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In this lesson we practiced a lot on our bodies. This is because we wanna reduce a lot of tension and stiffness in our bodies to make our bodies more relaxed and ease and to let all the stress out. We were granted a certain time limit to do a choreography with a group of 4 and to were assessed to make a dance that rolled with a certain theme. My group chose a Halloween theme because it went with the season and we did a mix of zombie dances.

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Today we went into our own groups to write down the hazards in a theatre and how to avoid this cause of action. This is very important because when it comes to rehearsal times we have to make sure everything in good conditioning there are no hazards that can lead up to an accident to no only the actors but including the audience.

One hazard that I discovered with my group was a wire in the middle of the stage which was very dangerous as it can lead to an accident by tripping over. A way we could resolve this issue is to take this off stage so that no one gets hurt.

Another hazard that can potentially happen in the theatre was a slip hazard where there water on the ground and someone can fall and hurt themselves. A way to avoid this is to not bring any food or water on stage especially near electric products to avoid an incident.

One more hazard that can potentially happen is props because most of them are real for e.g. using a real glass bottle can be real dangerous because if not careful it can break and potentially hurt someone.

We were also timed as well to name a bunch of hazards to test our knowledge about the safety of the theatre so we can avoid these dangerous events from happing.

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The Stanislavski System is a systematic acting method developed by Russian director Konstantin Stanislavski to cultivate truthful and believable performances by emphasising the actor's internal life and connection to the character's motivations and experiences. Key components include analysing given circumstances the character's context using the "magic if” to engage with a character's situation, understanding objectives and obstacles within the plot, and employing emotional memory to access genuine feelings. The goal is to bridge the gap between an actor's conscious thought and authentic psychological and physical experiences during a Core Components of the

Given Circumstances:

Understanding the fundamental information about a character and the play's context, including who they are, where they are, when it is, and what they want.

Magic If:

The technique where an actor asks, "What would I do if I were in this situation?" to stimulate motivation and empathize with the character's circumstances.

Emotional Memory (Affective Memory):

Recalling past personal experiences to evoke genuine emotions that align with the character's needs in a scene, though Stanislavski later cautioned about its potential for negative effects on actors.

Objectives:

Identifying the specific, concrete goals a character seeks to achieve in any given moment or scene.

Obstacles:

Recognizing the factors, external or internal, that prevent a character from achieving their objectives, creating conflict that drives the drama.

Physical Actions:

The connection between the character's psychology and their physical manifestations, as Stanislavski believed actors should link their emotions to physical actions and vice versa.

Core Components of the Stanislavski System

Given Circumstances:

Understanding the fundamental information about a character and the play's context, including who they are, where they are, when it is, and what they want.

Magic If:

The technique where an actor asks, "What would I do if I were in this situation?" to stimulate motivation and empathize with the character's circumstances.

Emotional Memory (Affective Memory):

Recalling past personal experiences to evoke genuine emotions that align with the character's needs in a scene, though Stanislavski later cautioned about its potential for negative effects on actors.

Objectives:

Identifying the specific, concrete goals a character seeks to achieve in any given moment or scene.

Obstacles:

Recognizing the factors, external or internal, that prevent a character from achieving their objectives, creating conflict that drives the drama.

Physical Actions:

The connection between the character's psychology and their physical manifestations, as Stanislavski believed actors should link their emotions to physical actions and vice versa.

Purpose and Legacy

Authentic Performance:

The system aims to move beyond mere representation or imitation and foster a more realistic, internally driven, and authentic style of acting.

Foundation for Modern Acting:

The Stanislavski System laid the groundwork for much of modern acting training, influencing numerous practitioners and acting techniques.

Influence on "Method Acting":

While not identical, the principles of the Stanislavski System heavily influenced "method acting" and the approaches of American actors and directors like Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and Sanford Meisner, who emphasized different facets of his work.

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In today lesson we started doing a warm up by going around the stage and going through one another. This is because it helps us to keep aware of the space and as an assemble we were together throughout the whole space not to mention that we were also given a pace from 1 being the slowest and 10 being the fastest to see our reaction time. Next we played a game of splat where it was mainly on reaction time. This is crucial in acting because it helps make more engaging and shows how an actor ability to react than having to continuously repeat lines makes their performance more realistic and believable. Finally me and my team were challenged to do an emotional challenge which were excited,anger,frustration and sadness. I was able to at least do frustration but the rest was very challenging for me as I were able to do it but my weakness is being to stiff with my facial expression which I need to work on.

