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The social and cultural reforms of the late 19th and early 20th centuries emerged as powerful responses to the challenges posed by industrialization. Rapid urban growth, poor working conditions, and widespread inequality created urgent needs for change. Reformers like Jane Addams addressed these issues by founding Hull House, which provided education, childcare, and support to immigrant communities. The Social Gospel movement reframed Christian values as tools for social justice, inspiring churches to tackle poverty and labor exploitation. Organizations like the NAACP confronted racial discrimination, using legal advocacy and public campaigns to demand civil rights and equality. Activists such as Ida B. Wells exposed the horrors of lynching and fought for both racial and gender justice.

These efforts not only alleviated immediate suffering but also laid the foundation for long-term progress. They influenced labor laws, public health initiatives, civil rights legislation, and the development of social work as a profession. Their legacy continues to shape modern movements for equity and inclusion. By highlighting these reformers and organizations, students gain insight into how individuals and communities can challenge injustice and transform society. The gallery serves as a reminder that meaningful change often begins with compassion, courage, and a commitment to collective well-being.

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Jane Addams (1860–1935) was a trailblazing social reformer, philosopher, and peace advocate. Born in Illinois, she co-founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889, one of the first settlement houses in the U.S. Inspired by Toynbee Hall in London, Hull House offered education, childcare, and cultural programs to immigrants and the working poor. Addams was a vocal supporter of women's suffrage, labor rights, and public health. She helped establish the field of social work and influenced Progressive Era reforms. Her dedication to peace earned her the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, making her the first American woman to receive the honor.

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Addams transformed social work by promoting community-based support. Hull House provided vital services and empowered women, immigrants, and children. She influenced labor laws, juvenile justice, and public health reforms.

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The Social Gospel was a religious reform movement that gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Led by Protestant ministers like Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch, it emphasized applying Christian ethics to address social injustices such as poverty, inequality, and labor exploitation. The movement rejected individual salvation as the sole focus, instead promoting collective responsibility and moral reform of society. Churches became centers for social activism, supporting labor unions, settlement houses, and public health initiatives. The Social Gospel laid the ethical foundation for the Progressive Era and inspired future civil rights and social justice movements across the U.S.

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It inspired labor reforms, including child labor abolition, shorter workweeks, and better wages. The Social Gospel laid the moral foundation for the Progressive Era and influenced the creation of settlement houses and public welfare programs.

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The NAACP was founded in 1909 by a multiracial coalition including W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, and Mary White Ovington, in response to racial violence and systemic discrimination. Its mission was to secure civil rights and eliminate racial prejudice through legal action, advocacy, and education. The organization quickly became a powerful force in American society, challenging segregation, lynching, and voter suppression. It played a key role in landmark legal victories such as Guinn v. U.S. (1915) and later Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The NAACP remains a leading voice in the fight for racial equality and social justice today.

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Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) was a fearless journalist, educator, and civil rights activist born into slavery in Mississippi. After becoming a teacher, she co-owned and wrote for the Memphis Free Speech newspaper, where she exposed the horrors of lynching and racial violence. Her investigative reporting challenged the myth of lynching as justice and revealed its roots in racial terror. Wells traveled widely, speaking out against injustice and organizing anti-lynching campaigns. She co-founded the NAACP and was a strong advocate for women’s suffrage. Her legacy endures as a symbol of courage, truth-telling, and resistance in the face of oppression.

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The NAACP fought segregation, lynching, and voter suppression. It won landmark legal cases, including Guinn v. U.S. (1915), and mobilized public opinion against racial injustice. Its legacy continues in modern civil rights advocacy.

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Wells used investigative journalism to challenge racial violence and injustice. Her writings and speeches galvanized public awareness and policy debates. She also organized Black women’s clubs and suffrage groups, amplifying marginalized voices.

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Ida B. Wells: A Chicago Stories Special Documentary

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How the NAACP Fights Racial Discrimination | History

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“Addams, Jane.” Social Welfare History Project, Virginia Commonwealth University, https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/settlement-houses/addams-jane/.

“History – Jane Addams Hull House.” Jane Addams Hull House Museum, https://janeaddamshullhouse.org/history/.

“Social Gospel.” The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/social-gospel.

“Our History.” NAACP, https://naacp.org/about/our-history.

“Ida B Wells-Barnett.” Archives of Women’s Political Communication, Iowa State University, https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/ida-b-wells/.

“Jane Addams Portrait.” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/97500299/.

“Social Gospel Movement Image.” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2012648845/.

“NAACP Historical Photo.” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/95517173/.

“Ida B. Wells Portrait.” National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.96.146.

“Building Climate Resilient Spaces for the Humanities: UIC’s Jane Addams Hull-House Museum & Gallery 400.” National Endowment for the Humanities, https://www.neh.gov/news/building-climate-resilient-spaces-humanities-uics-jane-addams-hull-house-museum-gallery-400.

“Jane Addams and the Hull House.” NBC News via YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xZ5Z4Kjv9g.

“What We Don’t Know About Black Social Gospel: A Long-Neglected Tradition Is Reclaimed.” Religion Dispatches, https://religiondispatches.org/what-we-dont-know-about-black-social-gospel-a-long-neglected-tradition-is-reclaimed/.

“The Social Gospel Movement.” NBC News via YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1vQz5zLz9I.

“The Storied History of the NAACP.” Los Angeles Sentinel, https://lasentinel.net/the-storied-history-of-the-naacp.html.

“How the NAACP Fights Racial Discrimination | History.” History Channel via YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZzv2qFQF4g.

“Biography: Ida B. Wells-Barnett.” National Women’s History Museum, https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ida-b-wells-barnett.

“Ida B. Wells: A Chicago Stories Special Documentary.” WTTW Chicago via YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sRiTQWzFhU.