her favorite hobbies. (It means she engages in her hobbies exclusively when she has available time.)

Only wherever they find a good sale, they shop for new clothes. (It means they shop for clothes exclusively at places where they find good sales.)

These focus adverbs help to highlight and draw attention to specific details or conditions related to time or place. They add emphasis and clarity to the sentence.

B. Noun clauses: whoever / whatever

1. Whoever:

"Whoever" is used when referring to a person or people in a noun clause.

It is used as the subject or object of a sentence.

Examples:

Whoever ate the last cookie will have to buy a new pack. (Subject)

I will give this gift to whoever deserves it the most. (Object)

2. Whomever:

"Whomever" is also used when referring to a person or people in a noun clause.

It is used as the object of a sentence, typically after a preposition.

Examples:

Give this letter to whomever you see first. (Object after the preposition "to")

She can choose whomever she wants to be her partner. (Object after the verb "choose")

"whatever one/ones" and "whichever":

1. Whatever one/ones:

"Whatever one/ones" refers to any thing or things from a general group or category.

It is used when there are multiple options or choices, and the specific one doesn't matter.

Examples:

You can pick whatever one you like from the toy store. (Referring to any specific toy)

I'll take the cookies. You can have whatever ones are left. (Referring to any remaining cookies)

2. Whichever:

"Whichever" is used to select or choose from a limited group or specific options.

It implies that there is a selection to be made among a given set.

Examples:

Choose whichever color you prefer for your new backpack. (Referring to specific colors to choose from)

Whichever book you decide to read, I'm sure you'll enjoy it. (Referring to specific books to choose from)

1. Whatever one/ones:

Grammar Change: "one" can be singular or plural depending on the context.

Example: Take whatever one you like from the library.

This means you can choose any specific book you like from the library. It could be a singular book that you find appealing.

2. Whichever:

Grammar Change: "whichever" remains the same regardless of singular or plural.

Example: Choose whichever book you want from the library.

This means you have the freedom to select any book you desire. It could be a singular book or multiple books that catch your interest.

In the first example, "whatever one" suggests that you can choose a specific book from the library, indicating a singular choice. For instance, you may prefer a particular novel or a specific non-fiction book.

In the second example, "whichever book" emphasizes that you have the option to select any book from the library, whether it's a single book or multiple books. It highlights the freedom of choice without specifying a particular number of books.

In summary, "whoever" and "whomever" are used for people, while "whatever one/ones" and "whichever" are used for things or options. "Whoever" and "whomever" can function as subjects or objects, while "whatever one/ones" and "whichever" are used to refer to choices or options within a specific context or limited group.

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B. Cleft sentences with "what":

https://random-idea-english.blogspot.com/2012/04/emphasis-focussing-with-cleft-sentences.html

In grammar, the term "cleft" refers to a type of sentence structure that is used to emphasize or highlight a particular part of the sentence. Cleft sentences are constructed in a way that separates the sentence into two clauses, with the emphasized part placed at the beginning of the sentence. The purpose of cleft sentences is to draw attention to the focused element and make it stand out.

Cleft sentences with "what" help us emphasize or highlight specific parts of a sentence. They allow us to show what is important or what we want to draw attention to.

1. Cleft Sentences with "What" Instead of the Whole Sentence:

What I try to do is study every day: In this sentence, we want to emphasize the action of studying. We use "what" followed by a subject and then "is" before the emphasized action. It helps us focus on what we are trying to do, which is to study.

What she complained about was the noise: Here, we want to emphasize the thing or topic she complained about, which is the noise. We use "what" followed by a subject and then "was" before the emphasized part. It helps us highlight what she was complaining about.

1. Cleft Sentences with "What" Instead of the Main Verb:

What I project to do my best: In this sentence, we want to emphasize the action of trying to do our best. We use "what" followed by a subject and then "project" before the emphasized action. It helps us focus on what we are doing, which is trying our best.

What she complained about was the service: Here, we want to emphasize the action of complaining about the service. We use "what" followed by a subject and then "complained" before the emphasized action. It helps us highlight what she did, which was complaining.

"The Reason Why," "The Thing That," "The Place Where," "The Person Who":

The reason why I'm happy is that I got a new toy: In this sentence, we want to emphasize the reason for being happy, which is getting a new toy. We use "the reason why" before the emphasized part. It helps us focus on the cause of our happiness.

The thing that scares me is spiders: Here, we want to emphasize the thing that scares us, which is spiders. We use "the thing that" before the emphasized part. It helps us highlight what we find scary.

The place where we had our picnic was the park: In this sentence, we want to emphasize the place where we had our picnic, which is the park. We use "the place where" before the emphasized part. It helps us focus on the location of our picnic.

The person who won the race is my friend: Here, we want to emphasize the person who won the race, which is our friend. We use "the person who" before the emphasized part. It helps us highlight the winner of the race.

These cleft sentences with "what" and other phrases help us put emphasis on specific parts of a sentence to make our meaning clearer. They allow us to highlight what's important or to draw attention to specific information

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Carmen Luisa Pérez Amaro.

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Complete the sentences so that they have the same meaning as the sentences before them.

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1.

1. If __________ (Hamlet / be) sane, __________ (he / act) differently.

2. __________ (Romeo / not be) banished if __________ (he / not kill) Tybalt.

3. What __________ (Macbeth / do) if __________ (he / see) Banquo's ghost?

4. If __________ (Jane Eyre / marry) Mr. Rochester, __________ (she / be) financially secure.

5. If __________ (Sherlock Holmes / have) all the facts, __________ (he / solve) the case.

Exercise 2:
Rewrite the following sentences, changing the word order to create subject-verb inversion in conditional sentences:

1. "I would follow you to the ends of the earth if you asked," said Mr. Darcy.
-> If __________, __________.

2. "If I had a flower for every time I thought of you, I could walk through my garden forever," wrote Alfred Lord Tennyson.
-> If __________, __________.

3. "I would rather die of passion than of boredom," said Vincent van Gogh.
-> If __________, __________.

4. "If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs," advised Rudyard Kipling.
-> If __________, __________.

5. "If I cannot inspire love, I will cause fear!" declared Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.
-> If __________, __________.

Exercise 3:
Write a conditional sentence using subject-verb inversion to complete each conversation:

Person A: "I wish I could turn back time."
Person B: "______________ (you / turn) back time if ______________ (you / have) the power."

Person A: "I dream of a world without inequality."
Person B: "______________ (we / live) in a world without inequality if ______________ (we / strive) for justice."

Person A: "I long to explore the uncharted territories."
Person B: "______________ (you / explore) the uncharted territories if ______________ (you / embark) on an epic adventure."

Person A: "I want to create something that will change the world."
Person B: "______________ (you / change) the world if ______________ (you / dare) to think differently."

Person A: "I wish I could fly like a bird."
Person B: "______________ (you / fly) like a bird if ______________ (you / have) wings."

__________

Exercise 1:

1. If Hamlet were sane, he would act differently.

2. Would Romeo not be banished if he did not kill Tybalt?

3. What would Macbeth do if he saw Banquo's ghost?

4. If Jane Eyre married Mr. Rochester, she would be financially secure.

5. If Sherlock Holmes had all the facts, he would solve the case.

Exercise 2:

1. If you asked, I would follow you to the ends of the earth.

2. If I had a flower for every time I thought of you, I could walk through my garden forever.

3. If I would rather die of passion than of boredom.

4. If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs.

5. If I cannot inspire love, I will cause fear.

Exercise 3:

1. You could turn back time if you had the power.

2. We would live in a world without inequality if we strive for justice.

3. You could explore the uncharted territories if you embarked on an epic adventure.

4. You could change the world if you dared to think differently.

5. You could fly like a bird if you had wings.

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A. Placement of direct or indirect objects

Direct Objects:

A direct object is the thing or person that receives the action of the verb directly. It answers the question "What?" or "Whom?" after the verb.

"She gave a gift to her." (The gift is the direct object because it receives the action of giving.)

1. Indirect Objects:

An indirect object is the person or thing that receives the direct object or for whom the action is done. It answers the question "To/For whom?" or "To/For what?" after the verb.

"She gave her a gift." (Her friend is the indirect object because she receives the gift.)

Using both direct and indirect objects for verbs: Some verbs, like bring, give, hand, make, order, owe, pay, promise, serve, throw, can take both a direct and an indirect object.

For example: "She promised her friend a gift." (Direct object: gift; Indirect object: her friend)

When the direct or indirect object is a pronoun: Sometimes, we use pronouns instead of nouns as the direct or indirect objects.

For example: "She gave it to her friend." (Direct object: it; Indirect object: her friend)

When both the direct and indirect objects are pronouns: In this case, the pronouns are placed in a specific order. The indirect object usually comes before the direct object, and we use the preposition "to" or "for" to show the recipient.

For example: "She owes it to him." (Direct object: it; Indirect object: him)

Pronouns can be used instead of nouns as direct and indirect objects, and when both objects are pronouns, the indirect object usually comes before the direct object with the help of prepositions like "to" or "for."

1. Bring:

The verb "bring" is used when you carry or take something to another person or place.

Example 1 (Direct object): "She brought a book for me." (She carried the book for me.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "She brought me a book." (She carried the book to me.)

1. Give:

The verb "give" is used when you transfer or offer something to someone.

Example 1 (Direct object): "He gave a present to his sister." (He transferred the present to his sister.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "He gave his sister a present." (He transferred the present to his sister.)

1. Hand:

The verb "hand" is used when you pass or deliver something to someone using your hand.

Example 1 (Direct object): "The teacher handed the assignments to the students." (The teacher passed the assignments to the students.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "The teacher handed the students their assignments." (The teacher passed their assignments to the students.)

1. Make:

The verb "make" is used when you create or produce something for someone.

Example 1 (Direct object): "They made a sandwich for him." (They created a sandwich for him.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "They made him a sandwich." (They created a sandwich for him.)

1. Order:

The verb "order" is used when you request or arrange for something to be delivered or provided to someone.

Example 1 (Direct object): "I ordered a pizza for my friend." (I requested a pizza for my friend.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "I ordered my friend a pizza." (I requested a pizza for my friend.)

1. Owe:

The verb "owe" is used when you have a debt or obligation to repay something to someone.

Example 1 (Direct object): "She owes some money to her brother." (She has a debt of money to her brother.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "She owes her brother some money." (She has a debt of money to her brother.)

1. Pay:

The verb "pay" is used when you give money in exchange for something or as a debt settlement.

Example 1 (Direct object): "He paid $20 for the movie tickets." (He gave $20 in exchange for the movie tickets.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "He paid his friend $20." (He gave $20 to his friend.)

1. Promise:

The verb "promise" is used when you make a commitment or assurance to someone.

Example 1 (Direct object): "She promised a gift to her sister." (She assured her sister of a gift.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "She promised her sister a gift." (She assured her sister of a gift.)

1. Serve:

The verb "serve" is used when you provide or present something to someone, especially in a formal setting.

Example 1 (Direct object): "The waiter served a delicious meal to the customers." (The waiter provided the customers with a delicious meal.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "The waiter served the customers a delicious meal." (The waiter provided the customers with a delicious meal.)

1. Throw:

The verb "throw" is used when you propel something through the air using force.

Example 1 (Direct object): "He threw the ball to his friend." (He propelled the ball to his friend.)

Example 2 (Indirect object): "He threw his friend the ball." (He propelled the ball to his friend.)

Special verbs:

1. Allow:

In a sentence with "allow," the indirect object typically comes before the direct object.

Example: She allowed her son (indirect object) a treat (direct object).

2. Ask:

When using "ask," the indirect object usually precedes the direct object.

Example: He asked me (indirect object) a question (direct object).

3. Cause:

"Cause" is often followed by an indirect object before the direct object.

Example: The accident caused the driver (indirect object) significant damage (direct object).

4. Cost:

With "cost," the indirect object comes before the direct object to specify who is paying or incurring the cost.

Example: The repair cost him (indirect object) a lot of money (direct object).

In these examples, the indirect objects ("her son," "me," "the driver," "him") are placed before the direct objects ("a treat," "a question," "significant damage," "a lot of money") in the sentence structure. There is no need for a preposition between the indirect object and the direct object in these cases.

VS.

1. Announce:

With the verb "announce," the usual word order is to place the direct object before the indirect object.

Example: She announced the winner (direct object) to the audience (indirect object).

2. Describe:

"Describe" also follows the pattern where the direct object precedes the indirect object.

Example: He described the scene (direct object) to his friend (indirect object).

3. Explain:

Similarly, "explain" typically has the direct object before the indirect object.

Example: The teacher explained the concept (direct object) to the students (indirect object).

4. Mention:

When using "mention," the direct object is placed before the indirect object.

Example: She mentioned the issue (direct object) to the manager (indirect object).

5. Provide:

"Provide" follows the same word order, with the direct object preceding the indirect object.

Example: The company provided the information (direct object) to the customers (indirect object).

6. Recommend:

"Recommend" also places the direct object before the indirect object.

Example: He recommended the book (direct object) to his colleague (indirect object).

7. Return:

The verb "return" usually has the direct object come before the indirect object.

Example: She returned the keys (direct object) to the landlord (indirect object).