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In today lesson we started up with a dance warm up to relieve stress from our body not to mention going around the a circle to clear space between us. After that we went back to our assigned dance groups. This week my group was able to add more ideas compared to last week and were able to work in sync which was great since we were an assemble working together and performed infront of an audience while getting recorded to test what we achieved throughout the whole lesson.

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In today lesson we did a warm up exercise by filling up the room we were in creating space. Then we went into pairs to rehearse a dialogue called secrets we’re it helps us to get into character and to perform to the whole class. This helped me because I was given feedback and know what to improve on so me and my partner can do better than before and diversify our relationship in the play even more.

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The use of mask and costumes:

Ancient Greek masks and costumes fundamentally shaped performance by

defining character, enabling rapid role changes, and amplifying actors' presence for large audiences. Since theatres could seat thousands and all actors were male, these tools were essential for communicating character and emotion effectively.

The role of the audience and their interaction with performer’s:

Ancient Greek theatre shaped performances by creating a public, participatory, and often interactive event that engaged the audience on social, political, and religious levels. The specific conventions of ancient Greek performance, such as the use of masks, the chorus, and minimal stagecraft, were developed to foster this unique dynamic.

The evolution of stage design and technology:

Ancient Greek theatre profoundly influenced performance through the evolution of its physical architecture and specialised machinery, which

guided acting styles, enhanced storytelling, and established key stagecraft conventions. This foundation enabled performances to transition from simple, ritualistic events to complex dramatic spectacles.

Time period:

Greek theatre, particularly tragedy, flourished during the 5th century BCE (the Classical Period), centred in Athens. This era, also known as the Golden Age of Greek Tragedy, featured competitions among playwrights during festivals like the City Dionysia, an event honouring the god

Ancient Greek background:

Background:

Religious Origins:

Ancient Greek theatre evolved from rituals and songs in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and theatre.

City Dionysia:

A major annual festival in Athens where playwrights competed, presenting a set of three tragedies and a satyr play.

Civic Importance:

Theatre was a significant civic event, with thousands attending large open-air amphitheaters built into hillsides to accommodate the crowds.

Theatre Architecture:

Initially wooden, theaters were often built into hillsides, creating the tiered seating known as the theatron (origin of "theatre"), and a central circular area for the chorus called the orchestra.

Masks and All-Male Casts:

Actors, all men, wore masks and used broad gestures to be seen and understood from a distance.

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The use of mask and costumes:

In medieval theatre, costumes ranged from authentic-looking attire for characters representing real people to symbolic religious vestments, while masks were used primarily for demonic, supernatural, or animal figures in mystery plays, and to allow actors to portray a greater range of mythological or grotesque roles. Costumes could be supplied by actors' guilds, who also provided detailed sets, and were designed to reflect a character's status or represent allegorical ideas through colour and material. Masks, often crafted from materials like wood, linen, or leather, were crucial for highlighting non-human characters and could be exaggerated for visibility and impact on the large stages of the time.

The evolution of stage design and technology:

Medieval theatre evolved from fixed, ornate structures to versatile stages like pageant wagons and platforms with mansions, using simple technology to depict heaven and hell and create elaborate effects like flying machines and trapdoors. Early medieval plays used stationary stages with multiple mansions representing locations, which then transitioned to mobile pageant wagons for performances in various communities. As the Middle Ages progressed, stages became more elaborate, incorporating special effects like trap doors, simulated fires, and flying machinery for dramatic and symbolic representations.

Time period:

Medieval theatre spans the period from the 5th to the 15th century in Europe, developing after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and lasting until the beginning of the Renaissances.This period saw theatre evolve from religious liturgical dramas within churches to public mystery plays, morality plays, and farces that often served as religious or moral instruction for a largely illiterate population.

Medieval theatre background:

Historical & Social Context

Fall of Rome & Rise of Christianity:

Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Catholic Church became a dominant force, shaping both political and religious life.

Feudalism:

The fragmented political structure of feudal society, with the church as a stable authority, influenced the development of theatre as a didactic tool.

Illiterate Population:

A primary function of medieval theatre was to convey religious stories and moral lessons to the masses, who could not read scriptures or understand Latin.

Evolution of Theatre

Liturgical Drama:

The earliest forms were religious plays performed within church services to teach biblical stories and foster devotion.

Mystery Plays & Cycles:

As these dramas expanded, they evolved into more elaborate mystery plays and large-scale cycles performed in public spaces by guilds and citizens.

Morality Plays & Miracles:

Other genres included morality plays, which used allegorical characters to teach lessons of virtue, and miracle plays, dramatizing the lives of saints.

Secular Entertainment:

Independent of religious performance, popular entertainers like minstrels, jongleurs, and mimes continued to develop theatrical skills through storytelling, music, and acrobatics, often at noble courts.

Themes and Purpose

Religious Instruction:

The majority of medieval plays focused on biblical narratives, the lives of saints, and moral conduct to reinforce Christian teachings.

Moral & Social Commentary:

Beyond religious themes, plays often included social commentary, sometimes satirizing contemporary society or highlighting injustices, especially in the works of popular entertainers.

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The use of mask and costumes:

In Renaissance theatre, masks and costumes served crucial functions for character portrayal, audience comprehension, and thematic expression. Masks enabled actors to embody different identities and convey exaggerated expressions in large theaters, while costumes indicated stock characters and social class through their design. Stage makeup also provided a means of transformation, with specific styles and colours signifying beauty or ethnicity.

The role of and the interaction with the performers:

In Renaissance theatre, the audience played an active, vocal, and vital role, shaping the performance through immediate feedback, influencing the plays written for them, and reflecting the era's social hierarchy through their varied composition and seating. Unlike today, audiences freely expressed opinions through cheers, jeers, and even physical objects, creating a dynamic, two-way relationship with performers that demanded plays use music, humor, and spectacle to hold attention. The audience's involvement ensured a theatrical atmosphere that was often rowdy and chaotic, serving as a microcosm of broader society with performers striving to attract and retain their attention.

The evolution of stage design and technology:

Renaissance theatre design advanced significantly with the introduction of the proscenium arch, creating a framed stage and separating performers from the audience, and the development of perspective scenery using angled wings and raked stages to create a realistic illusion of depth. Sophisticated machinery, including trapdoors and flying systems, allowed for spectacular special effects and complex scene changes, while lighting, though primitive candles and oil lamps was also used for atmospheric effects.

Time period:

The English Renaissance theatre period generally spans from the mid-1500s to the mid-1600s, with a precise timeframe of approximately 1558 to 1642. This period saw a "cultural rebirth" in Europe that reached England, leading to the creation of renowned plays and the establishment of professional theatre companies, with the era concluding with the outbreak of the English Civil War.

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In today lesson we did a practice warm up in Sarah class where we were performing a dance by going in a circle and repeating a dance a person did in the circle. We next up done a practice run named of numbers and when called performed our duet and end it of slow. We finally finished of by making another group and combined our dance ideas into one. Me Oscar Samuel and Raphael were able to bring most of the dancing skills we borrowed from Sarah and worked together as an assemble and managed to create a great piece from start to finish.

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In Shan lesson we practiced on our emotions on how to convey them for our black history month poems that are coming to be presented later on in the lesson. This helped a lot be since we had to be one with the poem to properly take effect on us on how we supposed to feel on the poem to reflect about the past. We later on performed our poems and I needed a lot of work on my last poem because I didn’t convey any connection to the poem with my facial expression and not commuted with my lines.

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In today lesson we did practice run through our secret scripts where we were supposed to learn them by heart without needing g assist from it. I was able to know most lot my pines eithought the script and Same goes with Kiana my partner. I practiced on what actions could have been better than my previous ones and how it could show a real sense of how my secret is expressed to her towards my secret.

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I’m today lesson we started of the day with a body movement exercise. This is because it helps us release tension and stress throughout the whole body to prevent injury or discomfort. Next we moved on to the dance choreography where my group added ideas to our dance.

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In today lesson we started of our dance choreography where were numbered and have to walk on stage with confidence start very slow then it builds up to being fast. Then it builds up to me and the boys doing our dance part in when it comes to its conclusion I have my last dance with my duet with Oscar in which we come last place.