8. Say:

When using "say," the direct object typically precedes the indirect object.

Example: He said the words (direct object) to his sister (indirect object).

In sentences with these verbs, the direct object is stated first, followed by the indirect object. This word order is generally followed for clear and natural sentence construction in English.

Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences by placing the direct object before the indirect object.

1. She provided her colleagues with valuable insights.

2. He recommended his students an excellent book.

3. They announced the surprised audience the news.

4. The chef described the curious diners the recipe.

5. She provided her clients helpful information.

6. The professor explained the interested students the theory.

7. They mentioned their friends the event.

8. The store returned the disappointed customer the defective product.

9. He said his family the good news.

B. Verbs in the subjunctive https://youtu.be/LkxwmoJZwtk

Verbs in the subjunctive form are used to express desires, wishes, suggestions, recommendations, requirements, or hypothetical situations, - without the need of using a modal verb as such.

1. Verbs followed by a "that" clause:

Advise, ask, beg, prefer, require, specify, stipulate, vote, are followed by a "that" clause to express a suggestion, requirement, or recommendation.

Examples:

1. Advise:

Definition: To give advice or suggestions.

Example: "I advise that you study for the test." (I suggest that you study for the test.)

2. Ask:

Definition: To request or inquire about something.

Example: "I asked that he be quiet during the movie." (I requested that he remains quiet during the movie.)

3. Beg:

Definition: To plead or request earnestly.

Example: "She begged that they forgive her for the mistake." (She pleaded that they forgive her for the mistake.)

4. Prefer:

Definition: To like or favor one thing over another.

Example: "I prefer that you come with us to the party." (I would like it if you come with us to the party.)

5. Require:

Definition: To need or demand something.

Example: "The teacher requires that we submit our assignments on time." (The teacher demands that we submit our assignments on time.)

6. Specify:

Definition: To state or identify something clearly.

Example: "The contract specifies that the work must be completed by Friday." (The contract states that the work must be completed by Friday.)

7. Stipulate:

Definition: To lay down as a condition or requirement.

Example: "The agreement stipulates that they pay a deposit upfront." (The agreement requires that they pay a deposit upfront.)

8. Vote:

Definition: To express a choice or opinion through voting.

Example: "They voted that the new policy be implemented." (They expressed their choice that the new policy should be implemented.)

"Not+base form" as "not receive": In the subjunctive form, we use "not+base form" to express a negative action or prohibition.

1. Example: "I requested that she not receive any more phone calls." (I asked that she doesn't receive any more phone calls.)

In this example, "not receive" is used to express the negative action of receiving phone calls. It indicates a prohibition or a request to refrain from receiving any more phone calls.

1. Example: "It is important that you not be late for the meeting."

Here, "not be late" expresses the negative action of being late. It emphasizes the importance of not arriving late for the meeting.

1. Example: "The doctor recommended that he not eat sweets."

In this case, "not eat" is used to express the negative action of eating sweets. It suggests a prohibition or advice against consuming sweets.

By using "not+base form" in the subjunctive form, we convey a sense of negation or prohibition in the desired action. It implies that the action should be avoided or not carried out. This structure is often used in formal or polite requests, suggestions, or recommendations.

The Passive "be+past participle": In the subjunctive form, we use "be+past participle" to express a passive action or condition.

1. Example: "It is recommended that the project be completed by the end of the week."

In this example, "be completed" expresses a passive action, indicating that the project should be finished by the end of the week. The focus is on the completion of the project rather than the specific doer of the action.

2. Example: "I insist that the rules be followed at all times."

Here, "be followed" represents a passive condition, emphasizing the importance of adhering to the rules. The focus is on the state of the rules being followed, rather than any specific individuals performing the action.

3. Example: "They demanded that the concert tickets be refunded."

In this case, "be refunded" denotes a passive action of the concert tickets being returned. The emphasis is on the refunding process rather than the person or entity performing the action.

By using "be+past participle" in the subjunctive form, we express a passive action or condition without specifically indicating who is performing the action. It highlights the desired outcome or state of affairs rather than the doer of the action.

"The new movie will be featured at the film festival." (The new movie will be shown at the film festival.)

"The product should not be endorsed by celebrities." (The product should not be supported by celebrities.)

Writing a composition

1. Clear and concise thesis statement: Start with a strong and focused thesis statement that clearly states your opinion on the topic. Ensure that it is concise and specific, so the reader understands your stance from the beginning.

2. Organize your composition effectively: Use a well-structured format, such as an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each paragraph should present a single idea or argument that supports your thesis statement.

3. Provide evidence and examples: Support your opinion with relevant evidence, facts, statistics, or examples. This helps to strengthen your arguments and make your composition more persuasive. Use reputable sources and cite them appropriately.

4. Develop coherent and logical paragraphs: Each body paragraph should have a clear topic sentence that relates to your thesis statement. Present supporting ideas or arguments in a logical order and use transitional words and phrases to create smooth transitions between paragraphs and ideas.

5. Counterarguments and rebuttals: Address counterarguments or opposing viewpoints to demonstrate your understanding of different perspectives. Refute or rebut these counterarguments by presenting strong evidence or logical reasoning that supports your opinion.

6. Use appropriate language and tone: Maintain a formal tone and use appropriate language for academic writing. Avoid overly emotional or biased language. Instead, focus on presenting well-reasoned arguments and evidence in a clear and objective manner.

7. Develop a strong conclusion: Summarize your main points, restate your thesis statement, and provide a concise conclusion that reinforces your opinion. Avoid introducing new information or arguments in the conclusion.

8. Revise and edit: After completing your composition, take the time to revise and edit it for clarity, coherence, grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. Read it aloud to check for smooth flow and consider seeking feedback from others to improve the quality of your writing.

Remember, practice is key to improving your writing skills. Regularly engage in writing exercises, seek feedback, and study well-written compositions to enhance your understanding of effective writing techniques.

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Who:

"Who" is used as a subject pronoun. It is used when the pronoun is the subject of a sentence or clause.

Example: "Who is coming to the dog park with us?"

Whom:

"Whom" is used as an object pronoun. It is used when the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition.

Example: "To whom does this cat belong?"

Whose:

"Whose" is used to show possession or ownership. It is used to ask about the person or thing that something belongs to.

Example: "Whose dog is barking so loudly?"

Now, let's discuss "whoever" and "whomever":

Whoever:

"Whoever" is used as a subject pronoun. It is used when the pronoun is the subject of a clause or sentence.

Example: "Whoever finds the lost kitten should bring it to the animal shelter."

Whomever:

"Whomever" is used as an object pronoun. It is used when the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition.

Example: "Give the adoption papers to whomever you trust the most."

In summary:

Use "who" when referring to the subject of a sentence.

Use "whom" when referring to the object of a verb or preposition.

Use "whose" to indicate possession or ownership.

Use "whoever" when referring to the subject of a clause.

Use "whomever" when referring to the object of a verb or preposition.

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Job interview:

1. Job Interview Vocabulary:

Here are some essential job interview vocabulary words:

Interviewer

Applicant/Candidate

Resume/CV

Cover letter

Qualifications

Experience

Skills

Strengths/Weaknesses

Achievements

Teamwork

Problem-solving

Leadership

Adaptability

Communication

Work ethic

Career goals

2. Grammar Examples:

Conditional Sentences:

If I were offered the job, I would relocate immediately.

I would have more experience if I had worked in a similar role before.

Reported Speech:

Interviewer: "Tell me about your previous experience."

Candidate: The interviewer asked me to tell them about my previous experience.

Passive Voice:

"The project was completed by our team."

"I have been interviewed by several companies."

Present Perfect for Experience:

"I have worked in the marketing department for five years."

3. Exercises:

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with the appropriate job interview vocabulary:

1. The __________ asked me about my qualifications and experience.

2. In my __________, I highlighted my key achievements in previous roles.

3. One of my strengths is __________, which allows me to collaborate effectively.

4. Can you share an example of a __________ situation you've encountered at work?

5. My __________ includes both technical and interpersonal skills.

Exercise 2: Transform the sentences using the given grammar points:

1. Rewrite the sentence using reported speech: "Do you have any experience working with a remote team?" the interviewer asked.

The interviewer asked if ___________________________________________________________________.

2. Rewrite the sentence using the passive voice: "I completed the entire project in just two weeks."

The entire project _____________________________________________________________________.

3. Rewrite the sentence using the present perfect for experience: "I started my current job ten years ago."

I _____________________________________________________________________________________.

4. Interview Roleplay:

Practice a mock job interview with a friend, family member, or language partner. Take turns playing the interviewer and the candidate. Use the vocabulary and grammar you've learned, and focus on maintaining clear and confident communication.

Remember, the key to a successful job interview is preparation, confidence, and effective communication. Good luck!

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A. compound adjectives

Formed by combining two or more words together to describe a noun. They work together as a single unit to give more information about the noun.

When we use "noun + past participle" to create compound adjectives, the past participle describes the noun. It tells us the state, condition, or quality of the noun. Here are some examples:

1. Awestruck: It means feeling a sense of wonder or amazement. For example, "She stood in awe, awestruck by the beautiful fireworks."

Awe: The word "awe" originates from the Old English term "ege" or "eawe," which meant "fear" or "terror." Over time, the meaning of "awe" evolved to include a sense of reverence or wonderment.

Struck: The term "struck" is the past participle of the verb "strike," which comes from Old English "strīcan," meaning "to stroke" or "to touch lightly."

1. Bloodstained: It describes something that has stains or marks of blood. For example, "The detective found a bloodstained shirt at the crime scene."

2. Frostbitten: It describes a condition where something has been damaged by freezing temperatures. For example, "After being stranded in the cold, his fingers became frostbitten."

3. Handmade: It describes something that is made by hand, not by a machine. For example, "She wore a beautiful handmade dress to the party."

4. Handwritten: It describes something that is written by hand, not typed or printed. For example, "I received a heartfelt handwritten letter from my best friend."

5. Heartbroken: It describes a feeling of deep sadness or grief. For example, "She was heartbroken when her pet passed away."

6. Homemade: It describes something that is made at home, rather than bought from a store. For example, "I enjoyed a delicious homemade pie for dessert."

7. Moth-eaten: It describes something that has been damaged by moths. For example, "The old sweater was full of moth-eaten holes."

8. Store-bought: It describes something that has been bought from a store, rather than made at home. For example, "She brought store-bought cupcakes to the party."

9. Sunburned: It describes skin that has been burned or reddened by the sun. For example, "He forgot to apply sunscreen and got sunburned during his beach vacation."

10. Waterlogged: It describes something that has become saturated or soaked with water. For example, "The boat became waterlogged after being left in the rain."

11. Windswept: It describes a place or person that has been exposed to strong winds. For example, "She loved standing on the windswept cliff, feeling the breeze in her hair."

When compound adjectives are written as one word, it means that the words are connected and function as a single adjective.

1. Airborne: It means something is in the air or flying. For example, "The airplane took off and became airborne."

2. Hardheaded: It describes someone who is stubborn or unwilling to change their mind. For example, "Even after hearing all the reasons, he remained hardheaded and refused to listen."

3. Airsick: It describes someone who feels sick or nauseous while traveling in an aircraft. For example, "She felt airsick during the bumpy airplane ride."

4. Lightweight: It describes something that is not heavy. For example, "The bag was lightweight and easy to carry."

5. Barefooted: It describes someone who is not wearing any shoes or socks. For example, "She enjoyed walking on the beach barefooted."

6. Newfound: It describes something that has been recently discovered or acquired. For example, "She had a newfound love for painting after taking an art class."

7. Daylong: It means something that lasts for the entire day. For example, "We had a daylong picnic at the park."

8. Downhearted: It describes someone who feels sad or discouraged. For example, "He was downhearted after not getting the job he wanted."

9. Painstaking: It describes something that requires a lot of effort, care, and attention to detail. For example, "The artist created a painstakingly detailed painting."

10. Seaworthy: It describes a ship or boat that is safe and suitable for sailing on the sea. For example, "The sailors made sure the boat was seaworthy before setting sail."

These compound adjectives written as one word help us provide more specific information about the nouns they describe. They are formed by combining words together to create new meanings and give a clearer description of things.

Compound adjectives written as one word often have a more specific or idiomatic meaning that may not be directly related to the individual words used. They create a distinct adjective with its own definition.

Compound adjectives written with a hyphen or as separate words have a more literal meaning that can be understood by looking at the individual words and their relationship to each other.

When using the comparative form of compound adjectives, such as "more" or "less," we compare the degree or level of the adjective.

https://wordwall.net/es/resource/38022235/english/superlative-compound-adjectives

Here are some rules and explanations for compound adjectives with the comparative form:

1. Comparative Form: When we want to compare the degree of a compound adjective, we use "more" or "less" before the adjective to indicate a higher or lower degree. For example, "more forward-looking," "less easy-going," "more highly trained."

2. Hyphens: In compound adjectives, hyphens are used to connect the words together, especially when they come before the noun they describe. However, when "more," "less," or "most" are used before the adjective, we usually don't need hyphens.

For example, "a more forward-looking plan," "a less easy-going person," "the most highly trained applicant."

1. More energy-efficient: This describes a device or system that consumes less energy compared to others. For example, "The new refrigerator is more energy-efficient, saving electricity and reducing utility bills."

2. Less time-consuming: This refers to a task or activity that requires a smaller amount of time compared to others. For example, "Using the new software program is less time-consuming, allowing us to complete our work faster."

3. More cost-effective: This describes a solution or approach that provides greater value for the cost involved. For example, "Investing in solar panels is a more cost-effective way to generate electricity in the long run."

4. Less crowded: This describes a place or area that has fewer people or objects in it, allowing for more space. For example, "The park is less crowded on weekdays, making it an ideal time to enjoy peaceful walks."

5. More customer-friendly: This refers to a business or service that prioritizes the needs and satisfaction of its customers. For example, "The new online shopping platform is more customer-friendly, providing a user-friendly interface and efficient customer support."

Compound adjectives can sometimes be written with a hyphen, and other times they are written without a hyphen. The use of a hyphen in compound adjectives depends on a few factors:

1. Clarity and Ease of Reading: Hyphens are used to clarify the meaning of compound adjectives, especially when they precede the noun they modify. They help to distinguish that the words are acting together as a single unit modifying the noun. For example, "cost-effective" and "customer-friendly" are hyphenated to ensure that the intended meaning is clear.

2. Avoiding Ambiguity: Hyphens are used to avoid ambiguity or confusion in meaning. They can be used when the compound adjective might be misinterpreted without the hyphen. For example, "time-consuming" is hyphenated to avoid confusion between "less time" and "less consuming."

3. Established Usage: Some compound adjectives have become established as one word over time, and they are commonly recognized and understood in that form. In these cases, a hyphen is not necessary. For example, "downhearted" and "seaworthy" are written as one word without a hyphen.

B. Superlative compund adjectives

Superlative compound adjectives and adverbs are used to show the highest or lowest degree of comparison. Let's look at the examples you provided and their differences:

1. Well, Better, Best:

Well: This is an adverb used to describe how someone does something. Example: "She plays the piano well."

Better: This is the comparative form of "good." It means more skillful or of higher quality than something else. Example: "He is a better swimmer than his sister."

Best: This is the superlative form of "good." It means the highest level of skill or quality. Example: "She is the best dancer in the class."

2. Badly, Worse, Worst:

Badly: This is an adverb used to describe how someone does something poorly. Example: "He sings badly."

Worse: This is the comparative form of "bad." It means of lower quality or in a more unfavorable condition than something else. Example: "His grades are worse than last year."

Worst: This is the superlative form of "bad." It means the lowest or most unfavorable level of quality or condition. Example: "It was the worst movie I've ever seen."

3. Little, Lesser/Less, Least:

Little: This is an adjective used to describe a small amount or size. Example: "There is little milk left in the bottle."

Lesser/Less: This is the comparative form of "little." It means of a smaller amount or degree than something else. Example: "He has a lesser amount of money than his brother."

Least: This is the superlative form of "little." It means the smallest or lowest amount or degree. Example: "She has the least amount of homework in the class."

4. Much, More, Most:

Much: This is an adverb used to describe a large amount or degree. Example: "He loves her very much."

More: This is the comparative form of "much." It means a greater amount or degree than something else. Example: "She needs more time to finish the project."

Most: This is the superlative form of "much." It means the greatest amount or degree. Example: "He has the most toys in the class."

5. Far, Farther, Farthest:

Far: This is an adverb used to describe a long distance or a great extent. Example: "The park is far from our house."

Farther: This is the comparative form of "far." It means a greater distance or extent than something else. Example: "The store is farther away than I thought."

Farthest: This is the superlative form of "far." It means the greatest distance or extent. Example: "He threw the ball the farthest."

When using these words as compound adjectives or adverbs, they generally follow the same rules as regular comparatives and superlatives. However, it's important to note that irregular forms exist for some words like "good, bad, and far."

1. Good, Better, Best:

Good: This is a positive adjective used to describe something that is of satisfactory quality or is positive in nature. Example: "He is a good student."

Better: This is the comparative form of "good." It means of higher quality or more desirable than something else. Example: "Her test score is better than mine."

Best: This is the superlative form of "good." It means the highest level of quality or excellence. Example: "She is the best athlete on the team."

2. Bad, Worse, Worst:

Bad: This is a negative adjective used to describe something that is of poor quality or is negative in nature. Example: "It was a bad movie."

Worse: This is the comparative form of "bad." It means of lower quality or more unfavorable than something else. Example: "His health got worse after the accident."

Worst: This is the superlative form of "bad." It means the lowest or most unfavorable level of quality or condition. Example: "It was the worst day of my life."

3. Far, Farther, Farthest:

Far: This is an adverb used to describe a long distance or a great extent. Example: "The store is far from here."

Farther: This is the comparative form of "far." It means a greater distance or extent than something else. Example: "He ran farther than his friend."

Farthest: This is the superlative form of "far." It means the greatest distance or extent. Example: "She can throw the ball farthest among all her classmates."

"Farther" and "further" are both comparative forms of the adjective "far," but they have slightly different usage patterns.

1. "Farther":

"Farther" is used to compare physical distances or literal spatial measurements. It indicates a greater physical distance or advancement in space.

Example: "The store is farther away than I thought."

Example: "She threw the ball farther than her brother."

2. "Further":

"Further" is used to convey a sense of degree, extent, or advancement in a non-physical or metaphorical sense. It relates to concepts that are not purely based on measurable distance.

Example: "We need to investigate further to find the truth."

Example: "She wants to pursue her studies further."

In general, "farther" is more commonly used when referring to physical distances, while "further" is used in abstract or metaphorical contexts. However, it's worth noting that these words are often used interchangeably in casual conversation, and the distinction between them is not always strictly observed.

When using these irregular comparative and superlative forms, you follow the same pattern as regular comparatives and superlatives, but you need to remember the specific forms for each word.

Regarding the article "the," it is typically used with superlative adjectives and adverbs to refer to a specific noun.

Example: "He is the best player on the team." However, when a noun is preceded by a possessive, the article "the" is not used. Example: "Her performance was best of all."

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Exercise 1: Choose the Correct Word
Choose the correct word from the options ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," "whatever," "whenever") to complete the sentences:

1. ____ you choose to invite to the party should be someone you trust.

2. ____ has the highest score on the test will be awarded a prize.

3. I'll go with ____ option you think is the most suitable for our project.

4. We can meet ____ it's convenient for you.

5. ____ finishes their work first can leave early.

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," "whatever," "whenever"):

1. ____ you decide to bring as your plus-one to the event, please let me know.

2. Choose ____ dress you like best for the occasion.

3. We can eat at ____ restaurant you prefer.

4. ____ is responsible for the mistake should own up to it.

5. Feel free to call me ____ you need assistance.

Exercise 3: Sentence Transformation
Rewrite the sentences using the given word in place of the underlined phrase:

1. "It doesn't matter which book you choose." → "____ book you choose doesn't matter."

2. "Invite anyone you want to the gathering." → "Invite ____ you want to the gathering."

3. "You can eat at any restaurant you like." → "You can eat at ____ you like."

4. "No matter what you decide, I'll support you." → "____ you decide, I'll support you."

5. "You can call me at any time you need help." → "You can call me ____ you need help."

Exercise 4: Complete the Dialogues
Complete the dialogues using the appropriate word ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," "whatever," "whenever"):

1. A: "____ wants to join the hiking trip needs to sign up by tomorrow."
B: "Okay, I'll let my friends know."

2. A: "Can you choose ____ dish you think is the tastiest?"
B: "Sure, I'll go with the seafood pasta."

3. A: "____ finishes the report first can email it to the client."
B: "I'll make sure to prioritize it."

4. A: "I can meet you ____ you're available to discuss the project."
B: "Great! How about tomorrow afternoon?"

5. A: "Feel free to use ____ tools you need for the DIY project."
B: "Thanks, I'll gather everything I require."

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Exercise 1: Complete the Cleft Sentences
Rewrite the sentences using cleft sentence structures with "what."

1. The movie surprised everyone.

2. She did exceptionally well in the competition.

3. The team achieved their goals.

4. The speaker discussed a wide range of topics.

Exercise 3: Create Cleft Sentences
Create cleft sentences using "what" for the following information:

1. The most important factor is his dedication.

2. The reason behind her success was her determination.

3. The highlight of the event was the guest speaker's inspiring speech.

4. The best part of the trip was the breathtaking view from the mountaintop.

Exercise 4: Combine Sentences
Combine the two sentences using cleft sentence structures with "what."

1. She sang beautifully. Her performance impressed the audience.

2. The technology is user-friendly. This feature sets it apart.

3. He writes engaging articles. This is his talent.

4. The team accomplished its mission. Their dedication led to success.

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roles and positions in the context of rock music:

1. Vocalist

2. Lead singer

3. Guitarist

4. Bassist

5. Drummer

6. Keyboardist

7. Songwriter

8. Composer

9. Producer

10. Arranger

11. Session musician

12. Band member

13. Backing vocals

14. Lead guitarist

15. Frontwoman (for female lead vocalists)

16. Band manager

17. Booking agent

18. Roadie

19. Sound engineer

20. Stage manager

adjectives that can be associated with legendary rock bands like The Beatles and The Rolling Stones:

1. Iconic

2. Influential

3. Timeless

4. Legendary

5. Pioneering

6. Revolutionary

7. Groundbreaking

8. Classic

9. Enduring

10. Seminal

11. Innovative

12. Seminal

13. Evergreen

14. Resilient

15. Energetic

16. Dynamic

17. Magnetic

18. Captivating

19. Charismatic

20. Endearing

words related to specific aspects of rock music, including those related to drumming and other rock-specific terms:

Rock Music Elements:

1. Drum solo

2. Drum fill

3. Drum kit

4. Drummer

5. Beat

6. Groove

7. Bassline

8. Riff

9. Power chords

10. Guitar solo

11. Distortion

12. Feedback

13. Overdrive

14. Frontman

15. Stage presence

16. Encore

17. Rock anthem

18. Headliner

19. Tour

20. Fanbase

Adjectives for soundings

1. Melodic: Pleasant and tuneful.

2. Harmonious: Sounds that blend together well.

3. Dissonant: Clashing or harsh sounds.

4. Mellow: Soft, smooth, and warm.

5. Cacophonous: A harsh, jarring mixture of sounds.

6. Soothing: Calming and comforting.

7. Euphonious: Pleasing to the ear; melodious.

8. Raucous: Loud, harsh, and rowdy.

9. Whispery: Soft and hushed, like a whisper.

10. Jarring: Sharp and unpleasant to the ear.

11. Lyrical: Expressive and poetic in sound.

12. Rhythmic: Having a strong beat or pattern.

13. Muffled: Sounds that are dampened or muted.

14. Resonant: Deep and full of rich tones.

15. Piercing: High-pitched and sharp.

16. Crisp: Clear, distinct, and sharp in sound.

17. Turbulent: Chaotic and tumultuous in sound.

18. Tranquil: Calm and peaceful in sound.

19. Echoing: Sounds that bounce off surfaces and repeat.

20. Sibilant: Sounds that have a hissing quality, like "s" or "sh" sounds.

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Aim: To practice using reporting clauses (verbs like argue, assert, claim, admit, agree, etc.) while discussing and reporting on superstitions.

Some reporting clauses:

1. Direct Speech:

She said, "I think..."

He claimed, "I believe..."

They admitted, "I made a mistake..."

2. Reported Speech:

She stated that she thought...

He asserted that he believed...

They confessed that they had made a mistake...

1. Direct Speech:

"I feel that..."

"I agree with..."

"We assume that..."

2. Reported Speech:

He expressed that he felt...

She confirmed that she agreed with...

They assumed that...

1. Direct Speech:

"We suggest..."

"Let me explain..."

"She mentioned..."

2. Reported Speech:

They recommended that...

He clarified by explaining...

She brought up the fact that...

1. Direct Speech:

"I deny..."

"I insist..."

"I recommend..."

2. Reported Speech:

She denied that...

He insisted that...

I recommended that...

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A. Indefinite and definite articles

Use the indefinite article a or an for times and measurements.

1. Indefinite Articles (a/an):

We use "a" or "an" when we are talking about something in general or when we don't specify a particular thing.

We use "a" before words that start with a consonant sound, and we use "an" before words that start with a vowel sound.

For example:

"I saw a dog in the park." (We don't know which dog, just any dog.)

"She wants to eat an apple." (Any apple, not a specific one.)

1. Definite Article (the):

We use "the" when we are talking about a specific person, thing, or place.

We use "the" when both the speaker and the listener know which thing or person is being referred to.

For example:

"I saw the dog that belongs to my neighbor." (We know which dog because it belongs to the neighbor.)

"She wants to eat the apple on the table." (We know which apple because it's on the table.)

1. General Statements without Nouns:

Sometimes, we use "the" before certain nouns to make general statements. This is called the generic use of "the."

We use "the" to talk about a whole category or concept, rather than a specific instance.

For example:

"Ethics is an important subject." (Talking about the concept of ethics in general.)

"The image can be powerful." (Talking about the general idea or concept of images.)