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In my secret performance I played the role of telling my partner Kiana my secret in the secret scene in which was me cheating on her with another girl . The skills that I developed in the scene were:

Physical expression:

using body language, posture, and movement to show character or emotion.

Vocal control:

projection, clarity, pitch, and tone when speaking.

I believe the 3 strengths that I gained in my dance performance were:

Physical Expression:

I was able to use body language, movement, and gesture to clearly show emotions, character, or mood.

Musicality and Rhythm:

I was having a good sense of timing, rhythm, and coordination, which helps my move in sync with the music or the other performers.

Stage Presence and Confidence:

My performance with energy, focus, and confidence, which draws the audience’s attention and makes my performance engaging.

I believe the 3 areas I needs to improve in my dance performance are:

Technical Precision:

I could work on improving control, balance, and accuracy in my movements.

Musical Awareness:

I might want to focus on matching movement to rhythm and tempo more precisely.

Emotional Connection:

I could develop a stronger connection between emotion and movement, so my dance can be more clearer.

3 Strengths in Drama Performances:

1. Strong Characterisation – I can fully embody my character through voice, movement, and emotion, making the performance believable.

2. Good Teamwork and Collaboration I can work well with other performers, responding naturally and supporting the scene’s flow.

3. Clear Vocal Projection and Articulation my voice is clear and audible, helping the audience understand every line.

3 Areas for Improvement

1. Emotional Range – Work on expressing a wider variety of emotions more convincingly and naturally.

2. Physicality and Body Language – Use my posture, gestures, and movement more effectively to show character and mood.

3. Confidence and Stage Presence – Focus on staying relaxed and confident, especially during live performances, to engage the audience more strongly.

3 SMART goals:

1. Improve Vocal Projection

I want to improve my vocal projection so my voice can clearly reach the back of the performance space.

I will practice vocal warm-ups and projection exercises for 15 minutes, 4 times a week.

I’ll use breathing and articulation techniques learned in class.

A stronger voice will help me perform more confidently and be heard by the audience.

Time-bound: I will achieve noticeable improvement by the end of this term.

2. Develop Physical Expression

I want to use my body more effectively to express character and emotion on stage.

I will record and review one rehearsal per week to check my physicality and movement.

I’ll focus on one technique at a time, such as posture, gestures, or facial expressions.

Strong physical expression helps me connect better with the audience and make my performance more believable.

I will see visible progress within 6 weeks.

🎤

3. Build Confidence in Performance

I want to feel more confident performing in front of others.

I will perform in at least 3 class showcases or rehearsals without relying on my script.

I’ll prepare thoroughly and use relaxation and focus techniques before performing.

Confidence is key to delivering a strong and engaging performance.

I will achieve this goal by the end of the school year.

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In today lesson we did a warm up which was beneficial because it prepares my body by warming up my blood flow and losrmuscles helping you move more freely.

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During our rehearsal sessions, I focused on practicing and memorising my lines to improve my confidence and delivery on stage. At first, I found it difficult to remember the order of my cues and to say them naturally, but through repetition and focus, my performance started to feel much more fluent.

To help myself, I broke the script into smaller sections and practised them in the morning afternoon and evening repeatedly until I could say them without looking. I also rehearsed with a partner so I could react to their lines instead of just reciting mine. This made the dialogue sound more realistic and helped me understand the emotional meaning behind my words.

I noticed that as I became more familiar with my lines, I could focus more on tone, facial expression, and body language. This helped me bring the character to life and connect more with the audience. (Some research used ChatGPT)

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During our rehearsal sessions, I focused on practicing and memorising my lines to improve my confidence and delivery on stage. At first, I found it difficult to remember the order of my cues and to say them naturally, but through repetition and focus, my performance started to feel much more fluent.

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In our drama lesson, we created a freeze frame to explore a key moment from our scene.Our group decided to focus on the theme of mystery and leadership showing a moment where one character was being accused while others judged them. One strength of our freeze frame was how clear and expressive everyone’s body language was even though we weren’t speaking the correct dialogue from the story it was easy to understand. We also used levels and spacing effectively to create focus on the main character. (Some research used ChatGPT)

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During our dance performance, I worked on expressing emotion and storytelling through movement. We focused on using body language, facial expressions, and timing to communicate meaning to the audience. I learned how important it is to stay in character throughout the performance and to make each movement clear and controlled. (Some research used ChatGPT)

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In our drama lesson, we focused on using words to show emotion and meaning. I learned how the way we emphasis each word using tone and volume can change how the audience feels.

One of my strengths was using clear speech and good expression when saying my lines.

Next time, I want to project my voice more and show stronger feelings through my words.

Overall, I learned that words are powerful in drama and can help bring a character or story to life. (Some research used by ChatGPT)

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In today lesson I worked on developing my character and understanding their emotions. I focused on using body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice to show how my character was feeling throughout my scenes. I also tried to react naturally to what the other characters were saying, to make the scene more realistic noticeable and engaging.

One of my strengths was always staying in character throughout the scene. I made sure to use clear voice projection so when it’s time for my actual performance the audience could hear me, and I maintained good eye contact with my scene partners to make it clear to who I’m talking to.

However, one thing I could improve is my timing. Sometimes I spoke too quickly or forgot small parts of my lines, which affected the flow of the performance and my peers when it’s about to be there turn to talk. In the future, I will rehearse more and focus on pausing and breathing to convey my lines more clearly.

Overall, scene 1 to 5 helped me improve my communication, assemble and emotional expression. I learned how important it is to listen carefully to others and to use physicality to bring my character to life on stage (Some research used by ChatGPT.)

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In today lesson I worked on developing my character and understanding their emotions. I focused on using body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice to show how my character was feeling throughout my scenes. I also tried to react naturally to what the other characters were saying, to make the scene more realistic noticeable,and engaging.

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In our drama lesson, we used the hot seating technique to explore our characters into more depth. During this activity, one person sat in the hot seat and answered questions while staying in character also had to walk in character towards the seat. This helped me think more deeply about my character’s motivations thoughts and feelings.

I learned how important it is to fully understand a character’s background and emotions so that when it’s time to perform it will feel more believable. It also improved my confidence when speaking in front of others and helped me think quickly while staying in character the whole time.

One strength I showed was staying focused and using facial expressions and tone to match my character. An area I could improve is giving more detailed answers and reacting more naturally to the most unexpected questions I was given by my peers.

Overall, the hot seating activity helped me develop stronger characterisation and made me feel more prepared for future performances (some research used by ChatGPT.)

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During our dance warm-up, I learned how important it is to prepare my body before starting any choreography. The warm-up helped increase my heart rate, blood rate,loose my muscles, and improve my flexibility so I could move more safely and confidently before out actual work out of the day. I noticed that as the warm-up went on, my body felt more ready to perform bigger movements without feeling stiff or tight.

I also realised that warming up helps me focus mentally. It gave me time to clear my mind as all of Thais was happening on a Monday morning and my mind needed to be clear by listen to the music, and get into the right mindset for dancing. This made me feel more confident when we started the main routine because I was more aware of my posture, balance, and technique.

Next time, I want to push myself a bit more in the stretching section and make sure I’m fully engaged throughout the warm-up because I honestly felt so lazy this morning. If I improve my focus and consistency, I know it will help my performance quality and reduce them chance of injury in the future (some research used by ChatGPT.)

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During our tech run, I was able to see how important the technical elements are in supporting the performance. It helped me understand how lighting, sound, staging, and cues all work together to create the right atmosphere for each scene. At first, it felt slower than a normal rehearsal because we had to stop and fix technical issues, but this actually helped me stay focused and pay attention to a lot of stage details.

One thing that went well was that I stayed calm and listened carefully to instructions from the director and the tech team. This made it easier to adjust my timing, especially when entering and exiting the stage. I also learned to wait for cues instead of rushing, which made my performance feel more controlled and professional.

A challenge I noticed was keeping my energy up during repeated stops. Because tech runs focus on technical accuracy rather than acting, it was harder to stay in character. However, I used this as an opportunity to practise discipline and stay prepared every time the scene restarted.

We also worked on programming lightning and sound effects for our show Focusing on both blocking entrance and exits.

Overall, the tech run helped me understand the importance of teamwork between actors and the technical crew. It showed me that a performance isn’t just acting—the technical elements are what make it visually engaging and smooth. Next time, I want to improve by being even more aware of my cues and keeping my performance energy consistent, even during long technical adjustments (some research used by ChatGPT.)