1. When to Use "The" with Specific Places and Things:

We use "the" before specific rivers, oceans, mountains, seas, gulfs, peninsulas, deserts, and forests because they are unique and specific.

For example:

"The Amazon River is the longest river in the world."

"We went swimming in the Pacific Ocean."

"Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world."

"The Sahara Desert is very hot and dry."

1. When Not to Use "The" with Countries, Streets, Lakes, Bays, Islands, Continents, and Mountain Peaks:

We don't use "the" before the names of countries, streets, lakes, bays, islands, continents, and mountain peaks because they are considered proper nouns and don't require an article.

For example:

"I live in Canada." (Not "the Canada.")

"She lives on Maple Street." (Not "the Maple Street.")

"Lake Tahoe is a beautiful lake." (Not "the Lake Tahoe.")

"We visited Bali, an island in Indonesia." (Not "the Bali.")

"Asia is the largest continent." (Not "the Asia.")

"Mount Kilimanjaro is a famous mountain." (Not "the Mount Kilimanjaro.")

Now:

1. For referring to the same item, use "the":

Take a copy of the test, then send the copy to your classmates.

2. For plural nouns when making general statements:

Cars polluted the environment.

The cars that pollute the environment.

3. Many time expressions in English do not typically use the definite article "the.", for example:

Now: "I'm busy now."

Today: "I have a lot of work to do today."

Yesterday: "I visited the museum yesterday."

Tomorrow: "We have a meeting scheduled for tomorrow."

Soon: "I'll call you soon."

Later: "Let's discuss this later."

Tonight: "We're going out for dinner tonight."

Currently: "She is currently studying abroad."

Always: "I always exercise in the morning."

Frequently: "He frequently travels for work."

Next month

Last night

However, context can sometimes determine whether "the" is used. For example, "the present moment" or "the day after tomorrow" do use "the" to indicate specificity.

B. Ing clauses: are groups of words that include a verb ending in "-ing." They can act as a noun in a sentence and provide additional information about an action or state.

After getting into the city, I called my mom while the car arrives.

1. Starting a Sentence with an "-ing" Clause:

When you start a sentence with an "-ing" clause, the subject of the main clause (the part after the "-ing" clause) is usually the same as the subject of the "-ing" clause.

For example:

"Playing outside, I had a lot of fun." (The subject of both clauses is "I." The "-ing" clause is describing the action of playing outside.)

"Singing in the shower, she felt happy." (The subject of both clauses is "she." The "-ing" clause is describing the action of singing in the shower.)

-> agent must be the subject!

1. Possessive Instances:

When you want to show possession or ownership in an "-ing" clause, you can use a possessive pronoun (such as my, your, his, her, our, their) before the "-ing" verb.

For example:

"I enjoyed watching my favorite movie." (The possessive pronoun "my" shows that the movie belongs to me.)

"He celebrated his team winning the championship." (The possessive pronoun "his" shows that the team belongs to him.)

"He is over there writing down some of his ideas"

ING + Past Participle

1. Having + past participle: This structure indicates the action that occurred first. It is followed by a comma or conjunction (usually "when," "after," "before") and then the action that occurred second.

Example: "Having finished my work, I went home."

You can also use other time-related words like "once," "as soon as," "since," or "until" in place of the conjunction to provide additional context about the relationship between the two actions:

"Once having completed the training, he was ready for the job."

1. Reasons with ING

"She couldn't attend the meeting, being stuck in traffic."

"He failed the exam, not studying enough."

2. Explanations with ING:

"The flight was delayed, resulting from unexpected complications."

"The food was delicious, having been prepared by a renowned chef."

This clause provides an explanation for the deliciousness of the food.

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A.  Phrasal verbs can be a little tricky (recap of a2 unit 6)

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/phrasal-verbs

Phrasal verbs are special kinds of verbs that are made up of two or sometimes three words. They have a main verb and an extra word called a particle. The particle can be a preposition or an adverb. When you put them together, they create a new meaning that might be different from the main verb on its own.

Separable Phrasal Verbs:

Verb and particle can be separated.

Object can be placed between the verb and the particle.

Example: "take off" (He took his jacket off.)

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs:

Verb and particle cannot be separated.

Object must come after both the verb and the particle.

Example: "run into" (I ran into an old friend.)

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs:

Verb and particle convey meaning without requiring a direct object.

Example: "break down" (The car broke down on the highway.)

Three-Word Verbs (Phrasal Verbs with Three Words):

Consist of a verb, a particle, and a prepositional phrase or object.

Example: "run out of" (We ran out of milk.)

Separable phrasal verbs. These are phrasal verbs where you can separate the main verb and the particle. Let's look at some examples:

1. Call out: This means to shout or say something loudly. For example, "I called out my friend's name across the playground."

2. Count out: This means to exclude or leave something or someone out when counting. For example, "I counted out the number of candies and realized one was missing."

3. Cut off: This means to separate or disconnect something. For example, "The storm cut off the power in our house."

4. Get across: This means to make someone understand something. For example, "I tried to get my idea across, but it was hard to explain."

5. Hand over: This means to give something to someone. For example, "I handed over the toy to my little sister."

6. Pass up: This means to miss an opportunity. For example, "I passed up the chance to go to the amusement park because I was sick."

7. Take back: This means to withdraw or retract something you said. For example, "I said something mean, but then I took it back and apologized."

Inseparable phrasal verbs. These are phrasal verbs where the main verb and the particle cannot be separated. Here are some examples:

1. Go over: This means to review or examine something. For example, "I need to go over my homework before turning it in."

2. Hang around: This means to stay or wait in a place. For example, "I like to hang around the park with my friends."

3. Live up to: This means to meet someone's expectations. For example, "I hope I can live up to my parents' expectations and make them proud."

4. Look after: This means to take care of someone or something. For example, "I look after my pet dog by feeding and walking him."

5. Pick on: This means to bully or tease someone. For example, "I don't like it when kids pick on others at school."

6. Run out of: This means to use up or have no more of something. For example, "I ran out of cookies, so I couldn't have any more."

7. Touch on: This means to briefly mention or discuss something. For example, "The teacher touched on the topic of dinosaurs during the science class."

Intransitive phrasal verbs. These are phrasal verbs that don't have an object after them. Here are some examples:

1. Catch on: This means to understand or grasp something. For example, "It took me a while, but I finally caught on to how the game is played."

2. Come along: This means to accompany or go with someone. For example, "Would you like to come along to the park with me and my friends?"

3. Come over: This means to visit someone's place. For example, "My friend asked if she could come over to my house after school."

4. Fall apart: This means to break into pieces or stop working properly. For example, "My toy car fell apart when I dropped it."

5. Show up: This means to arrive or appear. For example, "I was worried my friend wouldn't show up to the party, but she did."

6. Turn out: This means to happen or end up in a certain way. For example, "The science experiment turned out to be a success."

Lastly, phrasal verbs followed by a preposition. These are phrasal verbs that are followed by another word. Here are some examples:

1. Get along (with): This means to have a good relationship with someone. For example, "I get along well with my classmates."

2. Get away (with): This means to escape without being caught or punished. For example, "The thief got away with stealing the jewelry."

3. Give in or give up (to): This means to surrender or stop trying. For example, "I didn't want to do my chores, but I had to give in to my parents' request."

4. Take back (on): This means to return something to its original place. For example, "I took back the book on the shelf after reading it."

5. Back down (from): This means to withdraw or retreat from a position or argument. For example, "My friend didn't want to back down from the disagreement."

6. Catch up (to): This means to reach the same level or position as someone else. For example, "I need to run faster to catch up to my friend in the race."

7. Cut down (on): This means to reduce the amount of something. For example, "I need to cut down on eating sweets to be healthier."

8. Drop out (of): This means to leave or quit something, like school or a club. For example, "My cousin decided to drop out of the dance class because she wasn't enjoying it."

9. Check out (of): This means to pay and leave a hotel or a store. For example, "We checked out of the hotel after our vacation."

10. Cut back (in): This means to reduce or decrease something. For example, "I need to cut back on watching TV and spend more time studying."

Some particles (prepositions or adverbs) tend to be more commonly used in separable phrasal verbs, while others are often used in inseparable ones. For example, particles like "up," "down," "off," "out," and "away" are often used in separable phrasal verbs. On the other hand, particles like "in," "on," "after," and "for" are commonly used in inseparable phrasal verbs.

Phrasal verbs can also be used in the passive voice. Here are some examples:

1. The toy was handed over by John.

2. The idea was not getting across to the audience.

3. The power was cut off during the storm.

4. The opportunity was passed up by Sarah.

5. The mistake was taken back and apologized for.

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200 common phrasal verbs, with
- meaning
- example sentence

get round to something
finally find time to do (AmE: get around to something)
I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards.

log in (or on)
sign in (to a website, database etc)
I can't log in to Facebook because I've forgotten my password.

log out (or off)
sign out (of a website, database etc)
If you don't log off somebody could get into your account.

look out
be careful, vigilant, and take notice
Look out! That car's going to hit you!

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Phrasal Verbs List | Vocabulary | EnglishClub

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ASK somebody OUT: invite on a date (Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.) ASK AROUND: ask many people the same question (I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.)

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1. Cliched:

Definition: Overused to the point of losing originality or impact; lacking freshness.

Example: The movie's plot was cliched, with the hero saving the day and a predictable ending.

2. Engrossing:

Definition: Captivating or absorbing one's complete attention.

Example: The film's suspenseful storyline was so engrossing that I couldn't look away for a second.

3. Formulaic:

Definition: Following a predictable and established pattern or formula.

Example: Many action movies these days feel formulaic, with similar plots and characters.

4. Inspiring:

Definition: Evoking a sense of motivation, encouragement, or enthusiasm.

Example: The documentary about the athlete's journey was truly inspiring, and it motivated me to pursue my goals.

5. Mediocre:

Definition: Average or of moderate quality, lacking exceptional qualities.

Example: The film received mixed reviews because some critics found it mediocre, while others praised it.

6. Moving:

Definition: Evoking strong emotions, particularly sadness or sympathy.

Example: The film's touching portrayal of the character's struggles left many viewers deeply moved.

7. Predictable:

Definition: Easily foreseen or expected; lacking surprise.

Example: The romantic comedy was enjoyable but highly predictable, following the typical boy-meets-girl storyline.

8. Riveting:

Definition: Holding one's attention in a powerful or compelling way.

Example: The courtroom drama was so riveting that I stayed up late to finish watching it.

9. Touching:

Definition: Eliciting feelings of tenderness, sympathy, or emotional connection.

Example: The film's portrayal of the bond between the characters was incredibly touching and heartwarming.

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A. Reporting clauses

Reporting clauses are used when we want to report or share what someone else has said. They help us convey information or quotes from another person.

Using Nouns in Reporting Clauses:

Instead of using verbs, we can also use certain nouns in reporting clauses to report what someone has said. Obviusly we may need to put a verb before its placement.

Many:

1. Numerous

2. Several economists agree that the economy is showing signs of improvement.

3. A multitude of parents said they believe in the importance of early childhood education.

4. A great number of

5. Abundant evidence supports the claim that regular exercise is beneficial for health.

6. Plenty of

Some:

1. A few

2. Several experts agree that the research findings provide valuable insights.

3. A handful of community leaders claim that the local park needs renovation.

4. A couple

5. A small number of

6. A portion of the employees agree that the company's policies need revision.

7. A minority of students agree that the school should implement stricter dress code policies.

8. A bit of

And some for admit, agree, announce, complain, confess + THAT for clarity

1. Argue:

Reporting clause: John argued that...

Example: John argued that the new policy would have a negative impact on the economy.

2. Assert:

Reporting clause: She asserted that...

Example: Sarah asserted that the project would be completed on schedule.

3. Claim:

Reporting clause: Mark claimed that...

Example: Mark claimed that he had witnessed the incident firsthand.

4. Report:

Reporting clause: The report states that...

Example: The report states that some experts predict a rise in inflation rates.

5. Admit:

Reporting clause: Tom admitted that...

Example: Tom admitted that he had made a mistake in his calculations.

6. Agree:

Reporting clause: Susan and Mike agreed that...

Example: Susan and Mike agreed that the new regulations were necessary for public safety.

7. Assume:

Reporting clause: Emily assumed that...

Example: Emily assumed that the meeting would be rescheduled due to the power outage.

8. Believe:

Reporting clause: I believe that...

Example: Emily believes that investing in renewable energy is essential for a sustainable future.

9. Doubt:

Reporting clause: Andrew doubted that...

Example: Andrew doubted that the project would be completed on time.

10. Explain:

Reporting clause: Lisa explained that...

Example: Lisa explained that the delay was due to unforeseen circumstances.

11. Feel:

Reporting clause: Some people feel that...

Example: Some people feel that the government should prioritize education funding.

12. Say:

Reporting clause: Jane said that...

Example: Jane said that she would be unable to attend the meeting.

B. Reporting clauses in the passive

Reporting clauses in the passive voice are used when we want to report or share information about something that happened or was said, but we focus on the action rather than the person who did it.

1. Tense Forms for Reporting Clauses in the Passive Voice:

Just like in active voice reporting clauses, we can use different tenses in the passive voice reporting clauses to match the original statement.

Simple Present:
Direct speech: "The cake is for by Mom."
Reporting clause: It is said that the cake is for by Mom.

Simple Past:
Direct speech: "The book was written by the author."
Reporting clause: It was reported that the book was written by the author.

Present Perfect:
Direct speech: "The room has been cleaned by the maid."
Reporting clause: It has been mentioned that the room has been cleaned by the maid.

Past Perfect:
Direct speech: "The prize had been won by the team."
Reporting clause: It had been acknowledged that the prize had been won by the team.

Modals and Past Modals:
Direct speech: "The letter must be signed by tomorrow."
Reporting clause: It was suggested that the letter must be signed by tomorrow.

1. Verbs in Reporting Clauses in the Passive Voice:

We can use various verbs in reporting clauses in the passive voice to convey different actions or situations. Here are some examples:

announce: It was announced that the concert would be held next week.

confirm: It was confirmed that the meeting has been rescheduled.

deny: It was denied that the suspect committed the crime.

estimate: It was estimated that the project will take six months to complete.

maintain: It was maintained that the theory is still valid.

observe: It was observed that the birds are migrating south for the winter.

reveal: It was revealed that the secret treasure is hidden in the cave.

rumor: It was rumored that a new student will join our class.

suggest: It was suggested that we should have a picnic in the park.

understand: It was understood that the homework must be submitted by Friday.

Remember, reporting clauses in the passive voice help us share information or statements while focusing on the action rather than the person who performed it. By using different tenses and appropriate verbs, we can accurately report what was said or happened

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1. "Her vocal range is becoming wider and wider as she practices."

2. "The tempo of the song is getting faster and faster as it builds up."

3. "The crowd is getting louder and louder with each song the band plays."

4. "The lyrics are becoming more and more poetic with each album they release."

5. "The harmonies in their music are becoming more complex and intricate."

6. "The melodies are getting catchier and catchier; I can't get them out of my head."

2. Street:

Jazz

Classical

Blues

Folk

Reggae

Hip-hop

3. Wedding:

Country

Soul

Electronic Dance Music (EDM)

Latin

Indie

Funk

4. Clothing Store:

Alternative

Ambient

Reggaeton

Chillhop

New Wave

World Music

5. Café:

Bossa Nova

Indie Folk

Lounge

Contemporary R&B

Acoustic Rock

Soft Rock

6. Supermarket:

Easy Listening

Instrumental Pop

Ambient Electronica

Light Jazz

Downtempo

Adult Contemporary

7. Gym:

Hard Rock

Rap

Techno

Heavy Metal

Trap

House

8. Sports Event:

Arena Rock

Stadium Anthems

Hip-hop/Rap Battles

EDM Remixes

Marching Band Music

Pump-Up Tracks

9. Birthday Party:

Disco

Salsa

Punk Rock

80s Pop

Bollywood

Motown

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Who - (to) Whom - Whose - Whoever - Whomever

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Who - (to) Whom - Whose - Whoever - Whomever

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1. Who: used as a subject in questions and affirmative sentences.

Question (Present Tense): Who is your favorite singer?

Affirmative (Past Tense): She is the one who won the competition.

2. Whom: used as an object in questions and affirmative sentences.

Question (Present Tense): To whom did you give the gift?

Affirmative (Past Tense): I met the woman whom you recommended.

3. Whose: used to indicate possession in questions and affirmative sentences.

Question (Present Tense): Whose car is parked in front of the house?

Affirmative (Present Tense): This is the man whose dog saved my cat.

4. Whomever: used as an object in questions and affirmative sentences.

Question (Future Tense): You can hire whomever you choose for the job.

Affirmative (Future Tense): They will invite whomever they want to the party.

5. Whoever: used as a subject in questions, affirmative, and negative sentences.

Question (Past Tense): Whoever found my wallet, please return it.

Affirmative (Present Perfect Tense): Whoever visited the museum was impressed.

Negative (Future Tense): I won't trust whoever doesn't keep their promise.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word: "who," "whom," "whose," "whomever," or "whoever."

1. To ___________ did you lend your umbrella yesterday?

2. She is the one ___________ I admire the most.

3. ___________ car is blocking the driveway?

4. You can invite ___________ you want to the party.

5. ___________ is responsible for this mess?

6. I will trust ___________ keeps their promise.

Rewrite the following sentences to correct any errors in the use of "who," "whom," "whose," "whomever," or "whoever."

1. Whomever is responsible for this mess should clean it up.

2. She is the one who I met at the conference.

3. This is the woman whoever dog saved my cat.

4. Who wants to come to the event can RSVP.

5. To whose should I address this letter?

6. I'll invite whoever you recommend to the team.

Exercise 3: Create Your Own Sentences of your own, using each of these words correctly: "who," "whom," "whose," "whomever," and "whoever."

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Additional discourse markers, persuasive writing, english advanced slangs, text speak

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Additional discourse markers, persuasive writing, english advanced slangs, text speak

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Discourse Markers for Persuasive Writing:

1. In Conclusion: Used to signal the closing remarks of your persuasive essay.

Example: In conclusion, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the need for stricter environmental regulations.

2. Next: Indicates a transition to the next point or idea in your argument.

Example: Next, let's consider the economic benefits of this proposal.

3. Similarly: Shows that the following point aligns with the previous one.

Example: Similarly, other countries have successfully implemented similar policies.

4. To Begin: Helps you introduce a new section or argument.

Example: To begin, let's explore the environmental impact of this issue.

5. Nevertheless: Acknowledges a counterargument but reinforces your position.

Example: Some may argue otherwise; nevertheless, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.

6. In Addition: Signals the inclusion of extra supporting information.

Example: In addition, statistics show a significant reduction in pollution rates.

7. To Sum Up: Used to summarize the main points made in your essay.

Example: To sum up, the evidence clearly demonstrates the urgency of this matter.

8. First of All: Offers an introductory point in a list of arguments.

Example: First of all, we should address the immediate health concerns.

9. Likewise: Emphasizes that a point made is similar to a previous one.

Example: Our neighboring countries have taken action; likewise, we should do the same.

10. Yet: Introduces a contrasting point or idea.

Example: The benefits are evident, yet some are hesitant to embrace change.

11. Cardinal Numbers: Used for emphasis and clarity when listing points.

Example: Three main reasons support this argument: economic benefits, environmental impact, and public health.

12. Furthermore: Introduces additional supporting evidence or ideas.

Example: Furthermore, studies have shown that this policy is sustainable in the long run.

Slangs

1. B4: Short for "before."

Example: I'll see you b4 the movie starts.

2. RUOK: Abbreviation for "Are you okay?"

Example: Hey, RUOK? You seem upset.

3. CUL8R: Short for "see you later."

Example: CUL8R at the party tonight!

4. XLNT: An abbreviation for "excellent."

Example: Your presentation was XLNT!

5. GR8: Short for "great."

Example: That's a GR8 idea!

6. 2NITE: An abbreviation for "tonight."

Example: Let's meet up 2NITE for dinner.

7. BRB: Stands for "be right back," used when someone is temporarily leaving the conversation or activity.

Example: BRB, I need to grab some water.

8. IDK: Short for "I don't know," indicating uncertainty.

Example: IDK what time the concert starts.

9. LOL: Abbreviation for "laugh out loud," used to indicate something is funny.

Example: That joke made me LOL.

10. OMG: Stands for "Oh my God," expressing surprise or excitement.

Example: OMG, I can't believe you won!

11. TMI: An acronym for "Too Much Information," used when someone shares excessive or inappropriate details.

Example: TMI, I don't need to hear about your medical history.

12. IMO/IMHO: Abbreviations for "In my opinion" and "In my humble opinion," respectively, used to express personal viewpoints.

Example: IMO, the new policy is a positive change.

13. ICYMI: Stands for "In case you missed it," used to share something again for those who may not have seen it.

Example: ICYMI, here's the link to the article.

14. FOMO: As mentioned earlier, "Fear Of Missing Out," referring to the anxiety that something exciting is happening elsewhere.

Example: I hate having FOMO; I want to join the trip.

15. YOLO: Also mentioned earlier, "You Only Live Once," used to justify taking risks or seizing opportunities.

Example: Let's travel around the world, YOLO!

Introduction:

To begin, I'd like to express my profound love for animals and my dream of experiencing the rich wildlife of North Dakota.

Likewise, I believe that travel not only broadens one's horizons but also deepens their connection with the natural world.

Body Paragraph 1 (Wildlife Exploration):

Firstly, let's dive into the world of wildlife and how it beckons from the heart of North Dakota.

Furthermore, the state's diverse ecosystems offer a unique opportunity to witness a wide array of animal species.

Body Paragraph 2 (Conservation and Education):

In addition, traveling to North Dakota can be an essential step in supporting wildlife conservation efforts.

Similarly, engaging with local experts can provide valuable insights into the region's fauna and the importance of protecting it.

Body Paragraph 3 (Breathtaking Landscapes):

Moreover, it's worth noting that North Dakota's stunning landscapes can provide the perfect backdrop for observing and photographing wildlife.

To sum up, the state's natural beauty can make for unforgettable encounters with animals in their native habitats.

Body Paragraph 4 (Personal Growth):

Nevertheless, connecting with animals and nature is not just about observation; it's also about personal growth and a sense of belonging to the natural world.

Additionally, a journey to North Dakota can be a transformative experience that deepens one's appreciation for the animal kingdom and one's role in its preservation.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, my desire to travel to North Dakota is driven by my love for animals and the belief that it offers an exceptional opportunity to connect with wildlife.

To sum up, exploring the wilds of North Dakota is an adventure I eagerly anticipate, one that promises to enrich my connection with the animal kingdom.

Email activity

Subject: Planning for the Trip! 🌎✈️

Hey there!

OMG, I can't even begin to tell you how excited I am about our next adventure! It's gonna be lit, for sure! 🤩Just remember, YOLO!

So, I was thinking about our travel plans, 2NITE, and ICYMI, by doing some research, the wildlife there is XLNT! 🦌🏞️TMI, I know, you hate spoilers, but I couldn't help it. LOL!

Let's hop on a call to discuss the details. RUOK with that?.

Anyways, CUL8R and let's catch up soon.

Take care,
[Your Name]

P.S. If you have any GR8 ideas for our itinerary, don't hesitate to share. 😄🗺️

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A Short History of Rhetoric | The Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking

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Definition: "Bargains" refer to items or services that are available at a reduced or discounted price, typically lower than what you might expect to pay. They are often considered advantageous or favorable deals for buyers.

Video activity!!!! https://youtu.be/2cGeDwkfAU8?feature=shared UK

Black Friday Material:

Examples:

1. Shopping for Bargains: During the holiday season, many people go shopping to find bargains on gifts. This means they are looking for items that are on sale or available at lower prices than usual.

2. Online Bargain Hunting: Some people enjoy searching for bargains online, comparing prices on different websites to find the best deal before making a purchase.

3. Clearance Sales: Retail stores often have clearance sales where they offer deep discounts on items that need to be sold quickly to make room for new stock. These items are usually considered bargains.

4. Thrifting: Thrift stores and second-hand shops are known for offering bargains on used clothing, furniture, and other items.

5. Negotiating for Bargains: In some cultures, it's common to negotiate or haggle for bargains, especially when buying items like jewelry, antiques, or in certain markets.

6. Seasonal Bargains: Some products, like winter coats in the summer or swimsuits in the winter, may be sold at significant discounts during off-season periods, making them bargains for savvy shoppers.

Black Friday:

The earliest known use of "Black Friday" to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurred in the journal, Factory Management and Maintenance, for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to have a four-day week-end. However, this use does not appear to have caught on. Around the same time, the terms "Black Friday" and "Black Saturday" came to be used by the police in Philadelphia and Rochester to describe the crowds and traffic congestion accompanying the start of the Christmas shopping season. In 1961, the city and merchants of Philadelphia attempted to improve conditions, and a public relations expert recommended rebranding the days "Big Friday" and "Big Saturday,” but these terms were quickly forgotten.

The use of the phrase spread slowly, first appearing in The New York Times on November 29, 1975, in which it still refers specifically to "the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year" in Philadelphia. Although it soon became more widespread, The Philadelphia Inquirer reported in 1985 that retailers in Cincinnati and Los Angeles were still unaware of the term.

Video Activity USA
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Expressing Agreement:

1. Of course: This phrase shows a strong agreement with the other person's statement.

Example: "Of course, I agree that sustainability is crucial."

2. I think: Use this to express your opinion politely and indicate agreement.

Example: "I think your idea to expand the project is a good one."

3. Sure: It's a casual way to agree with someone.

Example: "Sure, I'd love to join you for lunch."

4. It was interesting: Use this to agree and express that you found something intriguing.

Example: "It was interesting how the author explored that theme in the book."

5. I would argue that: This phrase is more assertive and is used when you want to express agreement but with some additional points.

Example: "I would argue that the new policy is beneficial, but we should also consider its long-term effects."

Expressing Uncertainty:

1. Maybe: Use this when you agree tentatively or are unsure.

Example: "Maybe we should consider other options before making a decision."