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During today’s rehearsal, I learned how important focus and communication are when developing a performance. At the start, our scenes were unorganised because some people were not fully concentrating, but as the rehearsal went on, we became more focused and our performance improved. Repeating the scenes helped me to remember my lines and improve my timing.

One of my strengths in this rehearsal was my confidence. I projected my voice clearly and stayed in character for most of the scene. However, I need to improve my use of facial expressions and body language, as sometimes my movements were too small to be effective for an audience.

Working with my group helped me understand the importance of teamwork. We gave each other feedback, which helped us make changes to improve the scene. For example, we adjusted our positions on stage so everyone could be seen clearly.

Overall, this rehearsal was very useful because it helped me build confidence, improve my performance skills, and understand what I need to work on before the final performance.

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During today’s rehearsal, I learned how important focus and communication are when developing a performance. At the start, our scenes were unorganised because some people were not fully concentrating, but as the rehearsal went on, we became more focused and our performance improved. Repeating the scenes helped me to remember not only my lines but also help improve my timing.

One of my strengths in this rehearsal was my confidence. I projected my voice clearly and stayed in character for most of the scene. However, I need to improve my use of facial expressions and body language, as sometimes my movements were too small to be effective for an audience.

Working with my group helped me understand the importance of assemble . We gave each other feedback, which helped us make changes to improve the scene.

Overall, this rehearsal was very useful because it helped me build confidence, improve my performance skills, and understand what I need to work on before the final performance .

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Rehearsals are an essential part of the performance process because they allow performers to develop their skills, improve confidence, and turn an initial idea into a polished final piece. Throughout our rehearsals, I learned how important focus, communication, and repetition are in creating a successful performance. Each rehearsal helped me understand my role more clearly and improve both my individual performance and my work with others.

At the beginning of the rehearsal process, I found it challenging to remember lines and blocking at the same time. I often hesitated during scenes because I was unsure where to stand or how to deliver certain lines. However, as rehearsals continued, I became more confident through repeated practice. Going over the same scenes multiple times helped me to memorise my lines and movements more effectively. I learned that repetition is key in building muscle memory and reducing nerves.

Working with others during rehearsal was another important part of the process. Communication within the group was essential to make sure scenes flowed smoothly. We had to listen to each other’s ideas, give constructive feedback, and make adjustments when things did not work. This teamwork helped us to strengthen our scenes and build trust in one another. I also learned how to take feedback positively and use it to improve rather than becoming discouraged.

Our rehearsals also focused heavily on character development. I worked on improving my facial expressions, body language, and voice to better show my character’s emotions and intentions. At first, my performance felt quite flat, but with feedback from the teacher and my peers, I became more expressive and confident. I experimented with different ways of moving and speaking to make my character more believable. This helped me understand how important detail is in performance.

Another key area I developed during rehearsals was concentration. Staying focused for long periods of time was difficult at first, especially during long rehearsals. However, I learned that staying engaged is important not only for my own performance but also for the rest of the group. If one person loses focus, it can affect the whole scene. Over time, my ability to stay focused improved.

Rehearsals also helped me manage my nerves. Performing in front of others can be intimidating, but practising regularly in a rehearsal environment made me feel more comfortable. The more we rehearsed, the more confident I felt. I learned ways to calm myself before performing, such as deep breathing and positive thinking, which helped reduce anxiety.

Overall, rehearsals played a vital role in improving my performance. They helped me to develop confidence, teamwork, focus, and characterisation. Although rehearsals were sometimes tiring and challenging, they were also very rewarding. I now understand that a strong performance is built through dedication, practice, and cooperation. The rehearsal process has taught me valuable skills that I can use in future performances.

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What does devising mean in theatre?

Devised theatre is a collaborative process where the performance is created from scratch by the actors , rather than starting with a pre-written script, often using improvisation, real-life experiences, and various simulations like images, music, or ideas to generate original material.

How does devising differ from scripted performance?

Devising differs from scripted performance primarily in its origin and creation process. Scripted performance starts with a complete, pre-written script by a single playwright, while devising is a collaborative creation process where the ensemble generates and the script emerges during rehearsals.

Devising is commonly used in contemporary theatre because it allows for the collaborative creation of original work that can be highly responsive to current social and political issues. It shifts the emphasis from a single playwright's vision to an ensemble-driven process, empowering all involved artists.