2. I don't know, but: This phrase acknowledges the other person's opinion while introducing a different perspective.

Example: "I don't know, but I've heard that there are alternative solutions to the problem."

3. I have never thought about that, but: Expresses that you haven't considered the topic deeply but are willing to discuss it.

Example: "I have never thought about that, but it's an interesting question."

4. It was compelling: Use this phrase when you found something persuasive or convincing.

Example: "It was compelling how the speaker presented the argument for climate change action."

Expressing Your Point of View:

1. As far as I'm concerned: This phrase introduces your personal opinion.

Example: "As far as I'm concerned, this new policy will have a positive impact on our team."

2. From my point of view: This phrase explicitly states that you're sharing your perspective.

Example: "From my point of view, the best approach is to focus on long-term sustainability."

3. To be honest: This phrase conveys honesty in your opinion.

Example: "To be honest, I have reservations about the proposed changes."

4. From what I gather: Use this to express your opinion based on the information you've gathered.

Example: "From what I gather, the project is progressing well."

Agreeing Strongly:

1. I am confident that: Use this when you have a high level of certainty about your agreement.

Example: "I am confident that the new policy will lead to positive changes."

2. Absolutely: Indicates complete agreement.

Example: "Absolutely, I believe that education is the key to personal growth."

3. Totally: Expresses complete agreement or alignment with the statement.

Example: "I totally agree with the idea of promoting sustainable practices."

4. Strongly: Demonstrates a high degree of agreement.

Example: "I strongly support the proposal to improve public transportation."

Agreeing with Reservations:
5. Partially: Suggests agreement to some extent but not entirely.

Example: "I partially agree with the proposal, but there are a few concerns."

1. To some extent: Indicates agreement, but there are limitations or conditions.

Example: "I agree with the plan to expand, to some extent, as long as it's well-executed."

2. In some cases: Shows agreement under certain circumstances.

Example: "In some cases, I think stricter regulations are necessary."

Disagreeing Strongly:
8. Absolutely not: Expresses complete disagreement.

Example: "Absolutely not, I don't think that approach will work."

1. Completely disagree: Demonstrates total disagreement.

Example: "I completely disagree with the idea of cutting funding for education."

2. Strongly oppose: Indicates a high degree of disagreement.

Example: "I strongly oppose the decision to increase taxes."

Expressing Neutral or Balanced Views:
11. It depends: Suggests that your agreement or disagreement varies depending on specific factors.
- Example: "It depends on the context whether I agree or not."

1. I see both sides of the argument: Acknowledges that there are valid points on both sides.

Example: "I see both sides of the argument, but I lean toward supporting the change."

2. I'm on the fence: Indicates indecision or neutrality on the issue.

Example: "I'm on the fence about whether this policy will be effective or not."

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B. Gerund and infinitive constructions

Gerunds are verbs that end in "-ing" and are used as nouns. They are like action words that can be used as a thing or an idea. For example, in the sentence "Swimming is fun," the word "swimming" is a gerund because it acts like a noun, referring to the activity of swimming.

Gerund as a Subject and gerund as an Object.

Infinitives, on the other hand, are the base form of a verb, usually with the word "to" in front of it. Infinitives can also be used as nouns, but they can also be used as part of a verb phrase. For example, in the sentence "I want to play soccer," the words "to play" form the infinitive and are part of the verb phrase "want to play."

Differences between using gerunds and infinitives with certain verbs like "forget," "mean," and "regret."

1. Forget: keep in mind the tense/context you would be talking about.

When you use "forget" followed by an infinitive, it means that you forgot to do something, using a past tense, or a command, in a present tense:

I forgot to call you, I'm sorry!

Do not forget to call me!

I forgot to feed my dog, damn... I need to go home.

But when you use "forget" followed by a gerund, it means that you forget doing it because you already did in the past and maybe you can't remember, using a present tense, or future tense, for a wish:

I will never forget falling down that time

I forgot meeting my cousin. I saw him but, not sure.

I forgot calling you, did I call you?

I forgot feeding my dog, can you please look at his bowl?

Tip: forget + gerund is a reduction of the perfect participle as it follows:

I forgot having called you

I forgot having feeded my dog

I will never forget having felt down.

1. Mean: keep in mind the tense/context you would be talking about.

When you use "mean" followed by an infinitive, it means that you intend or plan to do something. For example:

"I mean to finish my book today."

"I meant to visit the museum, but it would have taken me an hour!"

But when you use "mean" followed by a gerund, it means that something implies or signifies something else. For example:

"I mean finishing my book, its pretty important for me"

"I meant visiting the museum, it was worth the hour-long time"

1. Regret: keep in mind the tense/context you would be talking about.

When you use "regret" followed by an infinitive, it means that you feel sorry about doing or not doing something. You feel sorry about the situation, but it's not on you. You do not apologize this way. For example:

"I regret not to study for the test, but the party was amazing!"

"We regret to inform you that your duties..."

But when you use "regret" followed by a gerund, it means that you feel sorry about an action or event. For example:

"I regret not studying for the test, I should have come home"

"We regret informing you that the branch is closing"

"She regrets yelling at her friend."

Using "be" with adjectives to express feelings or states, followed by an infinitive.

1. Be amazed: This means to feel extremely surprised or astonished. For example, "I was amazed to see how much progress she had made in just a few weeks of practice."

2. Be ashamed: This means to feel embarrassed or guilty about something. For example, "She was ashamed to admit that she hadn't finished her assignment on time."

3. Be happy: This means to feel joy or contentment. For example, "He is happy to do as it was requested."

4. Be hesitant: This means to feel uncertain or reluctant about something. For example, "I was hesitant to try the new food."

5. Be determined: This means to feel strong-willed or committed to achieving a goal. For example, "She was determined to win the race."

6. Be eager: This means to feel excited or enthusiastic about something. For example, "The children were eager to open their presents."

7. Be lucky: This means to feel fortunate or having good luck. For example, "He was lucky to find money on the street."

8. Be ready: This means to feel prepared or willing to do something. For example, "We were ready to go on our trip."

"Be" with adjectives followed by a preposition or a verb - preposition expressions, for gerund constructions.

1. Be bored with: This means to feel uninterested or tired of something. For example, "She is bored with watching the same TV show every night." or, "I was bored with studying for hours without a break."

2. Apologize for: This means to say sorry for something. For example, "She apologized for being late."

3. Complain about: This means to express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something. For example, "He always complains about his coworkers talking loudly in the office."

4. Be used to: This means to be accustomed or familiar with something. For example, "I am used to waking up early."

5. Be convinced of: This means to have a strong belief or confidence in something. For example, "She is convinced of his cheating after finding his messages to another person."

6. Be good at: This means to be skilled or talented in something. For example, "She is good at playing the piano."

7. Think of: This means to consider or have an idea. For example, "I am thinking of going to the beach."

8. Object to: This means to disagree or express disapproval of something. For example, "He objects to eating vegetables."

9. Be worried about: This means to feel anxious or concerned about something. For example, "I am worried about going to my test tomorrow."

10. Take part in: This means to participate or join an activity. For example, "Many students take part in volunteering at the local animal shelter." or, "We encourage everyone to take part in reducing their carbon footprint by recycling."

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1. Nate deserved the prize for that amazing short story about through Peru. I don't understand the award.

2. I can't believe you wanted , and you forgot a fishing pole. How did you expect any fish? Were you just going to sit in the river fish with your bare hands? You would have had a hard time that!

3. Vince is determined enough money to South Africa next year. If he avoids his money and manages what he needs the trip, he plans on in June.

4. When Sam mentioned , Nina warned into the river. She explained that the national park did not allow for several reasons. The number one reason for visitors was the large number of crocodiles in the park.

5. The Oscar-winning actor avoids to his fans and refuses his autograph. Moreover, he has difficulty interviews and appears problems with other people. Doesn't he seem way too shy an actor?

6. Simone and Michael discussed to Tahiti on their honeymoon, but they had very different opinions about such an expensive destination. Michael said that after such a costly wedding, he couldn't see so much money on a vacation. Simone defended to Tahiti by that a honeymoon is a once in a lifetime experience.

7. a search engine things up on the Internet is a skill that all students need . That is why the government is urging basic computer skills in elementary school. Schools also encourage these skills at home by the Internet together with their children.

8. Samantha kept problems with her computer at work. Her co-worker Denise suggested down the computer and it if that would solve the problem.

9. Jack's interest in foreign languages is a major factor in his decision to China. One of his life-long goals is Chinese fluently. Chinese will be quite a challenge, but in China should enable his goal of the language more quickly.

10. Simon's attempts accommodation in Paris were not very successful. He tried every hotel in his guidebook, but he was shocked they were all full. He called all the youth hostels out if they had any beds, but they were full, too. Another traveler advised him to the tourist information office for help, but the office was closed. Although Simon hated the idea of Paris without anything, the thought of in the train station or the streets all night convinced the train to another city for accommodation there.

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1. Nate deserved the prize for that amazing short story about through Peru. I don't understand the award. 2. I can't believe you wanted , and you forgot a fishing pole. How did you expect any fish? Were you just going to sit in the river fish with your bare hands?

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A. What are Sentence Adverbs?

Sentence adverbs are words or phrases that we use to express the speaker's attitude or opinion about the whole sentence. They help us convey how the speaker feels or thinks about what is being said.

1. Speaker's Attitude with Sentence Adverbs:

Sentence adverbs can show the speaker's attitude or opinion. For example:

Predictably: It means that something happened as expected. For instance, "Predictably, it started raining during our picnic."

Fortunately: It means something good or positive happened. For example, "Fortunately, we arrived at the movie theater just in time to catch the show."

Unfortunately: It means something bad or negative happened. For example, "Unfortunately, I forgot to bring my lunch to school today."

Surprisingly: It means something unexpected or surprising occurred. For example, "Surprisingly, she won the singing competition even though she was nervous."

Sadly: It means something sad or regrettable happened. For example, "Sadly, we couldn't attend the party because we were sick."

Thankfully: It means the speaker is expressing gratitude or relief. For example, "Thankfully, the kind stranger helped me find my lost dog."

Honestly: It means the speaker is expressing sincerity or truthfulness. For example, "Honestly, I think the movie was not as good as I expected."

Clearly: It means something is evident or easy to understand. For example, "Clearly, the answer to the math problem is 20."

Certainly: It means the speaker is expressing certainty or assurance. For example, "Certainly, I will help you with your homework."

Obviously: It means something is apparent or easily seen. For example, "Obviously, she is the best dancer in the group."

Interestingly: It means something is of interest or intriguing. For example, "Interestingly, the book we're reading has a surprising plot twist."

1. Accordingly:

Usage: "Accordingly" is used to show a logical connection or consequence. It indicates that something is happening in a way that is appropriate or suitable based on the preceding information.

Example: "The villain's sinister plan was revealed to the hero, and accordingly, the hero took immediate action to stop it."

2. Consequently:

Usage: "Consequently" is used to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. It shows that one event or action is the result of another.

Example: "The detective uncovered crucial evidence, and consequently, the suspect was arrested."

3. Hence:

Usage: "Hence" is used to indicate a conclusion or a result. It suggests that something is the reason for or leads to another event or situation.

Example: "The protagonist's determination never wavered, hence, they ultimately achieved their goal."

4. Indeed:

Usage: "Indeed" is used to emphasize a point, confirm a fact, or introduce additional information that supports or strengthens the preceding statement.

Example: "The rumors of a hidden treasure were, indeed, true, and it became a central plot point in the adventure film."

5. Meanwhile:

Usage: "Meanwhile" is used to indicate that two events are happening simultaneously. It helps transition between two parallel storylines or actions.

Example: "While the hero was battling the main antagonist, meanwhile, the sidekick was unraveling a subplot involving a secondary villain."

6. Otherwise:

Usage: "Otherwise" is used to suggest an alternative outcome or to contrast with the current situation. It often implies that things would be different if a different course of action were taken.

Example: "They had to retrieve the stolen artifact quickly; otherwise, it would fall into the wrong hands."

7. Thus:

Usage: "Thus" is used to summarize or conclude a line of thought, showing that the information presented leads to a particular result or conclusion.

Example: "The team worked tirelessly to solve the mystery, gathering clues and interrogating suspects. Thus, they were able to identify the true culprit."

1. Replacing Longer Clauses with Sentence Adverbs:

Sometimes, we can use sentence adverbs to replace longer clauses that modify a sentence. This makes the sentence shorter and more concise. For example:

People were amazed that: We can replace it with "Amazingly." For instance, "Amazingly, he finished the race in record time."

Clause: "People were amazed by his incredible performance."
Adverb replacement: "Amazingly, his performance left people amazed."

Clause: "They were surprised by the sudden turn of events."
Adverb replacement: "Surprisingly, the events took a sudden turn."

Clause: "She was delighted by the unexpected gift."
Adverb replacement: "Delightfully, she received an unexpected gift."

Clause: "They were impressed by his remarkable achievements."
Adverb replacement: "Remarkably, his achievements left them impressed."

Clause: "He was astonished by the breathtaking view from the mountaintop."
Adverb replacement: "Astonishingly, the view from the mountaintop left him astonished."

Conjunctive Adverbs that Link Sentences:

Conjunctive adverbs help connect two sentences together and show the relationship between them. Here are some examples:

Accordingly: It means as a result or in response to something. For example, "He studied hard; accordingly, he got good grades."

Consequently: It means as a result or therefore. For example, "She missed the bus; consequently, she was late for school."

Hence: It means for this reason or as a result. For example, "The store was closed; hence, we couldn't buy any groceries."

Indeed: It means truly or certainly. For example, "It was a difficult test; indeed, many students struggled."

Meanwhile: It means at the same time. For example, "She was studying; meanwhile, her brother was playing outside."

Otherwise: It means in a different way or under different circumstances. For example, "Study hard; otherwise, you might fail the exam."

Thus: It means in this way or as a result. For example, "He practiced every day; thus, he became a skilled musician."

Remember, sentence adverbs help us convey the speaker's attitude or opinion about the whole sentence. They can replace longer clauses to make sentences shorter and more concise. Conjunctive adverbs link sentences together and show the relationship between them.

B. Such, that, so

1. "Such":

"Such" is used to talk about a specific kind or type of thing. It helps us emphasize or point out something special.

For example: "She has such beautiful hair." This means her hair is very beautiful and we want to emphasize its beauty.

1. "That":

"That" is used to connect two parts of a sentence and show a cause-and-effect relationship or result.

For example: "He studied hard, so that he could get good grades." This means he studied hard in order to achieve good grades.

1. "So":

"So" is used in different ways:

a. Empathetic Stress: It is used alone to show strong emotions or emphasize a particular quality.

- For example: "I had so much fun at the party!" This means you had a lot of fun and want to express your excitement.

b. Quantity: It is used with "little," "many," or "few" to show a large or small amount of something.

- For example: "There were so many people at the concert." This means there was a large number of people.

- Example with "so little": "He had so little time to finish the task." This means he had very little time available.

1. "Such," "That," and "So" as Adverbs and Pronouns:

As adverbs, they modify adjectives or adverbs to give more information.

For example: "She is such a talented singer." Here, "such" modifies the adjective "talented" to emphasize her talent.

As pronouns, they can replace nouns in a sentence.

For example: "I have so many toys!" Here, "so many" replaces the noun "toys" to express a large quantity.

Remember, "such," "that," and "so" are words that help us express emphasis, show cause-and-effect relationships, or describe quantity.

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Collocations: often follow patterns and combinations that native speakers find natural and idiomatic.

Preposition Patterns:

About: Often used with feelings, opinions, or topics. Example: "talk about," "think about."

By: Used with passive verbs. Example: "written by," "created by."

Of: Frequently used with nouns and adjectives. Example: "aware of," "afraid of."

On: Commonly used with topics or specific areas. Example: "comment on," "focus on."

With: Often used with tools, instruments, or people. Example: "equipped with," "talk with."

Idioms and Phrases

Aware of: Correct usage is "aware of," not "aware about."

Fed up with: Commonly used to express frustration. Example: "fed up with the delays."

Intimidated by: Used to express feeling threatened or frightened. Example: "intimidated by the challenge."

Knowledgeable about/on: Both "knowledgeable about" and "knowledgeable on" are common and depend on the context.

Leery of/with: Both "leery of" and "leery with" are used, depending on context.

Reliant on: Commonly used to express dependence. Example: "reliant on technology."

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B. Subject-verb agreement with quantifiers: means that the subject (the noun or pronoun that the sentence is about) and the verb (the action or state of being) must agree in number.

This means that if the subject is singular, the verb should be singular, and if the subject is plural, the verb should be plural.

When using quantifiers like "minority," "majority," or "a large/small/great number" to describe a group of people or things, we need to pay attention to whether the noun being modified is singular or plural.

If the noun being modified is singular, we use a singular verb. For example:

The majority of the cake is gone. (singular subject, singular verb)

A large number of cars is parked in the parking lot. (singular subject, singular verb)

However, if the noun being modified is plural, we use a plural verb. For example:

The majority of the students are studying for the test. (plural subject, plural verb)

A large number of people are attending the concert. (plural subject, plural verb)

So, we need to match the verb with the number of the noun being modified by the quantifier.

List of Common Quantifiers:

1. All: All of the books are on the shelf.

2. None: None of the pizza was left.

3. Some: Some of the watermelon was delicious.

4. Most: Most of the people enjoy traveling.

5. A lot of / Lots of: A lot of the time was spent on research.

6. A few: A few of the ideas were promising.

7. Several: Several of the paintings were sold.

8. Many: Many of the guests arrived early.

9. Any: Any of the options is acceptable.

10. Enough: Enough of the information has been shared.

It's important to note that even though the word "minority" and "majority" may sound like they are referring to a singular or plural noun, they are actually singular nouns themselves. We determine the subject-verb agreement based on the noun they are modifying.

Mistake 1: Incorrect Verb with Quantifier "All"

Mistake: All of the data are corrupted.

Fix: All of the data is corrupted.

Mistake 2: Incorrect Verb with Quantifier "None"

Mistake: None of the team were present.

Fix: None of the team was present.

Mistake 3: Incorrect Verb with Quantifier "Some"

Mistake: Some of the books needs to be returned.

Fix: Some of the books need to be returned.

Mistake 4: Incorrect Verb with Quantifier "Most"

Mistake: Most of the information are accurate.

Fix: Most of the information is accurate.

Mistake 5: Incorrect Verb with Quantifier "A lot of"

Mistake: A lot of the cake were eaten.

Fix: A lot of the cake was eaten.

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Exercise 1: Choose the Correct Verb
Choose the correct verb form (singular or plural) to complete the sentences:

1. None of the information __________ accurate.

2. A lot of the work __________ done already.

3. Most of the students __________ in the classroom.

4. Some of the cake __________ missing.

5. All of the data __________ been analyzed.

Exercise 2: Correct the Mistakes
Identify and correct the mistakes in subject-verb agreement in the following sentences:

1. Several of the team were absent yesterday.

2. None of the books are on the shelf.

3. Many of the participants has arrived early.

4. Some of the applications is incomplete.

5. All of the computers needs to be updated.

Exercise 3: Rewrite the Sentences
Rewrite the sentences to correct the subject-verb agreement errors:

1. A few of the articles was interesting.

2. Most of the time are spent on research.

3. Several of the employees is attending the workshop.

4. Any of the options are acceptable.

5. Enough of the evidence have been presented.

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Reading vocabulary: technology and friendship

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Reading vocabulary: technology and friendship

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1. Keep up:

Definition: To stay informed or remain at the same level as others.

2. Deepen:

Definition: To make something more intense or profound.

3. Likelihood:

Definition: The chance or probability of something happening.

4. Endure:

Definition: To withstand or survive challenges over time.

5. Mingle:

Definition: To mix or socialize with others.

6. Get along:

Definition: To have a harmonious or friendly relationship with someone.

7. Nurture: To care for and encourage the growth or development of something.

Tech: Companies must nurture a culture of innovation to foster creativity among their employees. Friendships: Nurturing a friendship involves showing support, understanding, and care for each other's well-being.

8. Sustain: To maintain or support over the long ter

Tech: Sustainable practices in coding contribute to the longevity and efficiency of software systems. Friendships: Trust and mutual respect sustain strong friendships through various life challenges.

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Colombian's agüeros c: and tips for the writing activity

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Colombian's agüeros c: and tips for the writing activity

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1. Wearing yellow underwear

2. Eating twelve grapes at midnight

3. Decorating with sheaves (espigas) of prosperity

4. Burning the old year (rag doll or "old-year" puppet)

5. Having lentils in your pockets

6. Lighting candles and big candles as omens

7. Couples who climb Monserrate hill together will never get married

8. Sweeping someone's feet is equal to have given bad luck in love

9. Finding a four-leaf clover will bring economic prosperity

10. If you dreamt of a number, play it in the lottery, because that will be the winner

11. Spilling salt - Handing over the salt

1. Thesis Statement:

Start with a clear thesis statement that outlines the main point or argument of your composition.

2. Introduction:

Introduce the topic by providing some background information and context on superstitions. You can briefly mention the prevalence of superstitions across different cultures and their historical significance.

3. Body Paragraphs:

a. Grammar:

Ensure a variety of complex sentence structures, appropriate use of tenses, and a wide range of vocabulary. This will showcase your proficiency at the C1 level.

b. Examples:

Support your thesis with specific examples: personal, cultural or historial, and by example, try to give your personal approach.

4. Counterarguments (optional):

To further demonstrate your ability to analyze and think critically, you can include a paragraph that considers alternative perspectives on superstitions. This could be a counterargument challenging the rationality of superstitions.

5. Conclusion:

Summarize your main points and restate your thesis in a conclusive manner. You can also include a call to action or a thought-provoking question related to superstitions to leave a lasting impression on your reader.

6. Proofreading:

Before submitting your composition, carefully proofread it for grammatical errors, sentence structure, and coherence. Use advanced vocabulary appropriately, but avoid overcomplicating sentences.

Remember to check for:

Subject-Verb Agreement

Punctuation

Word Choice

Consistent Verb Tenses

Sentence Variety

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Vocabulary Plus and Change' Collocations (verb, noun, adjective, phrasal, prepositions, idioms)

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Vocabulary Plus and Change' Collocations (verb, noun, adjective, phrasal, prepositions, idioms)

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1. Verb + Change:

Undergo a change: The company underwent a significant change in its management structure.

Bring about a change: The new policies aim to bring about positive changes in the workplace.

Implement a change: It's challenging to implement changes without proper planning.

Embrace change: Successful individuals often embrace change as an opportunity for growth.

Facilitate change: Effective communication can facilitate change within a team.

Resist change: Some people naturally resist change, fearing the unknown.

Advocate for change: Activists often advocate for change in social policies.

2. Noun + Change:

Climate change: There is growing concern about the impact of climate change on the environment.

Social change: Movements for social change have shaped our society throughout history.

Policy change: The government announced a major policy change affecting taxation.

Attitude change: Developing a growth mindset involves a significant attitude change.

Cultural Change:

The introduction of technology often brings about significant cultural changes.

Behavioral Change:

Small, consistent actions can lead to positive behavioral changes over time.

Lifestyle Change:

Adopting a healthier lifestyle requires a commitment to continuous change.

Attitude Change:

Success often comes with an attitude change and a willingness to learn.

Systemic Change:

Achieving systemic change in education requires collaboration at various levels.

Organizational Change:

Large companies often face challenges when implementing organizational changes.

3. Adjective + Change:

Radical change: The new CEO brought about radical changes in the company's strategy.

Gradual change: Language acquisition often involves a gradual change in proficiency.

Sudden change: The sudden change in weather caught everyone by surprise.

Positive change: Education can be a catalyst for positive change in communities.

Drastic Change:

The new CEO implemented drastic changes to turn the company around.

Incremental Change:

Achieving success often involves making incremental changes over time.

Subtle Change:

There was a subtle change in the team dynamics after the workshop.

Profound Change:

The technological advancements of the last decade brought about profound changes in various industries.

4. Phrasal Verbs with Change:

Change up: It's essential to change up your routine to avoid monotony.

Change around: The manager decided to change around the seating arrangement for better collaboration.

Change over: The company plans to change over to a more sustainable energy source.

Change out: It's time to change out the old equipment for newer, more efficient models.

5. Preposition + Change:

Change for the better: The new initiatives are expected to bring about a change for the better.

Change in attitude: There has been a noticeable change in attitude towards sustainable practices.

Change of direction: The business had to make a change of direction to stay competitive.

Change over time: Cultural norms often undergo change over time.

6. Expressions with Change:

Sea change: The introduction of technology brought about a sea change in the way we communicate.

Wind of change: The political landscape experienced a significant wind of change.

Change of heart: After hearing the argument, she had a change of heart and supported the proposal.

Change of pace: Taking a vacation can be a refreshing change of pace.

Change one's mind: It's okay to change your mind if you have new information or perspectives.

Change course: The government decided to change course in response to public feedback.

Change gears: Let's change gears and focus on a different aspect of the project.

Change tack: If the current approach isn't working, it might be time to change tack.

1. Dish out:

Definition: To distribute or provide something, usually information or advice.

Example: In times of uncertainty, it's essential for leaders to dish out clear instructions to help their teams navigate change effectively.

2. Frazzled:

Definition: Extremely exhausted or worn out, often due to stress or anxiety.

Example: After weeks of non-stop work on the project, Sarah felt completely frazzled and in need of a break to recharge.

3. Way down:

Definition: Deeply affected or burdened by a situation or emotion.

Example: Despite her optimistic facade, deep down, Emily was way down with the challenges of adapting to the new work environment.

4. Potluck:

Definition: A meal or event where each guest contributes a dish to be shared.

Example: The team decided to have a potluck lunch as a way to build camaraderie and encourage everyone to cope with the changes in a positive way.

5. Navigate:

Definition: To find one's way through or manage successfully, especially in difficult or uncertain circumstances.

Example: Skillful leaders are adept at navigating their teams through transitions, providing guidance and support along the way.

6. Resilience:

Definition: The ability to bounce back or recover quickly from difficulties.

Example: Developing resilience is crucial when faced with changes; it allows individuals to adapt and thrive in the face of uncertainty.

7. Adaptability:

Definition: The capacity to adjust and change in response to new conditions or circumstances.

Example: In a dynamic work environment, employees with a high level of adaptability are more likely to cope well with unexpected changes.

8. Embrace:

Definition: To accept or welcome something with enthusiasm.

Example: Instead of resisting change, successful individuals learn to embrace it, recognizing the opportunities it may bring for personal and professional growth.

9. Proactive:

Definition: Taking initiative and anticipating future needs or changes.

Example: Proactive employees are better equipped to cope with change, as they actively seek solutions and improvements rather than waiting for problems to arise.

10. Malleable:

Definition: Capable of being shaped or molded, metaphorically referring to a person's adaptability.

Example: A malleable mindset is an asset when facing changes, as it allows individuals to reshape their perspectives and approaches to align with new circumstances.

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Tv shows genre:

1. Soap Opera (USA/UK):

Definition: A serialized drama or melodrama that features a continuing storyline with a focus on interpersonal relationships, often involving emotional and sensational events.

Example: "Days of Our Lives" (USA), "EastEnders" (UK)

2. Sitcom (USA/UK):

Definition: A situation comedy; a humorous television series centered around a set of characters in a specific environment.

Example: "Friends" (USA), "Fawlty Towers" (UK)

3. Thriller (USA/UK):

Definition: A genre characterized by suspenseful and thrilling elements, often involving crime, mystery, or psychological tension.

Example: "Stranger Things" (USA), "Luther" (UK)

4. Documentary (USA/UK):

Definition: A non-fictional film or television program that presents information or tells a true story, often with a focus on education or exploration.

Example: "Planet Earth" (USA/UK), "Making a Murderer" (USA)

5. Mockumentary (USA/UK):

Definition: A fictional TV show or film presented in a documentary style, often used for comedic purposes.

Example: "The Office" (USA), "This Country" (UK)

6. Variety Show (USA/UK):

Definition: A program featuring a mix of musical performances, comedy sketches, interviews, and other entertaining segments.

Example: "Saturday Night Live" (USA), "The Royal Variety Performance" (UK)

7. Game Show (USA/UK):

Definition: A television program where contestants participate in various games or competitions to win prizes or cash.

Example: "Jeopardy!" (USA), "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" (UK)

8. Reality Show (USA/UK):

Definition: A television program featuring real people, rather than actors, in various situations or competitions.

Example: "Survivor" (USA), "The Great British Bake Off" (UK)

9. Talk Show (USA/UK):

Definition: A television program where a host interviews guests, often featuring discussions on various topics, including entertainment, politics, and lifestyle.

Example: "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" (USA), "The Graham Norton Show" (UK)

10. Competition Reality Show (USA/UK):

Definition: Reality shows where participants compete against each other in various challenges to win a title, prize, or opportunity.

Example: "The Amazing Race" (USA), "The Apprentice" (UK), The Vouce (USA - UK)

11. Travel Show (USA/UK):

Definition: Television programs where hosts or travelers explore different locations, cultures, and cuisines around the world.

Example: "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" (USA), "An Idiot Abroad" (UK)

12. Cooking Show (USA/UK):

Definition: Programs that focus on cooking techniques, recipes, and culinary expertise, often featuring professional chefs or enthusiastic cooks.

Example: "Top Chef" (USA), "The Great British Menu" (UK)

13. Crime Drama (USA/UK):

Definition: A subgenre of drama that focuses on crime and criminal investigations, often involving police procedures and legal processes.

Example: "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation" (USA), "Broadchurch" (UK)

14. Historical Drama (USA/UK):

Definition: A television series set in a specific historical period, often blending real historical events with fictionalized characters and storylines.

Example: "The Crown" (USA/UK), "Mad Men" (USA)

15. Medical Drama (USA/UK):

Definition: A genre focused on the medical profession, depicting the lives of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals.

Example: "Grey's Anatomy" (USA), "Holby City" (UK)

16. Drama Series (USA/UK):

Definition: A television series that presents a realistic or fictional story with a serious tone, often focusing on character development and complex plots.

Example: "Breaking Bad" (USA), "Sherlock" (UK)

17. Supernatural Drama (USA/UK):

Definition: A genre that combines elements of drama with supernatural or paranormal themes, such as ghosts, vampires, or werewolves.

Example: "Supernatural" (USA), "Being Human" (UK)

18. Animated Series (USA/UK):

Definition: A television series featuring animated characters and often targeting both children and adults.

Example: "The Simpsons" (USA), "Peppa Pig" (UK)

19. Fantasy Series (USA/UK):

Definition: A television series that features elements of fantasy, such as magic, supernatural creatures, or imaginary worlds.

Example: "Game of Thrones" (USA/UK), "Doctor Who" (UK)

20. Science Fiction Series (USA/UK):

Definition: A genre that explores speculative concepts such as futuristic technology, space travel, and extraterrestrial life.

Example: "Star Trek" (USA), "Black Mirror" (UK)

Footage: Noun. Recorded or filmed material, especially for a movie or television program.

Arose: Verb. Past tense of "arise." To originate, emerge, or come into existence.

Underscore: Verb. To emphasize or highlight the importance of something.

Grounded: Adjective. Well-balanced, sensible, and practical.

Wide-ranging: Adjective. Including a variety of different types of things.

Grassroots Filmmakers: Noun phrase. Individuals who independently produce films, often with minimal resources and outside of mainstream production studios.

Painstakingly: Adverb. With great care, attention to detail, and thoroughness.

Outward Differences: Noun phrase. Observable distinctions or variations in appearance or behavior.

Indulge: Verb. To allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of something.

Struggle: Noun/Verb. A difficult or challenging effort; to make forceful efforts against opposition.

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1. The Nigerian Prince Scam:

One of the oldest and most well-known scams involves an email from a supposed Nigerian prince or government official seeking help to transfer a large sum of money. The recipient is asked to provide personal information or pay a fee upfront, but it's all a ploy to steal money.

2. The Momo Challenge:

In 2018, rumors circulated about a sinister online challenge called "Momo," where a creepy-looking character would allegedly encourage children to perform dangerous tasks. While there were reports of the challenge, it was largely debunked as a hoax meant to generate panic.

3. Crop Circles:

Crop circles have been a source of mystery and fascination for years. While some are the result of human-made pranks, others have been claimed to be of extraterrestrial origin. The internet has played a role in perpetuating hoaxes and misinformation around the topic.

4. War of the Worlds Broadcast:

While not an internet hoax, the radio broadcast of H.G. Wells' "War of the Worlds" in 1938 caused panic as some listeners believed it was a real news report about an alien invasion. The spread of misinformation was a powerful demonstration of the influence of mass media.

5. Balloon Boy Hoax:

In 2009, the Heene family claimed that their six-year-old son had floated away in a homemade helium balloon shaped like a UFO. The incident captured global attention, but it was later revealed to be a hoax intended to garner media coverage.

6. Facebook Privacy Notice:

Periodically, a fake "privacy notice" circulates on Facebook, claiming that users can protect their data by posting a specific legal-sounding message. In reality, these posts have no legal standing and do not affect the privacy policies of the social media platform.

7. Kony 2012:

In 2012, a viral video campaign called "Kony 2012" aimed to raise awareness about Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony. While the campaign gained immense popularity, it also faced criticism for oversimplifying complex issues and for the credibility of the organization behind it, Invisible Children.

8. Fake Celebrity Deaths:

False reports of celebrity deaths often circulate on the internet, causing confusion and concern among fans. Celebrities such as Morgan Freeman, Jackie Chan, and Jeff Goldblum have been victims of these hoaxes.

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Intro to AS (Hypothetical vs. Present impressions about feelings)

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Intro to AS (Hypothetical vs. Present impressions about feelings)

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1. "Matt has coped with his troubles, as have his parents."

In this sentence, "as have his parents" compares the coping ability of Matt and his parents. "Have" is the auxiliary verb, and it's inverted with "his parents."

2. "She can speak three languages fluently, as can her brother."

Here, "as can her brother" compares her ability to speak multiple languages with her brother's ability. "Can" is a modal verb, and it's inverted with "her brother."

3. "The team is well-prepared for the championship, as is the coach."

In this example, "as is the coach" compares the state of preparedness of the team with that of the coach. "Is" is the "be" verb, and it's inverted with "the coach."

4. "She often exercises in the morning, as does her husband."

1. In this sentence, "as does her husband" compares her morning exercise routine with her husband's. "Does" is used as the auxiliary verb and is inverted with "her husband."

5. "I enjoy reading mystery novels, as do my siblings."

1. This sentence compares the speaker's enjoyment of reading mystery novels with the enjoyment of their siblings. "Do" is the auxiliary verb and is inverted with "my siblings."

6. "They can solve complex math problems quickly, as can their classmates."

1. Here, "as can their classmates" compares their ability to solve math problems with that of their classmates. "Can" is a modal verb and is inverted with "their classmates."

7. "The company will implement new policies, as will our competitors."

1. In this example, "as will our competitors" compares the company's plan to implement new policies with the intentions of their competitors. "Will" is the auxiliary verb and is inverted with "our competitors."

S U M M A R Y

1. Subject-verb inversion with "as":

Structure: As + adjective/adverb + subject + verb

Example: As intelligent he is, he still struggled with the complex problem.

2. "As" with "do" or auxiliary verbs:

Structure: As + auxiliary verb/do + subject + verb

Example: As did her sister, she excelled in academics.

3. "As" with modals:

Structure: As + modal verb + subject + verb

Example: As should be expected, the team performed exceptionally well.

4. "As" with "be":

Structure: As + be verb + subject + verb/subject + be verb

Example: As was evident from his performance, he was passionate about the subject.

Example: As is the case with most scientific discoveries, this breakthrough was a result of years of research.

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A. optional and required relative pronouns

1. Subject of a Clause (Required Relative Pronoun): When the relative clause serves as the subject of a sentence, you need a required relative pronoun. The most common relative pronouns in this context are "that," "which," and "who" for people and things.

Example: "The book that I bought is on the table." (Here, "that" is a required relative pronoun and serves as the subject of the relative clause.)

2. Showing Possession (Required Relative Pronoun "Whose"): To indicate possession or ownership in a relative clause, you must use the required relative pronoun "whose." This is used for both people and things.

Example: "The girl whose bag was lost is my cousin."

3. Object of a Clause (Optional Relative Pronoun): When the relative clause functions as the object of a sentence (direct or indirect object), you have flexibility in using relative pronouns. You can use "that," "which," "who," or "whom," and you can also omit the relative pronoun in informal language.

"The movie that I watched last night was amazing."

The amazing movie that I watched last night lasted two hours.

"The person who/whom I met yesterday was very friendly."

Yesterday I met a person who was very friendly

"The car which/that he drives is blue."

"The blue car which/that he drives is over there.

B. As if, as though, as, the way, like

"As if" and "As though": are used to talk about something that seems unreal or not true. They are used to describe imaginary or hypothetical situations.

For example: "He acts as if he can fly." (It means he behaves in a way that suggests he can fly, even though he can't actually fly.)

Interchangeability: "As if" and "as though" are generally interchangeable, and using one instead of the other does not significantly change the meaning of the sentence. However, in some cases, there may be a slight difference in nuance.

"As if" is more commonly used in everyday speech and writing.

"As though" is often used to convey a stronger sense of the hypothetical or unreal nature of the situation.

Examples:

1. He acted as if he knew the answer.

He behaved in a way that suggested he knew the answer, but it is uncertain if he actually did.

2. She spoke as though she had seen it happen.

She spoke as if she had witnessed the event, but it is unlikely that she actually did.

3. It looks as if it's going to rain.

The weather conditions suggest that it will rain.

4. The child danced around as though he were a fairy.

The child danced in a manner that resembled a fairy, although he is not actually one.

In summary, "as if" and "as though" are similar in meaning and can be used interchangeably in most cases. They both convey the sense of a hypothetical or unreal situation. However, "as though" may emphasize the unreal nature of the situation slightly more than "as if."

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"As" and "The way": "As" and "the way" are used to describe how something happens or how someone does something. They show the manner or method in which an action takes place.

For example: "She sings as a professional singer does." (It means she sings in the same manner as a professional singer.)

1. "Like":

"Like" is used to compare two things that are similar. It shows that something or someone resembles or is similar to something else.

For example: "He runs like a cheetah." (It means he runs in a way that is similar to how a cheetah runs.)

the differences when using these expressions:

Same subject and shortened: Sometimes, we can shorten the sentence by omitting the repeated subject.

For example: "She dances as if (she is) a ballerina."

As if and as though followed by a hypothetical: These expressions are often followed by a hypothetical statement or action.

For example: "He looked at me as if (he were) surprised."

Different times: We can use these expressions in different tenses to talk about actions or situations in the present, past, or future.

Present tense: "She acts as if she knows everything."

Past tense: "He spoke as though he had seen a ghost."

Future tense: "I will act as if I am confident."

Difference for each one:

"As if" and "as though" are used to describe unreal or imaginary situations.

"As" and "the way" describe the manner or method in which something happens.

"Like" shows similarity or comparison between two things.